Chapter Twelve
For Mao Tse-tung, see B. Schwartz, Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao, second ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1958. For Mao's early years; see J. E. Rue, Mao Tse-tung in Opposition, 1927-1935, Stanford 1966. For the civil war, see L. M. Chassin, The Communist Conquest of China: A History of
the Civil War, 1945-1949, Cambridge, Mass., 1965. For brief information on communist society, see Franz Schurmann and Orville Schell, The China Reader, vol. 3, Communist China, New York 1967. For problems of organization, see Franz Schurmann, Ideology and Organization in Communist China, Berkeley 1966. For cultural and political problems, see Ho Ping-ti, China in Crisis, vol. 1, China's Heritage and the Communist Political System, Chicago 1968. For a sympathetic view of rural life in communist China, see J. Myrdal, Report from a Chinese Village, New York 1965; for Taiwanese village life, see Bernard Gallin, Hsin Hsing, Taiwan: A Chinese Village in Change, Berkeley 1966.
INDEX
- Abahai, ruler, [269]
- Abdication, [92]-3, [182], [227], [302]
- Aborigines, [323]
- Absolutism, [196], [208], [210], [232] ff., [247]
- (see Despotism, Dictator, Emperor, Monarchy)
- Academia Sinica, [307]
- Academies, [221], [255], [267]-8, [272]
- Administration, [64], [82]-4, [138] ff, [142], [144], [154], [170], [173]-4, [210];
- provincial, [85]
- (see Army, Feudalism, Bureaucracy)
- Adobe (Mud bricks), [16], [19], [32]
- Adoptions, [204]
- Afghanistan, [146]-7
- Africa, [201], [259]
- Agriculture, development, [54], [198] ff., [249]-50, [275];
- Origin of, [10], [11];
- of Shang, [21];
- shifting (denshiring), [32]
- (see Wheat, Millet, Rice, Plough, Irrigation, Manure, Canals, Fallow)
- An Ti, ruler of Han, [92]
- Ainu, tribes, [9]
- Ala-shan mountain range, [88]
- Alchemy, [49], [104]
- (see) Elixir
- Alexander the Great, [146]-7
- America, [276], [300]
- (see) United States
- Amithabha, god, [188]
- Amur, river, [278]
- An Chi-yeh, rebel, [293]
- An Lu-shan, rebel, [184] ff., [189], [195]
- Analphabetism, [65]
- Anarchists, [47]
- Ancestor, cult, [24], [32]
- Aniko, sculptor, [243]
- Animal style, [17]
- Annam (Vietnam), [97], [160], [209], [219], [234], [258], [265], [295], [330]
- Anyang (Yin-ch'ü), [19], [22]
- Arabia, [258]; Arabs, [104], [178], [183], [185], [266]
- Architecture, [147], [256]
- Aristocracy, [25], [26], [36], [122], [195]
- (see Nobility, Feudalism)
- Army, cost of, [211];
- organization of, [24], [118], [174], [236];
- size of, [53];
- Tibetan, [127]
- (see War, Militia, tu-tu, pu-ch'ü)
- Art, Buddhist, [146]-7
- (see Animal style, Architecture, Pottery, Painting, Sculpture, Wood-cut)
- Arthashastra, book, attributed to Kautilya, [59]
- Artisans, [19], [26], [31], [33], [56], [79];
- Organizations of, [58]
- (see Guilds, Craftsmen)
- Assimilation, [144], [152], [166], [244]
- (see Colonization)
- Astronomy, [266]
- Austroasiats, [10], [12]
- Austronesians, [12]
- Avars, tribe, [140]
- (see Juan-juan)
- Axes, prehistoric, [10]
- Axis, policy, [51]
- Babylon, [65]
- Baghdad, city, [201]
- Balasagun, city, [224]
- Ballads, [133]
- Banks, [265], [305]
- Banner organization, [268], [291]
- Barbarians (Foreigners), [109], [122], [246], [278]
- Bastards, [41]
- Bath, [217]
- Beg, title, [289]
- Beggar, [239]
- Bengal, [250], [283]
- Boat festival, [23]
- Bokhara (Bukhara), city, [46]
- Bon, religion, [242]
- Bondsmen, [31], [117], [143]
- (see pu-ch'ü, Serfs, Feudalism)
- Book, printing, [201]; B burning, [66]
- Böttger, inventor, [256]
- Boxer rebellion, [299]
- Boycott, [314]
- Brahmans, Indian caste, [34], [106]
- Brain drain, [326]
- Bronze, [17], [20], [22], [29], [33], [40], [106], [180]-1
- (see Metal, Copper)
- Brothel (Tea-house), [163], [217]
- Buddha, [46];
- Buddhism, [20], [106], [108]-9, [125], [127], [133] ff., [145] ff., [150], [161], [164], [168], [178], [179] ff., [188], [217], [218], [236], [257], [259], [266], [306]
- (see Ch'an, Vinaya, Sects, Amithabha, Maitreya, Hinayana,
- Mahayana, Monasteries, Church, Pagoda, Monks, Lamaism)
- Budget, [168], [175], [209], [210], [215], [261]
- (see Treasury, Inflation, Deflation)
- Bullfights, [182]
- Bureaucracy, [24], [33], [63], [72];
- religious B, [25]
- (see Administration; Army)
- Burgher (liang-min), [143], [183], [216]
- Burma, [12], [146], [234], [248], [265], [269], [283], [318], [319], [322], [329], [330]
- Businessmen, [64]
- (see Merchants, Trade)
- Byzantium, [177]
- Calcutta, city, [283]
- Caliph (Khaliph), [185]
- Cambodia, [234], [295]
- Canals, [170], [246]; Imperial C, [168], [235]-6
- (see Irrigation)
- Cannons, [232], [263]
- Canton (Kuang-chou), city, [67], [77], [89], [97], [159], [190], [209], [237], [262], [266], [286], [287], [308], [309], [312], [314]
- Capital of Empire, [144]
- (see Ch'ang-an, Si-an, Lo-yang, etc.)
