PAGE
Fig. 1.Tripod Magnifier[4]
Fig. 2.Watchmaker’s Loupe[4]
Fig. 3.Folding Magnifier[4]
Fig. 4.Reading Glass[4]
Fig. 5.Steinheil Aplanatic Lens[5]
Fig. 6.Dissecting Microscope[5]
Fig. 7.Compound Microscope of Robert Hooke[8]
Fig. 8.Compound Microscope[10]
Fig. 9.Abbé Condenser[11]
Fig. 10.[11]
Fig. 11.[11]
Fig. 12.Objectives[11]
Fig. 13.[12]
Fig. 14.[12]
Fig. 15.Eye-Pieces.[12]
Fig. 16.Pharmacognostic Microscope[12]
Fig. 17.Research Microscope[14]
Fig. 18.Special Research Microscope[14]
Fig. 19.Greenough Binocular Microscope[15]
Fig. 20.Polarization Microscope[16]
Fig. 21.Ocular Micrometer[19]
Fig. 22.Stage Micrometer[19]
Fig. 23.Micrometer Eye-Piece[20]
Fig. 24.Micrometer Eye-Piece[21]
Fig. 25.Mechanical Stage[22]
Fig. 26.Camera Lucida[22]
Fig. 27.Camera Lucida[22]
Fig. 28.Drawing Apparatus[23]
Fig. 29.Microphotographic Apparatus[24]
Fig. 30.Micro Lamp[27]
Fig. 31.Paraffin-embedding Oven[30]
Fig. 32.Paraffin Blocks[31]
Fig. 33.Hand Microtome[31]
Fig. 34.Hand Cylinder Microtome[34]
Fig. 35.Hand Table Microtome[34]
Fig. 36.Base Sledge Microtome[35]
Fig. 37.Minot Rotary Microtome[36]
Fig. 38.Reagent Set[39]
Fig. 39.Measuring Cylinder[40]
Fig. 40.Staining Dish[40]
Fig. 41.Round Cover Glass[44]
Fig. 42.Square Cover Glass[44]
Fig. 43.Rectangular Cover Glass[44]
Fig. 44.Glass Slide[44]
Fig. 45.Histological Forceps[45]
Fig. 46.Forceps[45]
Fig. 47.Sliding-pin Forceps[45]
Fig. 48.Dissecting Needle[46]
Fig. 49.Scissors[46]
Fig. 50.Scalpels[47]
Fig. 51.Turntable[47]
Fig. 52.Slide Box[48]
Fig. 53.Slide Tray[48]
Fig. 54.Slide Cabinet[49]
Plate 1The Onion Root[56]
Plate 2Leaf Epidermis[60]
Plate 3Leaf Epidermis[61]
Plate 4Testa Epidermal Cells[64]
Plate 5Testa Cells[65]
Plate 6Papillæ[68]
Plate 7Unicellular Solitary Hairs[70]
Plate 8Clustered Unicellular Hairs[71]
Plate 9Multicellular Uniseriate Non-branched Hairs[73]
Plate 10Multicellular Multiseriate Non-branched Hairs[75]
Plate 11Multicellular Uniseriate Branched Hairs[76]
Plate 12Non-glandular Multicellular Hairs[78]
Plate 13Multicellular Multiseriate Branched Hairs[79]
Plate 14Multicellular Multiseriate Branched Hairs[81]
Plate 15Multicellular Multiseriate Branched Hairs[82]
Plate 16Periderm of Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana, D.C.)[84]
Plate 17Mandrake Rhizome and White Cinnamon[86]
Plate 18Periderm of White Oak (Quercus alba, L.)[87]
Plate 19Crystal-bearing Fibres of Barks[91]
Plate 20Crystal-bearing Fibres of Barks[93]
Plate 21Crystal-bearing Fibres of Leaves[94]
Plate 22Branched Bast Fibres[95]
Plate 23Porous and Striated Bast Fibres[97]
Plate 24Porous and Non-striated Bast Fibres[98]
Plate 25Non-porous and Striated Bast Fibres[99]
Plate 26Non-porous and Non-striated Bast Fibres[101]
Plate 27Groups of Bast Fibres[102]
Plate 28Wood Fibres[105]
Plate 29Catnip Stem and Motherwort Stem[107]
Plate 30Collenchyma Cells[108]
Plate 31Branched Stone Cells[110]
Plate 32Porous and Striated Stone Cells[113]
Plate 33Porous and Non-striated Stone Cells[114]
Plate 34Cinnamon, Ruella Root, Cascara and Cinnamon[115]
Plate 35Cross-sections of Endodermal Cells of[117]
