[1.]Methods and Costs of Street Cleaning in American Cities
[2.]Methods and Costs of Sewage Disposal in American Cities
[3.]Ash Disposal by Private Collection
[4.]Collection and Disposal of Ashes and Rubbish by Municipal Forces
[5.]Collection and Disposal of Ashes and Rubbish by Contract
[7.]Methods and Cost of Disposal of Garbage

ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS

STREET CLEANING
PAGE
Contract versus Municipal Cleaning[5]
Philadelphia, experience of[5]
Washington, experience of[5]
Elements of Street Cleaning Program[3]
Classes of street litter[4]
Lack of accurate data[4]
Records[4]
Methods of Reducing Litter[5]
Carelessness of Citizens[6]
How public and officials can cooperate[8]
Philadelphia’s plan[7]
Preventive work[8]
Educational campaigns[6]
Street Cleaning Factors and Standards[9]
Conditions and factor[9]
Horse traffic[10]–[11]
Paving and repair policy[11]–[12]–[13]
Quantity and volume of dirt[11]
Schedule of Street Cleaning[14]
Amount and character of cleaning affected by kinds of pavement[15]
Assignments[16]
Block system[14]
Organization of employees[15]
Unit of work[15]
Spring Cleaning[16]
Character of pavement a factor[17]
Rates per man[17]
Number of men required in gang[16]
Unit cost according to character and kinds of pavement[17]
Sprinkling[17]
Bureau of Municipal Research, Milwaukee, Wis., Cost data[19]
Dust prevention[17]
Effect on pavement[18]
Experts, opinions of[18]–[19]
Ordinances and regulations[20]
Practices in various cities[21]
Sprinkling by railway companies[20]
Methods[22]
Patrol system[22]
Area a sweeper can clean[22]
Philadelphia’s system[24]
Machine Sweeping[24]
Cost[26]
Experts, opinions of[25]
Los Angeles, Cal., report[28]
Oakland, Cal., experience of[27]
Pomona, Cal.[28]
Flushing[29]
Atlanta Sanitary Dept., report of[29]
Bureau of Municipal Research, Milwaukee, Wis., report of cost data[31]–[32]
Experts, opinion of[29]–[30]
Effect on pavement[31]
Machine[30]–[31]
Railway car flushing[32]
Hose Flushing[33]
New York City, experience of[33]–[34]
Squeegeeing[34]
Horse drawn squeegees, cost of operation[35]
Methods[34]
Milwaukee, report of[35]
Motor drawn squeegees[35]–[36]
Square yards per day cleaned[37]
Combination of methods[37]–[38]
Danger of clogging sewers[35]–[36]–[37]
Disposal of Street Refuse[38]
Experience of cities[38]
Length of haul[38]
Used as fill[38]
Relative Cost of Street Cleaning[39]
Experts, opinions of[39]
U. S. Census Bureau, investigation of[39]
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Bureau of Surveys, Philadelphia Testing Station[72]
Composition of Sewage[72]
Importance of Sewage Disposal Problem[71]
Massachusetts State Board of Health conclusions[72]
Preliminary Study[72]
The Sewerage System[73]
Authorities, opinion of[73]–[74]
Domestic Wastes[74]
Degree of Purification[75]
Trade and industrial wastes[77]
Processes of Treatment[78]
Main group[78]
Chemical precipitation[91]–[92]
Colloidal tanks[85]
Dilution[80]–[81]
Grit Chambers[82]–[83]
Plain sedimentation[84]–[85]
Preliminary or preparatory[78]
Screening[81]–[82]
Septic tank treatment[85]
  Imhoff tanks[87]–[88]–[89]–[90]–[91]
  Cameron tanks[85]–[86]–[87]
Single contact beds[93]–[94]
Straining or roughing[83]–[84]
Slate beds[92]–[93]
Final process[78]
Dosing chambers[93]
Double contact beds[93]–[94]–[95]–[96]
Trickling-sprinkling filters[96]–[97]
Intermittent sand filters[98]–[99]
Broad irrigation[100]–[101]
Disinfection[100]
Hypo-chlorite of lime[101]
Liquid chlorine[101]
Activated sludge process[101]–[102]–[103]–[104]
Combination of processes[79]
Electrolytic process[104]
Efficiency of processes[80]
Management and supervision[108]–[109]
Miles acid sludge process[105]
Sludge disposal and value[106]–[107]–[108]
Trade wastes[105]
ASHES AND RUBBISH
Collection Systems:
Types of systems[120]–[121]
Combined[121]–[122]–[123]
Separate[120]–[122]–[123]
Method of collection:
Municipal[123]–[124]
Contract[124]
Private[123]
Districting the city[124]–[125]
Organization of force[125]
Type of equipment[126]–[127]–[128]
Cans[126]
Vehicles[127]–[128]
Location of receptacles[128]–[129]
Time of collection[129]–[130]
Frequency of collection[130]–[131]
Enforcement of regulations[131]
Disposal of Ashes and Rubbish[132]
Dumping[132]
Burning[132]–[133]
Revenue from By-Products[133]–[134]
Specifications[135]–[136]–[137]
Efficiency Tests and Suggestions[138]–[139]
Per Capita Production[139]
Cost data[140]
GARBAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL
Types of Collection Systems[152]–[153]–[154]
Combined[153]
Separate[153]
Method of Collection[154]–[155]–[156]
Scavengers[154]
Contract[154]–[155]
City[154]–[155]
Organization[156]–[157]–[158]
Districts[156]
Force[157]–[158]
House treatment[156]
Receptacles[158]
Vehicles[159]–[160]
Motors vs. horse drawn[160]–[161]–[162]–[163]
Collection Regulations[164]–[165]–[166]
Cost of Collection[166]–[167]
Per Capita Production[167]–[168]
Garbage Disposal[168]–[169]
Feeding to swine[169]–[170]–[171]–[172]–[173]–[174]
Dumping on land[175]
Dumping in large bodies of water[175]
Disposal by sanitary fill[175]–[176]–[177]
Burial[178]
Disposal Plants[178]–[179]–[180]–[181]
Incineration[181]
Crematories[181]–[182]–[186]
Destructors[183]–[184]–[185]–[186]–[187]
Reduction[187]–[190]
Cooking[188]–[189]
Drying[189]
By-Products[190]–[191]–[192]
CARE AND DISPOSAL OF MANURE
Methods of Collection[203]
Municipal[204]–[205]
Private[204]
Contract[204]
Municipal Regulations[206]–[207]–[208]–[209]–[210]
For care and storage of manure[206]–[207]–[208]–[210]
For transportation of manure[206]–[207]–[208]
For disposal of manure[206]–[207]–[208]
MUNICIPAL CLEAN-UP CAMPAIGN
History of the Movement[213]–[214]
Initiating a Campaign[214]–[215]
Organization[215]–[216]–[217]
Publicity plans[217]–[218]–[219]–[220]–[221]–[222]
Cooperating forces[222]–[223]–[224]–[225]–[226]–[227]
Work of children[222]–[223]–[224]–[225]–[226]
Work of organizations[225]–[226]–[227]
Special Activities[227]–[228]
Cleaning roofs[227]
School gardens[228]
Planting trees[228]
Fire Prevention and Inspection[228]–[229]
Sanitary Inspectors[230]
Flies and Mosquitoes[230]–[231]
Results of Campaigns[231]–[232]