- Capitalism, [180]-1, [212], [297], [303]
- (see Investments, Banks, Money, Economy, etc.)
- Capitulations (privileges of foreign nations), [273], [287], [290], [312], [316]
- Caravans, [86], [98], [121], [129], [181]
- (see Silk road, Trade)
- Carpet, [243]
- Castes, [106]
- (see Brahmans)
- Castiglione, G., painter, [281]
- Cattle, breeding, [155]
- Cavalry, [53]
- (see Horse)
- Cave temples, [146]-7
- (see Lung-men, Yün-kang, Tun-huang)
- Censorate, [84]
- Censorship, [254]
- Census, [143]
- (see Population)
- Central Asia, [25], [87]-88, [90], [113], [119], [135], [169], [179], [209], [259], [277], [330]
- (see Turkestan, Sinkiang, Tarim, City States)
- Champa, State, [249]
- Ch'an (Zen), meditative Buddhism, [164], [175], [218], [263]
- Chan-kuo Period (Contending States), [51] ff.
- Chancellor, [82]
- Ch'ang-an, capital of China, [123], [127], [129], [167], [172], [176], [184], [185], [190], [207]
- (see Sian)
- Chang Ch'ien, ambassador, [88]
- Chang Chü-chan, teacher, [265]
- Chang Hsien-chung, rebel, [268], [271]
- Chang Hsüeh-liang, war lord, [316]
- Chang Ling, popular leader, [101], [136], [147], [264]
- Chang Ti, ruler, [99]
- Chang Tsai, philosopher, [218]
- Chang Tso-lin, war lord, [312], [316]
- Chao, state, [53], [63];
- Earlier Chao, [124];
- Later Chao, [124]
- Chao K'uang-yin (T'ai Tsu), ruler, [208], [209]
- Chao Meng-fu, painter, [243]
- Charters, [30]
- Chefoo Convention, [295]
- Ch'en, dynasty, [162] ff.
- Ch'en Pa-hsien, ruler, [162]
- Ch'en Tu-hsiu, intellectual, [307], [320]
- Ch'eng Hao, philosopher, [219]
- Cheng Ho, navy commander, [258]
- Ch'eng I, philosopher, [219]
- Cheng-i-chiao, religion, [263]-4
- Ch'eng Ti, ruler of Han, [92];
- ruler of Chin, [156]
- Ch'eng Tsu, ruler of Manchu, [257]
- Ch'eng-tu, city, [110], [120]
- Ch'i, state, [40];
- short dynasty, [190], [225];
- Northern Ch'i, [148] ff., [149], [150] ff., [161], [162], [168]
- Ch'i-fu, clan, [129] ff.
- Chi-nan, city, [55]
- Ch'i-tan (see Kitan)
- Ch'i Wan-nien, leader, [118]
- Chia, clan, [120]
- Chia-ch'ing, period, [285]
- Chia Ssŭ-tao, politician, [228]
- Ch'iang, tribes, [21], [118] (see Tanguts)
- Chiang Kai-shek, president, [264], [311], [314], [315], [316], [317], [318], [321], [322], [324], [326]
- Ch'ien-lung, period, [272], [282], [284], [285]
- ch'ien-min (commoners), [143]
- Chin, dynasty, [229] ff.
- (see Juchên); dynasty, [114], [115] ff.;
- Eastern Chin dynasty, [152] ff., [155] ff.;
- Later Chin dynasty, [139]
- Ch'in, state, [36];
- Ch'in, dynasty, [53], [59], [60], [62] ff., [80];
- Earlier Ch'in dynasty, [126], [157];
- Later Ch'in dynasty, [129], [139], [159];
- Western Ch'in dynasty, [129], [140]
- Ch'in K'ui, politician, [226]
- Chinese, origin of, [2], [8] ff.
