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THE SECONDARY MECHANICALSCIENCES.
BOOKVIII.
HISTORY OF ACOUSTICS.
Page
Introduction. [23]
Chapter I.—Prelude to theSolution of Problems in Acoustics. [24]
Chapter II.—Problem of theVibrations of Strings. [28]
Chapter III.—Problem of thePropagation of Sound. [32]
Chapter IV.—Problem of DifferentSounds of the Same String. [36]
Chapter V.—Problem of the Soundsof Pipes. [38]
Chapter VI.—Problem of DifferentModes of Vibration of Bodies in general. [41]
BOOKIX.
HISTORY OF OPTICS, FORMAL ANDPHYSICAL.
Introduction.[51]
[8]
FORMAL OPTICS.
Chapter I.—Primary Induction ofOptics.—Rays of Light and Laws of Reflection. [53]
Chapter II.—Discovery of the Lawof Refraction. [54]
Chapter III.—Discovery of theLaw of Dispersion by Refraction. [58]
Chapter IV.—Discovery ofAchromatism. [66]
Chapter V.—Discovery of the Lawsof Double Refraction. [69]
Chapter VI.—Discovery of theLaws of Polarization. [72]
Chapter VII.—Discovery of theLaws of the Colors of Thin Plates. [76]
Chapter VIII.—Attempts toDiscover the Laws of other Phenomena. [78]
Chapter IX.—Discovery of theLaws of Phenomena of Dipolarized Light. [80]
PHYSICALOPTICS.
Chapter X.—Prelude to the Epochof Young and Fresnel. [85]
Chapter XI.—Epoch of Young andFresnel.
Sect.1.Introduction. [92]
Sect.2.Explanation of the Periodical Colors of Thin Plates andShadows by the Undulatory Theory. [93]
Sect.3.Explanation of Double Refraction by the Undulatory Theory.[98]
Sect.4.Explanation of Polarization by the Undulatory Theory.[100]
Sect.5.Explanation of Dipolarization by the Undulatory Theory.[105]
[9]
Chapter XII.—Sequel to the Epochof Young and Fresnel.—Reception of the Undulatory Theory.[111]
Chapter XIII.—Confirmation andExtension of the Undulatory Theory.[118]
1.Double Refraction of Compressed Glass. [119]
2.Circular Polarization. [119]
3.Elliptical Polarization in Quartz. [122]
4.Differential Equations of Elliptical Polarization. [122]
5.Elliptical Polarization of Metals. [123]
6.Newton’s Rings by Polarized Light. [124]
7.Conical Refraction. [124]
8.Fringes of Shadows. [126]
9.Objections to the Theory. [126]
10.Dispersion, on the Undulatory Theory. [128]
11.Conclusion. [128]
BOOKX.
HISTORY OF THERMOTICS ANDATMOLOGY.
Introduction. [137]
THERMOTICSPROPER.
Chapter I.—The Doctrines ofConduction and Radiation.
Sect.1.Introduction of the Doctrine of Conduction. [139]
Sect.2.Introduction of the Doctrine of Radiation. [142]
Sect.3.Verification of the Doctrines of Conduction and Radiation.[143]
Sect.4.The Geological and Cosmological Application of Thermotics.[144]
1. Effect ofSolar Heat on the Earth. [145]
2. Climate.[146]
3. Temperatureof the Interior of the Earth. [147]
4. Heat of thePlanetary Spaces. [148]
Sect.5.Correction of Newton’s Law of Cooling. [149]
Sect.6.Other Laws of Phenomena with respect to Radiation.[151]
Sect.7.Fourier’s Theory of Radiant Heat. [152]
Sect.8.Discovery of the Polarization of Heat. [153]
[10]
Chapter II.—The Laws of Changesoccasioned by Heat.
Sect.1.Expansion by Heat.—The Law of Dalton and Gay-Lussacfor Gases. [157]
Sect.2.Specific Heat.—Change of Consistence. [159]
Sect.3.The Doctrine of Latent Heat. [160]
ATMOLOGY.
Chapter III.—The Relation ofVapor and Air.
Sect.1.The Boylean Law of the Air’s Elasticity. [163]
Sect.2.Prelude to Dalton’s Doctrine of Evaporation. [165]
Sect.3.Dalton’s Doctrine of Evaporation. [170]
Sect.4.Determination of the Laws of the Elastic Force of Steam.[172]
Sect.5.Consequences of the Doctrine ofEvaporation.—Explanation of Rain, Dew, and Clouds. [176]
Chapter IV.—Physical Theories ofHeat.
Thermotical Theories. [181]
Atmological Theories. [184]
Conclusion. [187]