Plate 36Longitudinal Sections of Endodermal Cells[119]
Plate 37Hypodermal Cells[120]
Plate 38Cross-section of Sarsaparilla Root (Smilax officinalis, Kunth)[123]
Plate 39Root Hairs (Fragments)[124]
Plate 40Annular and Spiral Vessels[129]
Plate 41Spiral Vessels[130]
Plate 42Sclariform Vessels[132]
Plate 43Reticulate Vessels[133]
Plate 44Pitted Vessels[134]
Plate 45Vessels[135]
Plate 46Sieve Tube[137]
Plate 47Radial Longitudinal Section of White Sandalwood (Santalum album, L.)[140]
Plate 48Kava-kava Root and White Pine Bark[143]
Plate 49Black Indian Hemp and Black Indian Hemp Root[145]
Plate 50Latex Vessels[146]
Plate 51Parenchyma Cells[148]
Plate 52Grindelia Stem (longitudinal) and Grindelia Stem (cross-section)[149]
Plate 53Aconite Stem and Peppermint Stem[152]
Plate 54Types of Stoma[153]
Plate 55Leaf Epidermi With Stoma[155]
Plate 56Belladonna Leaf, Deer Tongue Leaf and White Pine Leaf[156]
Plate 57Elder Bark[159]
Plate 58Intercellular Air Spaces[160]
Plate 59Irregular Intercellular Air Spaces[161]
Plate 60Glandular Hairs[165]
Plate 61Stalked Glandular Hairs[167]
Plate 62Calamus Rhizome and White Pine Bark[169]
Plate 63Canella Alba Bark and Klip Buchu Leaf[170]
Plate 64Bitter Orance Peel and White Pine Leaf[171]
Plate 65Cinnamon, Calumba, Parenchyma, Sarsaparilla, Leptandra, Quebracho, Blackberry[174]
Plate 66Mucilage and Resin[175]
Plate 67Cross-section of Skunk-cabbage Leaf (Symplocarpus fœtidus, [L.] Nutt.)[177]
Plate 68Reserve Cellulose[180]
Plate 69Reserve Cellulose[181]
Plate 70Starch[186]
Plate 71Starch[187]
Plate 72Starch[189]
Plate 73Starch[190]
Plate 74Starch[191]
Plate 75Starch Grains[192]
Plate 76Starch Masses[193]
Plate 77Inulin (Inula helenium, L.)[195]
Plate 77aAleurone Grains[199]
Plate 78Micro-crystals[201]
Plate 79Raphides[203]
Plate 80Rosette Crystals[204]
Plate 81Inclosed Rosette Crystals[206]
Plate 82Solitary Crystal[207]
Plate 83Solitary Crystals[208]
Plate 84Solitary Crystals[209]
Plate 85Solitary Crystals[211]
Plate 86Solitary Crystals[212]
Plate 87Rosette Crystals and Solitary Crystals Occurring in[213]
Plate 88Cystoliths[214]
Plate 89Cross-section of Root of Spigelia Marylandica, L.[220]
Plate 90Ruellia Root (Ruellia ciliosa, Pursh.).[222]
Plate 91Cross-section of Rhizome of Spigelia Marylandica, L.[224]
Plate 92Cross-section of Rhizome of Ruellia Ciliosa, Pursh.[225]
Plate 93Powdered Spigelia Marylandica, L.[228]
Plate 94Powdered Ruellia Ciliosa, Pursh.[229]
Plate 95Cross-section of Stem of Spigelia Marylandica, L.[234]
Plate 96Cross-section of Stem of Ruellia Ciliosa, Pursh.[236]
Plate 97Powdered Horehound (Marrubium vulgare, L).[238]
Plate 98Spurious Horehound (Marrubium peregrinum, L.)[239]
Plate 99Powdered Insect Flower Stems (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, [Trev.], Vis.)[240]
Plate 100Cross-section of Buchu Stems (Barosma betulina [Berg.], Barth, and Wendl.)[243]
Plate 101Buchu Stem and Leptandra Rhizome[244]
Plate 102Powdered Buchu Stems (Barosma betulina [Berg.], Barth. and Wendl.).[246]
Plate 103Cross-section of Unrossed White Pine Bark (Pinus strobus, L.)[249]
