XIII. DIRECTION.
1. Longitudinal (Longitudinalis). Running lengthwise.
2. Transverse (Transversa). Running across: when the longitudinal line is cut through at right angles.
3. Oblique (Obliqua). Running sideways. When the longitudinal line is cut through at acute angles.
4. Horizontal (Horizontalis). Parallel with the horizon.
5. Erect (Erecta). Nearly perpendicular.
6. Vertical (Verticalis). Perpendicular.
7. Sloping (Declivis). A gentle descent.
8. Descending (Descendens). A steeper descent.
9. Acclivous (Acclivis). A gentle ascent.
10. Ascending (Ascendens). A steeper ascent.
11. Reclined (Reclinata). Leaning towards any thing as if to repose upon it.
12. Recumbent (Recumbens). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.
13. Reflexed (Reflexa). Bent back or upwards.
14. Inflexed (Inflexa). Bent inwards.
15. Recurved (Recurva). Curving outwards.
16. Incurved (Incurva). Curving inwards.
17. Revolute (Revoluta). Rolled outwards.
18. Involute (Involuta). Rolled inwards.
19. Forwards (Antrorsum).
20. Backwards (Retrorsum).
21. Upwards (Sursum).
22. Downwards (Deorsum).
23. Outwards (Extrorsum).
24. Inwards (Introrsum).
25. Straight (Recta).
26. Porrect (Porrecta). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet something advancing.
27. Broken (Fracta). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.
28. Converging (Convergens). Tending to one point from different parts.
29. Diverging (Divergens). Tending to different parts from one point.
XIV. SITUATION.
1. Obverse (Obversa). When an object is viewed with its head towards you.
2. Reverse (Reversa). When an object is viewed with its anus towards you.
3. Resupine (Resupina). When an object lies upon its back.
4. Prone (Prona). When an object lies upon its belly.
XV. CONNEXION.
1. Colligate (Colligata). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as to have no separate motion of its own.
2. Free (Libera). Having a motion independent of that of the part to which it is affixed.
3. Connate (Connata). When parts that are usually separated, are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a suture.—Ex. Elytra of Gibbium.
4. Coalite (Coalita). When parts usually separate are distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.—Ex. Trunk in Mutilla.
5. Distinct (Distincta). When parts are separated from each other by a suture.—Ex. Parts of the Trunk in Coleoptera, &c.
6. Distant (Distans). When they are separated by an incisure.—Ex. Head, Trunk, and Abdomen, in Hymenoptera.
7. Inosculating (Inosculans). When one part is inserted into the cavity of another.—Ex. Head in Buprestis.
8. Suspended (Suspensa). When one part is joined to another by a ligature, without being inserted in it.—Ex. Legs of Orthoptera.
XVI. ARMS.
1. Tooth (Dens). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling a tooth.
2. Horn (Cornu). A longer process, resembling a horn.
a. Laminate Horn (Cornu laminatum). A horn dilated at its base into a flat plate.—Ex. Onthophagus nutans.
b. Nodding Horn (Cornu nutans). When a horn bends forwards.—Ex. Onthophagus nutans.
3. Spine (Spina). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.—Ex. Those on Elytra of many Hispæ, and the Posterior Tibiæ of Locusta.
4. Mucro (Mucro). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.—Ex. Elytra of Lixus paraplecticus.
5. Spur (Calcar). A spine that is not a process of the crust, but is implanted in it.—Ex. Those on the lower side of the Tibiæ of Acrida.
XVII. APPENDAGES.