- Ching Fang, scholar, [255]
- Ching-tê (-chen), city, [201], [256]
- ching-t'ien system, [33]
- Ching Tsung, Manchu ruler, [260]
- Ch'in Ying, painter, [255]
- Chou, dynasty, [29] f., [76];
- short Chou dynasty, [180];
- Later Chou dynasty, [206];
- Northern Chou dynasty, [148], [149], [150] ff., [169], [172]
- Chou En-lai, politician, [320]
- Chou-k'ou-tien, archaeological site, [8]
- Chou-kung (Duke of Chou), [33], [93]
- Chou-li, book, [33]
- Chou Tun-i, philosopher, [218]
- Christianity, [179], [266], [282], [290]
- (see Nestorians, Jesuits, Missionaries)
- Chronology, [7], [335]
- Ch'u, state, [38], [199] ff., [205]
- Chu Ch'üan-chung, general and ruler, [190], [191], [203], [204]
- Chu Hsi, philosopher, [219], [263], [279]
- Chu-ko Liang, general, [111]
- Chu Tê general, [321]
- Chu Tsai-yü, scholar, [255]
- Chu Yüan-chang (T'ai Tsu), ruler, [239] ff., [243] ff., [246], [247], [256], [257]
- chuang, [181], [212]-13, [345]
- (see Manors, Estates)
- Chuang Tzŭ;, philosopher, [47]-8, [50]
- Chün-ch'en, ruler, [88]
- Ch'un-ch'iu, book, [43], [80]
- chün-t'ien system (land equalization system), [142]-3, [173], [187]
- chün-tzü (gentleman), [42], [44]
- Chung-ch'ang T'ung, philosopher, [50]
- Chungking (Ch'ung-ch'ing), city, [38], [110], [318]
- Church, Buddhistic, [146], [147], [188], [218];
- Taoistic, [136], [147]
- (see Chang Ling)
- Cities, [36], [37];
- spread and growth of cities, [31], [55]-6, [175], [229], [250]-1, [252];
- origin of cities, [19];
- twin cities, [33]
- (see City states, Ch'ang-an, Sian, Lo-yang, Hankow, etc.)
- City States (of Central Asia), [97], [132], [177]
- Clans, [31], [196]
- Classes, social classes, [79], [143]-4, [207], [216]
- (see Castes, ch'ien-min, liang-min, Gentry, etc.)
- Climate, changes, [9]
- Cliques, [91], [160], [197], [257], [261]
- Cloisonné, [256]
- Cobalt, [221], [256]
- Coins, [78], [94], [116], [199], [209]
- (see Money)
- Colonialism, [278], [283], [329]
- (see Imperialism)
- Colonization, [97], [102], [111], [116], [153], [209], [248] ff.
- (see Migration, Assimilation)
- Colour prints, [256]
- Communes, [331]
- Communism, [314], [320] ff.
- (see Marxism, Socialism, Soviets)
- Concubines, [100], [227]
- Confessions, [102]
- Confucian ritual, [78]-9;
- Confucianism, [93], [136], [145], [150], [163]-4, [168], [175], [183]-4, [188], [306];
- Confucian literature, [78];
- false Confucian literature, [93]-4;
- Confucians, [40] ff., [134]
- (see Neo-Confucianism)
- Conquests, [122], [270]
- (see War, Colonialism)
- Conservatism, [219]
- Constitution, [311]
- Contending States, [40] ff.
- Co-operatives, [319]
- Copper, [17], [211]
- (see Bronze, Metal)
- Corruption, [51], [200]
- Corvée (forced labour), [82], [173], [187], [196], [238]
- (see Labour)
- Cotton, [250]
- Courtesans, [182]
- (see Brothel)
- Coxinga, rebel, [267], [271]
- Craftsmen, [26], [105], [183], [197], [216], [247]-8
- (see Artisans)
- Credits, [215]
- Criminals, [146], [218], [248]
- Crop rotation, [249]
- Dalai Lama, religious ruler of Tibet, [278], [310]
- Dance, [105]
- Deflation, [215]
- Deities, [23]
- (see Tien, Shang Ti, Maitreya, Amithabha, etc.)
- Delft, city, [256]
- Demands, the twenty-one, [311], [313]
- Democracy, [305], [301]
- Denshiring, [12]
- Despotism, [81], [196]
- (see Absolutism)
- Dewey, J., educator, [307]
- Dialects, [64]-5
- (see Language)
- Dialecticians, [59]
- Dictators, [38], [47]
- (see Despotism)
- Dictionaries, [65]
- Diploma, for monks, [208]
- Diplomacy, [223], [226]
- Disarmament, [115], [120]
- Discriminatory laws, [189], [233] ff., [270]
- (see Double Standard)
- Dog, [54]
- Dorgon, prince, [269]
- Double standard, legal, [80]
- Drama, [242], [255], [280]
- Dress, changes, [53]
- Dungan, tribes, [292]
- Dynastic histories
- (see History), [2]
- Dzungars, people, [277]
- Eclipses, [43]
- Economy, [53] ff., [94] ff., [100], [109], [112]-13, [142] ff.;
- Money economy, [198];
- Natural economy, [107]-8, [116]
- (see Agriculture, Nomadism, Industry, Denshiring, Money, Trade, etc.)
