The Face of the Earth as Seen from the Air / A Study in the Application of Airplane Photography to Geography

by Willis T. Lee

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [Y].

Accuracy, [1], [74]
Acknowledgments, [viii], [xi]
Aerial photo-hydrography, [99]
Aerial photo-topography, [93]
Air photographs, how to read, [4];
improvements under way, [102];
oblique and vertical, [1];
value in coast charting, [93], [99], [101]
Air photography, application, [ix];
development, [ix];
elements to be recorded, [2];
outlook, [102]
Air Services, co-operation, [xi]
Aircraft, [x]
Airplane photography. See Air photography
Aliso Creek, California, [68]
Amundsen, Roald, [71]
Anacostia flats, D. C., [12]
Anacostia River, [13], [22] (ill.);
land along, mosaic photograph, opp. [32] (Fig. 13)
Animal trails, [29], [39]
Annapolis, 7. See also United States Naval Academy
Arabian coast, [101]
Architects, [7], [11]
Architecture, [11]
Arizona, southern, [71]
Arroyos, [61], [65] (ill.)
Atlantic City, N. J., [32] (ill.)
Atlantic Coastal Plain, [27];
meandering streams, [50];
salt marsh areas, [32] (ill.);
submarine land forms, [45]
Atlantic Ocean, waves and surf, [91] (ill.)
Back River, Virginia, [76]
Bagley, J. W., [xii], [74]
Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad bridge, [9] (ill.), [10]
Barnegat Bay, [85]
Barnegat Inlet, [84] (ill.), [85]
Barrier beaches, [41];
between Brigantine and Little Egg Inlets, New Jersey, [86] (ill.);
cities and surroundings, [32] (ill.);
inlet formation through, [81] (ill.);
Long Branch, N. J., [18] (ill.);
tidal inlet through, Beach Haven, N. J., [85] (ill.).
See also Beaches
Beach Haven, N. J., cusps, [80] (ill.);
inlet formation through barrier beach, [81] (ill.);
tidal inlet, [85] (ill.)
Beaches, bluff and beach on shore of York River, [77] (ill.);
cusps near Beach Haven, [80] (ill.);
Far Rockaway, Long Island, [100] (ill.);
sandy, with cusps—Sandy Hook, [78] (ill.).
See also Barrier beaches
Bear’s Cut, Florida coast, [96] (ill.)
Belmar, N. J., tidal delta, [82] (ill.)
Benning, Camp, opp. [26], opp. [50]
Benning, D. C., [13], [22] (ill.)
Benning Road, [13]
Benning Road Bridge, opp. [22] (ill. and map)
Bidwell, Lake, California, [62] (ill.), [63] (map)
Bluffs, [83];
beach and bluff on shore of York River, [77] (ill.)
Board of Surveys and Maps, [72]
Boundary disputes, [26];
Texas-Oklahoma, [51] (ill.)
Braided channels, [50], [51] (ill.)
Brigantine Inlet, New Jersey, [86] (ill.), [87];
recurved spit, [88] (ill.)
Bridges, [11];
Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad, [9] (ill.), [10];
Benning Road, opp. [22] (ill. and map);
Hell Gate, [11], [15] (ill.);
Pennsylvania Avenue, opp. [22] (ill. and map)
Bronx Borough, Port Morris section, [15] (ill.)
Bronx Kill, [15] (ill.)
Brooks, A. H., [69], [71]
Buildings, construction records, [11];
pictures from a new angle, [7]
Calabasas, Cal., topographic sheet, [65]
Cameras, adaptation, [2];
automatic data records, [2];
construction experiments, [35];
Eastman mapping, recording symbols, [2], [3] (ill.);
faithfulness, [23], [26];
human eye and, [5], [101];
panoramic, [xii];
stereoscopic, [6];
use, [x];
use in map-making, [72];
value in coast charting, [93], [99], [101]
Camouflage, [5], [6]
Camp Benning, Ga., opp. [26], opp. [50]
Canyons, [57];
Pecos River, [70] (ill.);
Santa Monica Mountains, [66] (ill.), [67] (map)
Cape Charles, Virginia, [43];
sand bars, [99] (ill.)