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THE MECHANICO-CHEMICALSCIENCES.
BOOKXI.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY.
Introduction. [191]
Chapter I.—Discovery of Laws ofElectric Phenomena. [193]
Chapter II.—The Progress ofElectrical Theory. [201]
Question of One or Two Fluids. [210]
Question of the Material Reality of the ElectricFluid. [212]
[11]
BOOKXII.
HISTORY OF MAGNETISM.
Chapter I.—Discovery of Laws ofMagnetic Phenomena. [217]
Chapter II.—Progress of MagneticTheory.
Theory of Magnetic Action. [220]
Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism. [224]
Conclusion. [232]
BOOKXIII.
HISTORY OF GALVANISM, OR VOLTAICELECTRICITY.
Chapter I.—Discovery of VoltaicElectricity. [237]
Chapter II.—Reception andConfirmation of the Discovery of Voltaic Electricity. [240]
Chapter III.—Discovery of theLaws of the Mutual Attraction and Repulsion of VoltaicCurrents.—Ampère. [242]
Chapter IV.—Discovery ofElectro-Magnetic Action.—Oersted. [243]
Chapter V.—Discovery of the Lawsof Electro-magnetic Action. [245]
Chapter VI.—Theory ofElectrodynamical Action.
Ampère’s Theory. [246]
Reception of Ampère’s Theory. [249]
Chapter VII.—Consequences of theElectrodynamic Theory. [250]
Discovery of Diamagnetism. [252]
[12]
Chapter VIII.—Discovery of theLaws of Magneto-Electric Induction.—Faraday. [253]
Chapter IX.—Transition toChemical Science. [256]

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THE ANALYTICALSCIENCE.
BOOKXIV.
HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY.
Chapter I.—Improvement of theNotion of Chemical Analysis, and Recognition of it as the SpagiricArt. [261]
Chapter II.—Doctrine of Acid andAlkali.—Sylvius. [262]
Chapter III.—Doctrine ofElective Attractions.—Geoffroy. Bergman. [265]
Chapter IV.—Doctrine ofAcidification and Combustion.—PhlogisticTheory.
Publication of the Theory by Beccher and Stahl.[267]
Reception and Application of the Theory. [271]
Chapter V.—Chemistry ofGases.—Black. Cavendish. [272]
Chapter VI.—Epoch of the Theoryof Oxygen.—Lavoisier.
Sect.1.Prelude to the Theory.—Its Publication. [275]
Sect.2.Reception and Confirmation of the Theory of Oxygen.[278]
Sect.3.Nomenclature of the Oxygen Theory. [281]
Chapter VII.—Application andCorrection of the Oxygen Theory. [282]
[13]
Chapter VIII.—Theory ofDefinite, Reciprocal, and Multiple Proportions.
Sect.1.Prelude to the Atomic Theory, and its Publication byDalton. [285]
Sect.2.Reception and Confirmation of the Atomic Theory. [288]
Sect.3.The Theory of Volumes.—Gay-Lussac. [290]
Chapter IX.—Epoch of Davy andFaraday.
Sect.1.Promulgation of the Electro-chemical Theory by Davy.[291]
Sect.2.Establishment of the Electro-chemical Theory by Faraday.[296]
Sect.3.Consequences of Faraday’s Discoveries. [302]
Sect.4.Reception of the Electro-chemical Theory. [303]
Chapter X.—Transition from theChemical to the Classificatory Sciences. [305]

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THE ANALYTICO-CLASSIFICATORYSCIENCE.
BOOKXV.
HISTORY OF MINERALOGY.
Introduction
Sect.1.Of the Classificatory Sciences. [313]
Sect.2.Of Mineralogy as the Analytico-classificatory Science.[314]
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY.
Chapter I.—Prelude to the Epochof De Lisle and Haüy. [316]
Chapter II.—Epoch of Romé DeLisle and Haüy.—Establishment of the Fixity of CrystallineAngles, and the Simplicity of the Laws of Derivation. [320]
Chapter III.—Reception andCorrections of the Hauïan Crystallography. [324]
[14]
Chapter IV.—Establishment of theDistinction of Systems of Crystallization.—Weiss and Mohs.[326]
Chapter V.—Reception andConfirmation of the Distinction of Systems ofCrystallization.
Diffusion of the Distinction of Systems. [330]
Confirmation of the Distinction ofSystems by the Optical Properties of Minerals.—Brewster.[331]
Chapter VI.—Correction of theLaw of the Same Angle for the Same Substance.
Discovery of Isomorphism.—Mitscherlich.[334]
Dimorphism. [336]
Chapter VII.—Attempts toEstablish the Fixity of Other PhysicalProperties.—Werner.[336]
SYSTEMATICMINERALOGY.
Chapter VIII.—Attempts at theClassification of Minerals.
Sect.1.Proper Object of Classification. [339]
Sect.2.Mixed Systems of Classification. [340]
Chapter IX.—Attempts at theReform of Mineralogical Systems.—Separation of the Chemical andNatural History Methods.
Sect.1. Natural History System of Mohs. [344]
Sect.2. Chemical System of Berzelius and others. [347]
Sect.3. Failure of the Attempts at Systematic Reform. [349]
Sect.4. Return to Mixed Systems with Improvements. [351]