- Education, [73], [103], [201], [306], [326], [327]
- (see Schools, Universities, Academies, Script, Examination system, etc.)
- Elements, the five, [60]
- Elephants, [26]
- Elite, [73], [74], [196], [218]
- (see Intellectuals, Students, Gentry)
- Elixir, [187] (see Alchemy)
- Emperor, position of, [81], [92], [210], [304];
- Emperor and church, [218]
- (see Despotism, King, Absolutism, Monarchy, etc.)
- Empress (see Lü, Wu, Wei, Tzŭ Hsi)
- Encyclopaedias, [219], [264], [279]
- England, [265], [283], [285] (see Great Britain)
- Ephtalites, tribe, [150]
- Epics, [133]
- Equalization Office, [91], [94] (see chün-t'ien)
- Erotic literature, [254]
- Estates (chuang,), [154], [175], [181], [212], [236]
- Ethics, [45]
- (see Confucianism)
- Eunuchs, [91], [100], [191], [253], [259]-60, [261], [267], [272]
- Europe, [143], [212];
- Europeans, [209], [233], [237], [246], [263], [272], [297], [299]
- Examination system, [74], [78], [85]-6, [91], [175], [197], [216], [252]-3, [259], [280];
- Examinations for Buddhists, [207]
- Fables, [259]
- Factories, [250], [251]
- Fallow system, [54], [249]
- Falsifications, [93]
- (see Confucianism)
- Family structure, [24], [29], [31], [42], [54], [138]-9, [196], [332];
- Family ethics, [58];
- Family planning, [331]
- Fan Chung-yen, politician, [212], [213]
- Fascism, [264]
- Federations, tribal, [117]
- Felt, [33]
- Fêng Kuo-chang, politician, [312]
- Fêng Meng-lung, writer, [254], [255]
- Fêng Tao, politician, [201]
- Fêng Yü-hsiang, war lord, [312], [315]
- Ferghana, city, [88]
- Fertility cults, [23];
- differential fertility, [73]
- Fertilizer, [54]
- Feudalism, [24], [29], [30] ff., [37], [38], [40], [42], [44], [45], [85];
- end of feudalism, [51], [59], [62]-3;
- late feudalism, [71]-2, [77] ff.;
- new feudalism, [81];
- nomadic feudalism, [76], [131]
- (see Serfs, Aristocracy, Fiefs, Bondsmen, etc.)
- Fiefs, [30], [54], [78], [82]
- Finances, [209]
- (see Budget, Inflation, Money, Coins)
- Fire-arms
- (see Rifles, Cannons)
- Fishing, [94]
- Folk-tales, [254], [258]
- Food habits, [54]-5, [155]
- Foreign relations, [84]
- (see Diplomacy, Treaty, Tribute, War)
- Forests, [26]
- Formosa (T'aiwan), [152], [267], [276], [277], [295], [296], [323] ff.
- France, [287], [295], [296], [313], [317]
- Frontier, concept of, [38]
- Frugality, [58]
- Fu Chien, ruler, [126] ff., [130], [131], [136], [139], [157]-8
- Fu-lan-chi (Franks), [263]
- Fu-lin, Manchu ruler, [269]
- Fu-yü, country, [141]
- Fukien, province, [167], [228], [237], [248], [249], [250], [251], [276]
- Galdan, leader, [277]
- Gandhara, country, [146]
- Gardens, [154]
- Geisha (see Courtesans), [217]
- Genealogy, [52], [167], [196]
- Genghiz Khan, ruler, [225], [230], [241]
- Gentry (Upper class), [44], [78], [80], [101], [108], [133], [138], [143], [144], [166], [173], [174], [196], [197], [203], [209], [210], [214], [236], [239], [252] ff., [257], [268], [272], [297], [303]-4, [307];
- colonial gentry, [163];
- definition of gentry, [72];
- gentry state, [71] ff.,
- southern gentry, [153]
- Germany, [296], [311], [312], [317]
- Gök Turks, [149] ff.
- Governors, role of, [184] ff.
- Grain
- (see Millet, Rice, Wheat)
- Granaries, [216], [290]
- Great Britain, [285], [293], [294], [295], [310]
- (see England)
- Great Leap Forward, [331]
- Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, [333]
- Great Wall, [57]
- Greeks, [59], [60]
- Guilds, [58], [197]
- Hakka, ethnic group, [228], [289], [323]
- Hami, city state, [245]
- Han, dynasty, [71] ff., [122];
- Later Han dynasty, [206]
- Han Fei Tzu, philosopher, [59]
- Han T'o-wei, politician, [226]-7
- Han Yü, philosopher, [182], [217], [218]
- Hankow (Han-k'ou), city, [38], [156], [162], [251], [290], [314]
- Hangchow (Hang-chou), city, [38], [225], [228]
- Heaven, [42], [81]
- (see Shang Ti, T'ien)
- Hermits, [46] ff.