Capitol, National, frontispiece, [7]
Catawba “Island,” Ohio, [72], [73] (ill. and map)
Channels, Far Rockaway, Long Island, [100] (ill.);
Miami, Fla, [96] (ill.), [97] (ill.), [102];
Potomac River, tributary, [101];
underwater, [93] (ill.), [94]. (ill.), [95] (ill.)
Chanute, Octave, [ix]
Charting, [72];
coast, [83], [88]
Chattahoochee River, opp. [50] (ill. and map)
Cherry Point, Virginia, [46] (ill.), [47] (map)
Chesapeake Bay, [xi];
Lambs Creek on, [48] (ill.);
low lands along, [87];
marshlands difficult to chart, [76] (ill.);
wavy surface, [90] (ill.).
Cinder Cone, California, [57], [62] (ill.), [63] (map);
top, [64] (ill.)
City geography, [17] (ill.), opp. [26], [54] (ill.), opp. [74], [79]
City planners, [1], [11]
City planning, [12] (ill.);
Columbus, Ga., opp. [26] (ill. and map)
Clouds Rest, California, [60] (ill.)
Coast Charting, [83], [88]
Coast surveys, experiments in mapping in United States, France, etc., [88]
Coastal mud flats. See Mud flats
Colonial Beach, Va., [83], [87]
Color screen, [102]
Columbus, Ga., opp. [26] (ill. and map);
meanders near, [50], opp. [50] (ill. and map)
Columbus, Ga.-Ala., topographic sheet, opp. [50]
Construction records, [11]
Controls, [74]
Coral islands, [93]
Corona, Cal., topographic sheet, [68]
Corsons Inlet, New Jersey, [28] (ill.)
Cousaic Marsh, Virginia, [34] (ill.), [35] (map);
details, [31] (ill.)
Craters, [27], [57];
Cinder Cone, California, [62] (ill.), [63] (map), [64] (ill.)
Cusps, Beach Haven, New Jersey, [80] (ill.);
Sandy Hook, [78] (ill.)
Dayton, Ohio, [56]
Deanewood, D. C., [13]
Deltas, underwater, [33] (ill.), [45], [82] (ill.), [83] (ill.), [84] (ill.), [85] (ill.)
Depressions and elevations, interpreting, [4], [5]
District of Columbia, Anacostia flats, [12]
Drainage systems, [27];
Lee Marsh, Virginia, [30] (ill.).
See also Marsh drainage
Drowned topography, [45];
terraces at mouth of Piankatank River, [46] (ills.);
valley—Lambs Creek, Virginia, [48] (ill.);
valley—Roberts Creek, Virginia, [94] (ill.), [102]
East Rockaway Inlet, Long Island, [100] (ill.)
Eastern Shore of Virginia, [41];
mud-flat area, stream system, [42] (ill.), [43] (ill.)
Eastman mapping camera, opp. [74];
recording symbols, [2], [3] (ill.)
El Capitan, [60] (ill.)
Elevations and depressions, interpreting, [4], [5]
Ellipse, Washington, D. C., [16] (ill.)
Eltham Marsh, Virginia, [36] (ill.), [37] (map), [39]
Emulsions, [102]
Engineering, [11];
projects covering large areas, [12], opp. [22] (ill. and map)
Erie, Lake, [72], [73] (ill. and map)
Erosion, headward, [57], [65] (ill.), [68] (ill.)
Everglades, [27]
Exploration, [71]
Exposure, [102]
Eye versus camera, [5], [101]
Far Rockaway, Long Island, [100] (ill.)
Filters, [102]
Fishing Bay, Virginia, [46] (ill.), [47] (map)
Flats. See Mud flats
Flood plain, [33] (ill.)
Florida coast, channels and shoals near Miami, [96] (ill.), [97] (ill.), [102];
coral heads and pinnacle rocks, [93]
Flowerfield, Mich., [52] (ill.), [53] (map)
Forests, [23]
Gardens, [12]
Genesee River, opp. [74] (ill. and map)
Geologic maps, [69]
Geology, [69]
Glacial drift plain, [52] (ill.) [55]
Glaciers, [57];
glacial gorge, Mt. Shasta, [59] (ill.);
Mt. Shasta, [58] (ill.)