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CLASSIFICATORYSCIENCES.
BOOKXVI.
HISTORY OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY ANDZOOLOGY.
Introduction. [357]
[15]
Chapter I.—Imaginary Knowledgeof Plants. [358]
Chapter II.—UnsystematicKnowledge of Plants. [361]
Chapter III.—Formation of aSystem of Arrangement of Plants.
Sect.1.Prelude to the Epoch of Cæsalpinus. [369]
Sect.2.Epoch of Cæsalpinus.—Formation of a System ofArrangement. [373]
Sect.3.Stationary Interval. [378]
Sect.4.Sequel to the Epoch of Cæsalpinus.—Further Formationand Adoption of Systematic Arrangement. [382]
Chapter IV.—The Reform ofLinnæus.
Sect.1.Introduction of the Reform. [387]
Sect.2.Linnæan Reform of Botanical Terminology. [389]
Sect.3.Linnæan Reform of Botanical Nomenclature. [391]
Sect.4.Linnæus’s Artificial System, [395]
Sect.5.Linnæus’s Views on a Natural Method. [396]
Sect.6.Reception and Diffusion of the Linnæan Reform. [400]
Chapter V.—Progress towards aNatural System of Botany. [404]
Chapter VI.—The Progress ofSystematic Zoology. [412]
Chapter VII.—The Progress ofIchthyology. [419]
Period of Unsystematic Knowledge. [420]
Period of Erudition. [421]
Period of Accumulation of Materials.—ExoticCollections. [422]
Epoch of the Fixation of Characters.—Ray andWilloughby. [422]
Improvement of the System.—Artedi. [423]
Separation of the Artificial and Natural Methodsin Ichthyology. [426]

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ORGANICAL SCIENCES.
BOOKXVII.
HISTORY OF PHYSIOLOGY AND COMPARATIVEANATOMY.
Introduction. [435]
[16]
Chapter I.—Discovery of theOrgans of Voluntary Motion.
Sect.1.Knowledge of Galen and his Predecessors. [438]
Sect.2.Recognition of Final Causes in Physiology.—Galen.[442]
Chapter II.—Discovery of theCirculation of the Blood.
Sect.1.Prelude to the Discovery. [444]
Sect.2.The Discovery of the Circulation made by Harvey. [447]
Sect.3.Reception of the Discovery. [448]
Sect.4.Bearing of the Discovery on the Progress of Physiology.[449]
Chapter III.—Discovery of theMotion of the Chyle, and Consequent Speculations.
Sect.1.The Discovery of the Motion of the Chyle. [452]
Sect.2.The Consequent Speculations. Hypotheses of Digestion.[453]
Chapter IV.—Examination of theProcess of Reproduction in Animals and Plants, and ConsequentSpeculations.
Sect.1.The Examination of the Process of Reproduction in Animals.[455]
Sect.2.The Examination of the Process of Reproduction inVegetables. [457]
Sect.3.The Consequent Speculations.—Hypotheses ofGeneration. [459]
Chapter V.—Examination of theNervous System, and Consequent Speculations.
Sect.1.The Examination of the Nervous System. [461]
Sect.2.The Consequent Speculations. Hypotheses respecting Life,Sensation, and Volition. [464]
Chapter VI.—Introduction of thePrinciple of Developed and Metamorphosed Symmetry.
Sect.1.Vegetable Morphology.—Göthe. De Candolle. [468]
Sect.2.Application of Vegetable Morphology. [474]
Chapter VII.—Progress of AnimalMorphology.
Sect.1.Rise of Comparative Anatomy. [475]
Sect.2.Distinction of the General Types of the Forms ofAnimals.—Cuvier. [478]
Sect.3.Attempts to establish the Identity of the Types of AnimalForms. [480]
[17]
Chapter VIII.—The Doctrine ofFinal Causes in Physiology.
Sect.1.Assertion of the Principle of Unity of Plan. [482]
Sect.2.Estimate of the Doctrine of Unity of Plan. [487]
Sect.3.Establishment and Application of the Principle of theConditions of Existence of Animals.—Cuvier. [492]