- (see Monks, Sages)
- Hinayana, religion, [135]
- Historians, [2]
- Histories, dynastic, [2], [242];
- falsification of histories, [43], [52], [93];
- Historiography, [43], [103]-4
- Hitler, Adolf, dictator, [317], [319]
- Hittites, ethnic group, [25]
- Ho Ch'eng-t'ien, scholar, [255]
- Ho-lien P'o-p'o, ruler, [139], [140], [159], [225]
- Ho Ti, Han ruler, [99]
- hong, association, [286]
- Hong Kong, colony, [286], [319], [325]
- Hopei, province, [296]
- Horse, [11], [90], [186], [223], [237];
- horse chariot, [25];
- horse riding, [53];
- horse trade, [63]
- Hospitals, [216]
- Hou Ching, ruler, [161]-2
- Houses, [19], [33]
- (see Adobe)
- Hsi-hsia, kingdom, [214], [221], [223], [224] ff., [231]
- Hsi-k'ang, Tibet, [310]
- Hsia, dynasty, [17]-18, [21], [25];
- Hunnic Hsia dynasty, [139]
- (see Hsi-hsia)
- Hsia-hou, clan, [113]
- Hsia Kui, painter, [221]
- Hsiao Tao-ch'eng, general, [160]
- Hsiao Wu Ti, Chin ruler, [158]
- Hsieh, clan, [157]
- Hsieh Hsüan, general, [128]
- Hsien-feng, period, [294]
- Hsien-pi, tribal federation, [98], [102], [114], [116], [117], [119], [120], [121], [123], [126], [127], [128] ff., [130], [131], [132], [136], [137], [138], [140], [148], [169]
- Hsien Ti, Han ruler, [100]
- Hsien-yün, tribes, [21]
- Hsin, dynasty, [92]
- Hsin-an merchants, [251], [263]
- Hsin Ch'ing-nien, journal, [307]
- Hsiung-nu, tribal federation, [67] ff., [75] ff., [81], [86] ff., [90], [95], [96], [97] ff., [102], [108], [113], [114], [116], [117], [118], [224], [226]
- (see Huns)
- Hsü Shih-ch'ang, president, [312]
- Hsüan-tê, period, [259]
- Hsüan-tsang, Buddhist, [181]
- Hsüan Tsung, T'ang ruler, [181];
- Manchu ruler, [259], [288]
- Hsüan-t'ung, period, [300]
- Hsün Tzŭ, philosopher, [57]-8
- Hu, name of tribes, [118]
- (see Huns)
- Hu Han-min, politician, [314]-15
- Hu Shih, scholar and politician, [307], [320]
- Hu Wei-yung, politician, [257]
- Huai-nan Tzŭ, philosopher, [50], [104]
- Huai, Ti, Chin ruler, [123], [124]
- Huan Hsüan, general, [158], [159]
- Huan Wen, general, [157]-8
- Huang Ch'ao, leader of rebellion, [189] ff., [195], [203]
- Huang Ti, ruler, [52]
- Huang Tsung-hsi, philosopher, [247], [352]
- Hui-chou merchants, [251], [254]
- hui-kuan, association, [197]
- Hui Ti, Chin ruler, [120];
- Manchu ruler, [257]
- Hui Tsung, Sung ruler, [221]
- Hui Tzŭ, philosopher, [59]
- Human sacrifice, [19], [23]
- Hung Hsiu-ch'üan, leader of rebellion, [289] ff.
- Huns, [57], [118], [119], [120], [121], [124], [125], [126], [127], [130], [131], [136], [139], [140], [147], [148], [151], [278]
- (see Hu, Hsiung-nu)
- Hunting, [25]-6
- Hutuktu, religious ruler, [310]
- Hydraulic society, [56]
- i-chuang, clan manors, [213]
- Ili, river, [282] ff., [293], [330]
- Imperialism, [76], [265], [285] ff., [294], [295], [329]
- (see Colonialism)
- India, [20], [26], [34], [45], [60], [89], [106], [111], [118], [125], [134]-5, [145], [146], [164], [181], [182], [198], [243], [265], [287], [288], [310], [329]
- (see Brahmans, Bengal, Gandhara, Calcutta, Buddhism)
- Indo-China, [234], [258]
- (see Cambodia, Annam, Laos).