INTRODUCTION

Never in the history of our country has the work of the public official demanded so much of him as now. The expansion and increasing complexity of municipal activities, the desire of women for more knowledge about their new responsibilities, the need for better living conditions brought about by greater congestion, the necessity for conserving every ounce of man and woman power, the demand for greater efficiency and rock-bottom economy in every line—all these conditions are making themselves felt with the public official.

The time when public office was held by the grace of God and the majority of votes has become almost a thing of the past. The official’s worth now is not measured by his good-fellowship and vote-getting capacity, but rather by his ability to produce results—not at the polls on Election Day, but in the City Hall every day.

Because municipal government is closer to the people and affects them in more ways than the government of any other political subdivision, and also because our citizens are now taking a keener interest than ever before in community work, it is to-day almost useless for a public official to attempt to escape responsibility or to excuse his shortcomings. He must be efficient and constantly apply his efficiency.

I believe that most of our urban citizens appreciate the importance of keeping our cities clean and healthful by the proper removal and disposal of the mass of wastes that accumulates daily. I know that every public official appreciates the need for this service, and most of them by bitter experiences realize the complexity of these problems.

To equip himself to do his difficult duty as he should, the public official must be able to acquaint himself thoroughly with the best methods, experiences and opinions of others. “Municipal Housecleaning” goes into all of the matters pertaining to the collection, care and removal of municipal wastes. It should be of the greatest value in assisting public officials—mayors, engineers, sanitarians and members of health, street cleaning, public works and sewer departments—to select the systems best adapted to local conditions and to operate them efficiently. We officials in New York State have found this information to be of inestimable value in solving our problems.

But no municipal effort can succeed without the cooperation of the citizen. He can help most by informing himself on these problems so that he can intelligently participate in the cooperative community effort to keep clean, and if need be, to offer constructive criticism. If the citizen—and particularly the woman, for it is her intelligent cooperation that will make for more effective service—will read this book, it will be easier for us to obtain in America what the authors have so aptly referred to as “better places in which to live, work and play.”