Gloucester Point, Va., [77], [83]
Goddard, G. W., [72]
Gorges, [57], [61];
Genesee River, opp. [74]. (ill. and map);
glacial gorge on Mt. Shasta, [59] (ill.);
San Joaquin Hills, California, [68] (ill.);
Yosemite Valley, [60] (ill.)
Grand Trunk Railway, near Schoolcraft, Mich., [56] (ill.)
Great Plains, [50];
river channel—Red River, [51] (ill.)
Gwynn Island, Virginia, [46] (ill.), [47] (map)
Half Dome, [60] (ill.)
Hampton, Va., small stream near, [33] (ill.)
Headward erosion, [57], [65] (ill.), [68] (ill.)
Hell Gate Bridge, [11], [15] (ill.)
Hereford Inlet, New Jersey, [98] (ill.)
Hill Marsh, Virginia, [34] (ill.), [35] (map), [38]
Hooks. See under Spits
Hotlum Glacier, Mt. Shasta, [58] (ill.), [59]
Hudson River and West Point, [8] (ill.)
Ice cap, [57]
Inclinometer, [2], [3] (ill.)
Index map showing areas photographed, [75]
Inlets, formation through barrier beach, [81] (ill.);
Hereford Inlet, New Jersey, [98] (ill.);
River, New Jersey, [82] (ill.);
tidal—Beach Haven, N. J., [85] (ill.)
Introduction, [ix]
Iroquois, Lake, opp. [74]
Islands, tied, [77] (ill.);
at Napatree Point, Rhode Island, [92] (ill.)
Ives, H. E., [6], [79]
James River and Mulberry Island, [24] (ill.), [25] (map)
Jones, E. Lester, [74], [88]
Jones, John Paul, [7];
mausoleum, [9] (ill.)
Kenilworth, D. C., [13]
Kettleholes, [52] (ill.), [53] (map), [55], [56] (ill.)
Kilmarnock, Va., topographic sheet, [47]
Lambs Creek, Virginia, [48] (ill.)
Land forms, submerged, [45]
Landscape gardeners, [1], [11]
Landscape gardening, [11], [12] (ill.), [13] (ill.);
Long Branch, N. J., [18] (ill.)
Langley, S. P., [ix]
Langley Field, [xi]
Lassen Peak, [57], [62] (ill.), [63] (map)
Lassen Peak, Cal., topographic sheet, [63]
Lava, [62]
Lee, Robert E., statue, [12] (ill.)
Lee Marsh, Virginia, [36] (ill.);
details, [30] (ill.)
Library of Congress, [7]
Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, [81], [85]
Little Egg Inlet, New Jersey, [86] (ill.), [87], [91] (ill.)
Little Hell Gate, [15] (ill.)
Long Beach, Long Island, [100] (ill.)
Long Beach, New Jersey, [84] (ill.), [85]
Long Branch, N. J., part, showing barrier beach development, [18] (ill.)
Long Island, East Rockaway Inlet, [100] (ill.);
Far Rockaway bars, channels, beaches, and marsh, [100] (ill.);
Rockaway Beach, [11], [17] (ill.);
Hell Gate Bridge to, [15] (ill.)
Los Angeles, [79];
map of region between Santa Monica and, [67]
Lower Cedar Point, Maryland, [87] (ill.)
Ludlam Beach, New Jersey, [28] (ill.)
Map, index of photographed areas, [75]
Mapping, city, [79];
from the air, [72]
Mapping camera, opp. [22];
experiment with, [53], [56]
Maps, air mapping and, [74];
air photograph adjustment, [35];
use of air photographs in revising, [79]
Marsh drainage, [27], [29]
Marshes, [27];
Chesapeake Bay, difficult to chart, [76] (ill.);
details of drainage, [30] (ill.);
details of frequently submerged, [31] (ill.);
Far Rockaway, Long Island, [100] (ill.);
salt marsh areas of coastal plain, [32] (ill.);
salt marsh features, [92];
stream development in tidal marsh, [28] (ill.)