- Indo-Europeans, language group, [15], [25], [29], [150]
- (see Yüeh-chih, Tocharians, Hittites)
- Indonesia, [10], [201], [209], [319]
- (see Java)
- Industries, [198], [214], [250] ff.;
- Industrialization, [275], [325]-26, [327]-28, [331]-32;
- Industrial society, [212]
- (see Factories)
- Inflation, [20], [211], [215], [237]
- Inheritance, laws of, [24], [54]
- Intellectuals, [300], [309]
- (see Élite, Students)
- Investments, [198], [212], [212]-14
- Iran (Persia), [60], [61], [234]
- Iron, [40], [55], [96], [198];
- Cast iron, [56];
- Iron money, [202]
- (see Steel)
- Irrigation, [56], [62]
- Islam, [179], [183], [202]-3
- (see Muslims)
- Istanbul (Constantinople), [256], [259], [293]
- Italy, [317]
- Japan, [9], [10], [26], [44], [88], [106], [112], [114], [126], [144], [145], [170], [178], [179], [181], [196], [201], [234], [245]-6, [254], [256], [258], [263], [264], [265], [275], [294] ff., [297], [298], [300], [308], [309], [311], [312], [313], [314], [316], [317] ff., [322], [323], [324], [325]
- (see Meiji, Tada, Tanaka)
- Java, [234]
- Jedzgerd, ruler, [178]
- Jehol, province, [11], [287]
- Jen Tsung, Manchu ruler, [285]
- Jesuits, [266], [278]
- Jews, [179]
- Ju (scribes), [34], [41]
- Ju-chen (Chin Dynasty, Jurchen), [221]-2, [223], [225], [226], [227], [229] ff, [244], [265]
- Juan-juan, tribal federation, [114], [140], [149]
- Jurchen
- (see Ju-chen)
- K'ai-feng, city
- (see Yeh, Pien-liang), [203], [230]
- Kalmuk, Mongol tribes, [282], [283], [284]
- (see Ölöt)
- Kang-hsi, period, [272], [277], [279]
- K'ang Yo-wei, politician and scholar, [298]-99
- Kansu, province, [12], [14], [86], [87], [121], [124], [125], [129], [131], [132], [139], [140], [142], [159], [163], [225], [292], [293], [324]
- (see Tun-huang)
- Kao-ch'ang, city state, [177]
- Kao, clan, [148]
- Kao-li, state, [126], [141], [222]
- (see Korea)
- Kao Ming, writer, [242]
- Kao Tsu, Han ruler, [71], [77]
- Kao Tsung, T'ang ruler, [179], [180]
- Kao Yang, ruler, [148]
- Kapok, textile fibre, [250]
- Kara Kitai, tribal federation, [223]-4
- Kashgar, city, [99], [282], [292]
- Kazak, tribal federation, [282], [283]
- Khalif (see Caliph), [293]
- Khamba, Tibetans, [310]
- Khan, Central Asian title, [149], [169], [176], [177], [186]
- Khocho, city, [177]
- Khotan, city, [99], [135], [174]
- King, position of, [24], [34], [42], [43]; first kings, [19];
- religious character of kingship, [37]
- (see Yao, Shun, Hsia dynasty, Emperor, Wang, Prince)
- Kitan (Ch'i-tan), tribal federation, [184], [186], [203], [204], [205], [206], [207], [208], [209], [221], [222] ff., [229], [241]
- (see Liao dynasty)
- Ko-shu Han, general, [184]-5
- Korea, [9], [88]-89, [112], [126], [169] ff., [178], [181], [201], [219], [222], [265], [268], [295], [296], [324], [329]
- (see Kao-li, Pai-chi, Sin-lo)
- K'ou Ch'ien-chih, Taoist, [147]
- Kowloon, city, [287]
- Ku Yen-wu, geographer, [279]
- Kuan Han-ch'ing, writer, [242]
- Kuang-hsü, period, [295] ff.
- Kuang-wu Ti, Han ruler, [96] ff.
- Kub(i)lai Khan, Mongol ruler, [234], [241]
- Kung-sun Lung, philosopher, [59]
- K'ung Tzu (Confucius), [40] ff.
