CHAPTER VII
LOCAL DISCRIMINATION
Concrete instances, [215].—Hadley's oyster case not conclusive, [217].—Two variants: lower long-haul rates by the roundabout route, as in the Hillsdale, Youngstown, and some Southern cases, 221; or by the direct route, as in the Nashville-Chattanooga and other southern cases, [225].—Complicating influence of water transportation, [232].—Market competition from various regions, a different case, [234].—The basing point (southern) and basing line (Missouri river) systems, [238].—Their inevitable instability and probable ultimate abandonment, [242].—Postage-stamp rates, illustrated by transcontinental tariffs, [245].—Which line makes the rate? [255].—Cost not distance, determines, [256].—Fixed charges v. operating expenses, [257].—Proportion of local business, [259].—Volume and stability of traffic important, [261].—Generally the short line rules, but many exceptions occur, [263].
CHAPTER VIII
PROBLEMS OF ROUTING
Neglect of distance, an American peculiarity, [264].—Derived from joint cost, [265].—Exceptional cases, [265].—Economic waste in American practice, [268].—Circuitous rail carriage, [269].—Water and rail-and-water shipments, [273].—Carriage over undue distance, [277].—An outcome of commercial competition, [278].—Six causes of economic waste, illustrated, [280].—Pro-rating and rebates, [281].—Five effects of disregard of distance, [288].—Dilution of revenue per ton mile, [289].—Possible remedies for economic waste, [292].—Pooling and rate agreements, [293].—The long and short haul remedy, [295].
CHAPTER IX
FREIGHT CLASSIFICATION
Importance and nature of classification described, [300].—Classifications and tariffs distinguished, as a means of changing rates, [301].—The three classification committees, [304].—Wide differences between them illustrated, [305].—Historical development, [306].—Increase in items enumerated, [309].—Growing distinction between carload and less-than-carload rates, [310].—Great volume of elaborate rules and descriptions, [312].—Theoretical basis of classification, [314].—Cost of service v. value of service, [315].—Practically, classification based upon rule of thumb, [319].—The "spread" in classification between commodities, [319].—Similarly as between places, [320].—Commodity rates described, [322].—Natural in undeveloped conditions, [323].—Various sorts of commodity rates, [324].—The problem of carload ratings, [325].—Carloads theoretically considered, [326].—Effect upon commercial competition, [327].—New England milk rates, [329].—Mixed carloads, [331].—Minimum carload rates, [322].—Importance of car capacity, [334].—Market capacity and minimum carloads, [336].
Uniform classification for the United States, [337].—Revival of interest since 1906, [339].—Overlapping and conflicting jurisdictions, [340].—Confusion and discrimination, [341].—Anomalies and conflicts illustrated, [342].—Two main obstacles to uniform classification, [345].—Reflection of local trade conditions, [345].—Compromise not satisfactory, [346].—Classifications and distance tariffs interlock, [347].—General conclusions, [351].