Mathews, Va., topographic sheet, [47]
Mattaponi River, [29], [36], [38]
Meanders, [33] (ill.), [38];
abandoned, [50];
Chattahoochee River, opp. [50] (ill. and map);
marsh, [27]
Menoher, C. T., [xi]
Mexican border, [71]
Miami, Fla, channels and shoals, [96] (ill.), [102];
dredged channel, [97] (ill.), [102]
Michigan, glacial drift plain, [52] (ill.), [53] (map)
Military Academy. See United States Military Academy
Military observation, [4], [6]
Mjöberg, Eric, [71]
Monument Avenue, Richmond, Va., [12] (ill.)
Moraines, [52] (ill.), [53] (map), [55], [57];
Mt. Shasta, [59] (ill.)
Mosaics, [12], [20], [22] (ill.);
Anacostia River, D. C., land along, opp. [22] (Fig. 13);
Columbus, Ga., opp. [26] (Fig. 17);
Mulberry Island, Virginia, [24] (ill.);
Rochester, N. Y., opp. [74] (ill. and map)
Mountains, [22], [27];
features, [57];
of volcanic origin—Cinder Cone, etc., California, [62] (ill.), [63] (map)
Mud flats, [36];
coastal, [41];
stream channels and, [42] (ill.), [43] (ill.)
Mulberry Island, Virginia, [24] (ill.), [25] (map)
Mumfort Islands, Virginia, [77]
Muskrats, [29], [39]
Napatree Point, Rhode Island, [92] (ill.)
Naval Academy. See United States Naval Academy
New angles, [7]
New Guinea, [7]
New Kent, Va., topographic sheet, [27], [35], [37]
New Point Comfort, spit, [90] (ill.)
New York Connecting Railroad Bridge. See Hell Gate Bridge
New York Harbor, [xi]
Newport News, Va., [xi], [11];
shipyards, [14] (ill.)
Oblique photographs, [1]
Ocean City, N. J., [32] (ill.);
hook, [89] (ill.)
Oil, prospecting for, [71]
Ores, [69]
Orientation, [61]
Oxbows, [33] (ill.), [50]
Pamunkey River, [29], [36], [38];
Cousaic Marsh, [31] (ill.);
Eltham Marsh, [36] (ill.), [37] (map):
marshes, [27];
Sweet Hall Marsh, [34] (ill.), [35] (map)
Panchromatic film, opp. [74]
Paris, mapping, [79]
Pecos River, [70] (ill.)
Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge, [13], opp. [22] (ill. and map)
Perry, Commodore, [72]
Photographs, mosaic. See Mosaics
Photography, airplane. See Air photography
Piankatank River, Virginia, drowned terraces at mouth, [46] (ills.)
Pictures from new angles, [7]
Plains, glacial drift, [55];
glacial drift, Michigan, [52] (ill.), [53] (map);
photographing from the air, [50]
Popes Creek, Virginia, [83] (ill.)
Poquoson River, Virginia, [76], [94] (ill.)
Port Clinton, Ohio, [72], [73] (ill. and map)
Potomac Park, Washington, D. C., [16] (ill.)
Potomac River, [xi], [16] (ill.);
channels, tributary, [101];
Lower Cedar Point, spit, [87] (ill.);
Popes Creek and, [83] (ill.);
Powells Creek and, [93] (ill.);
Quantico Creek and, [95]
Potter, Lieutenant, opp. [74]
Powells Creek, Virginia, [93] (ill.), [101]
Put-in-Bay, [72], [73] (ill. and map)
Quantico Bay, [95] (ill.)
Quantico Creek, [95] (ill.)
Rahbeg, Arabia, [101]
Railroads, [23]
Randalls Island, [15] (ill.)
Ray filter, [102]
Reconnaissance work, [69], [71]
Red River, Texas-Oklahoma, [50], [51] (ill.)
Relief, means for showing, [5];
representation on maps, [66]
Revision of maps, [79]
Richmond, Va., Monument Ave., etc., [12] (ill.)