Plate 104Powdered White Pine Bark (Pinus strobus, L.)[251]
Plate 105Cross-section of Quassia Wood (Picræna excelsa [Sw.], Lindl.)[255]
Plate 106Tangential Section of Quassia Wood (Picræna excelsa [Sw.], Lindl.)[256]
Plate 107Radial Section of Quassia Wood (Picræna excelsa [Sw.], Lindl.)[257]
Plate 108Cross-section of Klip Buchu Just Over the Vein[261]
Plate 109Powdered Klip Buchu[263]
Plate 110Cross-section Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia, L.)[265]
Plate 111Cross-section Trailing Arbutus Leaf (Epigæa repens, L.)[266]
Plate 112Powdered Insect Flower Leaves[268]
Plate 113Smooth-walled Pollen Grains[271]
Plate 114Spiny Walled Pollen Grains[272]
Plate 115Papillæ[275]
Plate 116Papillæ of Stigmas[276]
Plate 117Papillæ of Stigmas[277]
Plate 118Powdered Closed Insect Flower[279]
Plate 119Powdered Open Insect Flower[281]
Plate 120Powdered White Daisies (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, L.)[283]
Plate 121Cross-section of Celery Fruit (Apium graveolens, L.)[286]
Plate 121Cross-section of Celery Fruit (Apium graveolens, L.)[286]
Plate 123Cross-section Sweet Almond Seed[290]
Plate 124Cross-section of a Radial Vascular Bundle of Skunk Cabbage Root[293]
Plate 125Cross-section of a Phloem-centric Bundle of Calamus Rhizome (Acorus calamus, L.)[294]
Plate 126Cross-section of a Closed Collateral Bundle of Mandrake Stem (Podophyllum peltatum, L.)[286]
Plate 127Bi-collateral Bundle of Pumpkin Stem (Curcurbita pepo, L.)[297]

Part I
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPES
AND MICROSCOPIC TECHNIC

CHAPTER I
THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPES

The construction and use of the simple microscope (magnifiers) undoubtedly date back to very early times. There is sufficient evidence to prove that spheres of glass were used as burning spheres and as magnifiers by people antedating the Greeks and Romans.

The simple microscopes of to-day have a very wide range of application and a corresponding variation in structure and in appearance.

Simple microscopes are used daily in classifying and studying crude drugs, testing linen and other cloth, repairing watches, in reading, and identifying insects. The more complex simple microscopes are used in the dissection and classification of flowers.

The watchmaker’s loupe, the linen tester, the reading glass, the engraver’s lens, and the simplest folding magnifiers consist of a double convex lens. Such a lens produces an erect, enlarged image of the object viewed when the lens is placed so that the object is within its focal distance. The focal distance of a lens varies according to the curvature of the lens. The greater the curvature, the shorter the focal distance and the greater the magnification.

The more complicated simple microscope consists of two or more lenses. The double and triple magnifiers consist of two and three lenses respectively.

When an object is viewed through three lenses, the magnification is greater than when viewed through one or two lenses, but a smaller part of the object is magnified.

FORMS OF SIMPLE MICROSCOPES