- Kuo-min-tang (KMT), party, [313], [321], [323], [324], [325]
- Kuo Wei, ruler, [206]
- Kuo Tzŭ-hsing, rebel leader, [239]
- Kuo Tzŭ-i, loyal general, [184], [186]
- Kyakhta (Kiachta), city, [278]
- Labour, forced, [235], [237]
- (see Corvée);
- Labour laws, [198];
- Labour shortage, [251]
- Lacquer, [256]
- Lamaism, religion, [242]-3
- Land ownership, [31], [32], [54]
- (see Property);
- Land reform, [94], [142]-3, [172]-3, [229], [290], [315], [325], [330]
- (see chün-t'ien, ching-t'ien)
- Landlords, [54], [55], [154], [155], [198], [212], [213], [236]-7, [251];
- temples as landlords, [134]
- Language, [36], [46];
- dialects, [64]-5, [167];
- Language reform, [307]-8, [324]
- Lang Shih-ning, painter, [281]
- La Tzŭ, philosopher, [45] ff., [101], [136]
- Laos, country, [12]
- Law codes, [56], [66], [80], [81]-2, [93]
- (see Li K'ui, Property law, Inheritance, Legalists)
- Leadership, [73]-4
- League of Nations, [316]
- Leibniz, philosopher, [281]
- Legalists (fa-chia), [47], [63], [65], [66], [80], [81]
- Legitimacy of rule, [44], [111]
- (see Abdication)
- Lenin, V., [320], [333]
- Lhasa, city, [278], [329]
- Li An-shih, economist, [142]
- Li Chung-yen, governor, [315]
- Li Hung-chang, politician, [291], [296], [297]
- Li K'o-yung, ruler, [190], [191], [203], [204]
- Li Kuang-li, general, [88]
- Li K'ui, law-maker, [56], [80]
- Li Li-san, politician, [320]
- Li Lin-fu, politician, [184]
- Li Lung-mien, painter, [220]
- Li Shih-min
- (see T'ai Tsung), T'ang ruler, [170], [172], [178]
- Li Ssŭ, politician, [66]
- Li Ta-chao, librarian, [320]
- Li T'ai-po, poet, [182]
- Li Tzŭ-ch'eng, rebel, [268], [269], [271]
- Li Yu, writer, [280]
- Li Yu-chen, writer, [280]
- Li Yüan, ruler, [172]
- Li Yüan-hung, politician, [301], [302], [312]
- Liang dynasty, Earlier, [124], [130];
- Later Liang, [130], [150], [162], [191], [203] ff., [207];
- Northern Liang, [130] ff., [132], [133], [140];
- Southern Liang, [132];
- Western Liang, [131], [140]
- Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, journalist, [280]-1
- liang-min (burghers), [143]
- Liao, tribes, [12];
- Liao dynasty (see Kitan), [203], [208], [222] ff.;
- Western Liao dynasty, [224]
- Liao-chai chih-i, short-story collection, [280]
- Libraries, [66], [201]-2
- Lin-chin, city, [55]
- Lin-ch'uan, city, [263]
- Lin Shu, translator, [280]
- Lin Tse-hsü, politician, [286]
- Literati, [73]
- (see Scholars, Confucianists)
- Literature, [66], [103] ff., [182] ff., [220], [253] ff.
- (see pien-wen, pi-chi, Poetry, Drama, Novels, Epics, Theatre, ballads, Folk-tales, Fables, History, Confucians, Writers, Scholars, Scribes)
- Literary revolution, [307], [320]
- Liu Chi, Han ruler, [68], [71] ff.
- Liu Chih-yüan, ruler, [206]
- Liu Chin, eunuch, [261]
- Liu Hsiu
- (see Kuang-wu Ti), Han ruler, [96]
- Liu Lao-chih, general, [158]
- liu-min (vagrants), [198]
- Liu Pang
- (see Liu Chi)
- Liu Pei, general and ruler, [100], [101], [102]
- Liu Shao-ch'i, political leader, [333]
- Liu Sung, rebel, [284]
- Liu Tsung-yüan, writer, [182]
- Liu Ts'ung, ruler, [123], [124]
- Liu Yao, ruler, [124]
- Liu Yü, general, [158], [159];
- emperor, [225]
- Liu Yüan, sculptor, [243];
- emperor, [119], [122], [123], [124], [126], [127], [131], [137], [139]
- Lo Kuan-chung, writer, [254]
- Loans, to farmers, [94];
- foreign, [288]
- Loess, soil formation, [9]
- Logic, [46]
- Long March, [321]
- Lorcha War, [287], [291]
- Loyang (Lo-yang), capital of China, [32], [33], [36], [37], [55], [97], [113], [122], [127], [142], [144], [145], [148], [149], [150], [160], [168], [176], [180], [184], [185], [215]
- Lu, state, [41], [43]
- Lü, empress, [77] ff.