Rivers, [22];
Plains—Red River, [50];
miniature system, [33] (ill.)
Roads, [23]
Roberts Creek, Virginia, [94] (ill.)
Rochester, N. Y., [2], opp. [74] (ill. and map)
Rochester, N. Y., topographic sheet, opp. [74]
Rockaway Beach, Long Island, [11];
part, showing development, [17] (ill.)
Rocks, Florida coast experiment, [93];
sedimentary, [69], [70] (ill.);
study of, [69]
Royal Arches, California, [60] (ill.)
San Joaquin Hills, California, [68] (ill.)
Sand bars, [45], [46] (ill.);
Cape Charles, Virginia, [99] (ill.);
Far Rockaway, Long Island, [100] (ill.)
Sandy Hook, N. J., [78] (ill.)
Santa Monica, Cal., [65], [66];
map of region between Los Angeles and, [67]
Santa Monica Mountains, [57], [66] (ill.), [67] (map)
Santa Monica, Cal., topographic sheet, [67], [79]
Scale in vertical photographs, [viii], [74]
Schoolcraft, Mich., [54] (ill.), [55] (map), [56], [72];
kettleholes near, [56] (ill.)
Schoolcraft, Mich., topographic sheet, [53], [55]
Seashore, [22]
Sedge grass, [29], [30], [38]
Sentinel Rock, [60] (ill.)
Sepulveda Canyon, California, [66] (ill.), [67] (map)
Sevenmile Beach, New Jersey, spit and shoal, [98] (ill.)
Severn River, Virginia, [7], [9] (ill.)
Shadows, [5], [61]
Shark River Inlet, New Jersey, [82] (ill.)
Shasta, Mt., [57], [58] (ill.);
glacial gorge on, [59] (ill.)
Shipyards, [11];
Newport News, [14] (ill.)
Shoals, [45], [84] (ill.), [85], [94] (ill.);
Hereford Inlet, New Jersey, [98] (ill.);
Miami, Fla., [96] (ill.), [97] (ill.), [102]
Shore features, [83]
Shrubbery, [13] (ill.)
Sierra Nevada Mountains, Cal., [62] (ill.), [63] (map)
Silt, [29], [36], [39]
Simi Hills, California, [65] (ill.)
Simons, J. W., Jr., [xi]
Sky, cloudy and overcast, [49]
Spa Creek, Maryland, [7], [9] (ill.)
Spits, lines of growth, Tucker Beach, New Jersey, [91] (ill.);
recurved, [88] (ill.), [89] (ill.), [90] (ill.);
Sevenmile Beach, New Jersey, [98] (ill.);
simple spit, [87] (ill.)
State-War-Navy Building, Washington, D. C., [16] (ill.)
Stereoscopic camera, [6]
Stevens, A. W., opp. [74], [89]
Stone Canyon, California, [66] (ill.), [67] (map)
Stonington, Conn., [92]
Stove Point Neck, Virginia, [46] (ill.), [47] (map)
Stream channels and mud flats, [41], [42] (ill.)
Streams, development in tidal marsh, [28] (ill.)
See also Rivers
Submarine geography, [45]
Submarines, [101]
Submerged land forms, [45]
Submerged objects, detection, [101]
Sunken mines, [101]
Sunlight, [49]
Surface, general aspects as seen from the air, [22]
Swamps, [27]
Sweet Hall Marsh, Virginia, [34] (ill.), [35] (map), [39]
Swiss school of hill shading, [66]
Terraces, underwater, [15], [94] (ill.)
Texas-Oklahoma boundary, [51] (ill.)
Thomas, H. H., [101]
Thoroughfares, [34] (ill.), [35] (map), [39];
Eltham Marsh, [36] (ill.)
Tidal Basin, Washington, D. C., [16] (ill.)
Tidal deltas, [82] (ill.), [83] (ill.);
Barnegat Inlet, [84] (ill.), [85]
Tidal inlet, Beach Haven, N. J., [85] (ill.)
Tidal marshes, stream development, [28] (ill.)
Tied island, [77] (ill.);
development—Napatree Point, Rhode Island, [92] (ill.)