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THE PALÆTIOLOGICALSCIENCES.
BOOKXVIII.
HISTORY OF GEOLOGY.
Introduction. [499]
DESCRIPTIVEGEOLOGY.
Chapter I.—Prelude to SystematicDescriptive Geology.
Sect.1.Ancient Notices of Geological Facts. [505]
Sect.2.Early Descriptions and Collections of Fossils. [506]
Sect.3.First Construction of Geological Maps. [509]
Chapter II.—Formation ofSystematic Descriptive Geology.
Sect.1.Discovery of the Order and Stratification of the Materialsof the Earth. [511]
Sect.2.Systematic Form given to DescriptiveGeology.—Werner. [513]
Sect.3.Application of Organic Remains as a GeologicalCharacter.—Smith. [515]
Sect.4.Advances in Palæontology.—Cuvier. [517]
Sect.5.Intellectual Characters of the Founders of SystematicDescriptive Geology. [520]
Chapter III.—Sequel to theFormation of Systematic Descriptive Geology.
Sect.1.Reception and Diffusion of Systematic Geology. [523]
Sect.2.Application of Systematic Geology.—GeologicalSurveys and Maps. [526]
Sect.3.Geological Nomenclature. [527]
Sect.4.Geological Synonymy, or Determination of GeologicalEquivalents. [531]
[18]
Chapter IV.—Attempts to discoverGeneral Laws in Geology.
Sect.1.General Geological Phenomena. [537]
Sect.2.Transition to Geological Dynamics. [541]
GEOLOGICALDYNAMICS.
Chapter V.—Inorganic GeologicalDynamics.
Sect.1.Necessity and Object of a Science of Geological Dynamics.[542]
Sect.2.Aqueous Causes of Change. [545]
Sect.3.Igneous Causes of Change.—Motions of the Earth’sSurface. [549]
Sect.4.The Doctrine of Central Heat. [554]
Sect.5.Problems respecting Elevations and Crystalline Forces.[556]
Sect.6.Theories of Changes of Climate. [559]
Chapter VI.—Progress of theGeological Dynamics of Organized Beings.
Sect.1.Objects of this Science. [561]
Sect.2.Geography of Plants and Animals. [562]
Sect.3.Questions of the Transmutation of Species. [563]
Sect.4.Hypothesis of Progressive Tendencies. [565]
Sect.5.Question of Creation as related to Science. [568]
Sect.6.The Hypothesis of the Regular Creation and Extinction ofSpecies. [573]
1. Creation of Species.[573]
2. Extinction of Species.[576]
Sect.7.The Imbedding of Organic Remains. [577]
PHYSICALGEOLOGY.
Chapter VII.—Progress ofPhysical Geology.
Sect.1.Object and Distinctions of Physical Geology. [579]
Sect.2.Of Fanciful Geological Opinions. [580]
Sect.3.Of Premature Geological Theories. [584]
Chapter VIII.—The Two AntagonistDoctrines of Geology.
Sect.1.Of the Doctrine of Geological Catastrophes. [586]
Sect.2.Of the Doctrine of Geological Uniformity. [588]
[19]
ADDITIONS TO THE THIRDEDITION.
BookVIII.—Acoustics.
Sound.
The Velocity of Sound in Water. [599]
BookIX.—Optics.
Photography. [601]
Fluorescence. [601]
Undulatory Theory.
Direction of the Transverse Vibrations inPolarization. [603]
Final Disproof of the Emission Theory. [604]
BookX.—Thermotics.—Atmology.
The Relation of Vapor andAir.
Force of Steam. [606]
Temperature of the Atmosphere. [607]
Theories of Heat.
The Dynamical Theory of Heat. [608]
BookXI.—Electricity.
General Remarks. [610]
Dr. Faraday’s Views of Statical ElectricalInduction. [611]
BookXII.—Magnetism.
Recent Progress of Terrestrial Magnetism. [613]
Correction of Ships’ Compasses. [616]
[20]
BookXIII.—Voltaic Electricity.
Magneto-Electric Induction.
Diamagnetlc Polarity. [620]
Magneto-optic Effects and MagnecrystallicPolarity. [621]
Magneto-electric Machines. [623]
Applications of Electrodynamic Discoveries.[623]
BookXIV.—Chemistry.
The Electro-chemical Theory.
The Number of Elementary Substances. [625]
BookXV.—Mineralogy.
Crystallography. [627]
Optical Properties of Minerals. [629]
Classification of Minerals. [630]
BookXVI.—Classificatory Sciences.
Recent Views of Botany. [631]
Recent Views of Zoology. [634]
Book XVII.—Physiological andComparative Anatomy.
Vegetable Morphology.[636]
Animal Morphology [638]
Final Causes. [642]
BookXVIII.
Geology. [646]

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

The letters a, b, indicate vol. i., vol. ii., respectively.

Abdollatif, b. [443].

Aboazen, a. [222].

Aboul Wefa, a. [180].

Achard, b. [174].