Tombolos, [92] (ill.)
Topographic mapping, [72]
Treasury Building, Washington, D. C., [16] (ill.)
Trees, [13] (ill.)
Tucker Beach, New Jersey, spit, [91] (ill.)
Underwater topography, [45];
best conditions for photographing, [47];
channel in Quantico Bay, [95] (ill.);
channels (natural) at Miami, Fla., [96] (ill.), [102];
channels, shoals, terraces—Roberts Creek, Virginia, [94] (ill.);
Chesapeake Bay, [90] (ill.)
United States Army Air Service, [viii], [xi], [xii]
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, [74];
coast line charting, [87], [88];
Florida coast experiment, [93]
United States Geological Survey, co-operation, [xii]
United States Land Office, [56]
United States Military Academy, [8] (ill.)
United States Naval Academy, [7], [9] (ill.)
United States Naval Observatory, [13] (ill.)
United States Navy Air Service, [viii], [xi], [xii]
Vertical photographs, [1];
scale, [viii], [74];
horizontal control, [74]
Viewpoint, [1]
Village, prototype, [54] (ill.)
Virginia, Eastern Shore mud-flat area, stream system, [41], [42] (ill.), [43] (ill.);
tidewater portion, [38]
Visibility under water, [102]
Volcanic craters. See Craters
Volmat, J., [99], [101]
War and Navy offices, new, Washington, D. C., [16] (ill.)
Wards Island, [15] (ill.)
Warwick Creek and Mulberry Island, Virginia, [24] (ill.), [25] (map)
Washington, D. C., Capitol, frontispiece, [7];
Library of Congress, [7];
mapping, [79];
part showing White House, Treasury, and many familiar features, [16] (ill.);
topographic map, part, opp. [22];
United States Naval Observatory, [13] (ill.)
Washington Column, California, [60] (ill.)
Washington Monument, [16] (ill.)
Wash-overs, [81] (ill.), [86] (ill.)
Watch Hill, R. I., [92]
Water, Visibility under, [102]
West Point, N. Y., United States Military Academy at, [2], [8] (ill.)
West Point, Va., [36] (ill.), [38];
marshes, [29], [30] (ill.)
White House, Washington, D. C., [16] (ill.)
Wichita Falls, Tex., [51]
Wildwood, N. J., [98]
Wintun Glacier, [58] (ill.)
Wright, Orville, [ix]
Wright, Wilbur, [ix]
York River, [38], [76], [83], [87];
shoreline, [77] (ill.)
Yosemite and Mt. Lyell topographic sheets, [61]
Yosemite Valley, [60] (ill.), [61] (map)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Cf. his The Use of the Panoramic Camera in Topographic Surveying, With Notes on the Application of Photogrammetry to Aerial Surveys, U. S. Geol. Surrey Bull. 657, Washington, D. C., 1917.

[2] H. E. Ives: Airplane Photography, Philadelphia, 1920, pp. 328-350.

[3] The Pamunkey gets its name from a tribe of Indians famous in the early days of Virginian history but now reduced to a few families living on a reservation situated on the banks of the river near Lester Manor. Mattaponi is a combination name. The Mat and the Ta unite to form Matta Creek. The Matta and the Po unite, and Ny Creek is a tributary to the Po. The waters of these streams unite to form the river, and the names Mat, Ta, Po, and Ny unite to form its name—Mattaponi.

[4] A. H. Brooks, personal communication.

[5] Eric Mjöberg: A Proposed Aërial Expedition for the Exploration of the Unknown Interior of New Guinea, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 3, 1917, pp. 89-106.

[6] The Use of Aerial Photographs in Topographic Mapping: A Report of the Committee on Photographic Surveying of the Board of Surveys and Maps of the Federal Government, 1920, Air Service Information Circular (Aviation) No. 184, War Department, Washington, D. C., 1921.

[7] What can be done, however, by photographing obliquely from a high altitude, thereby increasing the area in the field of vision, is illustrated by Figure 54, which encompasses Lake Erie from one shore to the other and, in its representation of the main features of the region, is akin to maps on a relatively small scale, such as 1:1,000,000.