- Lu Hsiang-shan, philosopher, [263]
- Lu Hsün, writer, [320]
- Lü Kuang, ruler, [130]
- Lü Pu, general, [100]
- Lü Pu-wei, politician, [63], [103]
- Lun, prince, [120]
- Lun-heng, book, [104]
- Lung-men, place, [150]
- Lung-shan, excavation site, [14], [15] ff., [19]
- Lytton Commission, [316]
- Ma Yin, ruler, [199]-200
- Ma Yüan, general, [97];
- painter, [221]
- Macchiavellism, [60], [164], [263]-4
- Macao, Portuguese colony, [227], [266], [286]
- Mahayana, Buddhist sect, [135], [145]
- Maitreya, Buddhist deity, [147], [189]
- (see Messianic movements)
- Malacca, state, [263]
- Malaria, [249]
- Managers, [212]-13
- Manchu, tribal federation and dynasty, [76], [232], [265], [267], [270] ff., [301], [312], [329], [330]
- Manchuria, [9], [11], [14], [111], [114], [137], [222], [246], [275], [277], [296], [311], [316], [317]
- Manichaeism, Iranian religion, [46], [179], [187]
- Manors (chuang, see Estates), [154]
- Mao Tun, Hsiung-nu ruler, [75], [76], [119], [122], [139], [170]
- Mao Tse-tung, party leader, [320], [321], [333]
- Marco Polo, businessman, [238], [317]
- Market, [56];
- Market control, [85]
- Marriage systems, [73]-5, [167], [196], [332]
- Marxism, [304], [306], [322], [331], [333];
- Marxist theory of history, [75]
- (see Materialism, Communism, Lenin, Mao Tse-tung)
- Materialism, [58], [164]
- Mathematics, [61]
- Matrilinear societies, [24]
- Mazdaism, Iranian religion, [101], [179], [187], [342]
- May Fourth Movement, [307], [320]
- Medicine, [219];
- Medical doctors, [144], [216]-17
- Meditation
- (see Ch'an)
- Megalithic culture, [20]
- Meiji, Japanese ruler, [294]
- Melanesia, [10]
- Mencius (Meng Tzŭ), philosopher, [57]
- Merchants, [31], [55], [56], [62], [63], [65], [79], [90]-1, [104]-5, [134], [160], [163], [179], [189], [198], [200], [201], [202], [212], [215]-16, [247]-8, [251], [276]-7, [297];
- foreign merchants, [190], [234], [237], [281]-2
- (see Trade, Salt, Caravans, Businessmen)
- Messianic movements, [61], [147]
- Metal, [15], [20]
- (see Bronze, Copper, Iron)
- Mi Fei, painter, [220]
- Middle Class, [195], [254], [297], [304], [309], [310], [314]
- (see Burgher, Merchant, Craftsmen, Artisans)
- Middle East
- (see Near East)
- Migrations, [54], [116], [120] ff., [130], [142], [152] ff., [228], [237], [248], [275]-6, [294];
- forced migrations, [54], [167]
- (see Colonization, Assimilation, Settlement)
- Militarism, [63]
- Militia, [174], [215], [291]
- Millet, [11], [21], [32]
- Mills, [181], [213]
- Min, state in Fukien, [205]
- Ming dynasty, [243] ff.
- Ming Jui, general, [283]
- Min Ti, Chin ruler, [123]
- Ming Ti, Han ruler, [99];
- Wei ruler, [114];
- Later T'ang ruler, [204]
- Minorate, [24]
- Missionaries, Christian, [266], [281], [287], [289]
- (see Jesuits)
- Mo Ti, philosopher, [58]
- Modernization, [296]-7
- Mohammedan rebellions, [292] ff.
- (see Muslim)
- Mon-Khmer tribes, [10]
- Monarchy, [47], [247], [281]
- (see King, Emperor, Absolutism, Despotism)
- Monasteries, Buddhist, [144], [207], [236];
- economic importance, [125], [134], [180]-1, [187] ff.
- Money, [20], [55], [180]-1;
- Money economy, [56], [58], [107]-8;
- Origin of money, [40];
- paper money, [202], [211], [347]
- (see Coins, Paper, Silver)
- Mongolia, [8], [9], [11], [98], [283], [317]
- Mongols, tribes, tribal federation, dynasty, [17], [40], [53], [57], [76], [102], [114], [117], [119], [120], [137], [140], [175], [220], [225], [227], [228], [230] ff., [232] ff., [240], [243], [244], [257], [259], [264], [266], [268], [270], [277], [281], [284], [291], [329], [330]
- (see Yüan dynasty, Kalmuk, Tümet, Oirat, Ölöt, Naiman, Turgut,
- Timur, Genghiz, Kublai)
- Monks, Buddhist, [134], [146], [164], [188], [207], [218], [239], [246], [253]-4
- Monopolies, [85], [91], [200], [215]
- Mound-dwellers, [16]
- Mu-jung, tribes, [119], [126], [128]-9
- Mu Ti, East Chin ruler, [157]
- Mu Tsung, Manchu ruler, [294]
- Mulberries, [143]
- Munda tribes, [10]
- Music, [163], [182]-3, [255]
- (see Theatre, Dance, Geisha)
- Muslims, [179], [233], [278], [289];
- Muslim rebellions, [289], [292] ff.
- (see Islam, Mohammedans)
- Mysticism, [46]
- Naiman, Mongol tribe, [233]
- Nan-chao, state, [171]
- Nan-yang, city, [96]
- Nanking (Nan-ching), capital of China, [38], [121], [156], [162], [225], [228], [235], [246], [250], [254], [257], [262], [263], [266], [270], [286], [287], [290], [291], [302], [315], [316], [318];
- Nanking regime, [314] ff.
- Nationalism, [76], [131], [233], [284]-5
- (see Kuo-min-tang)
- Nature, [46];
- Nature philosophers, [60]
- Navy, [258]
- Near East, [16], [81], [106], [109], [111], [140], [146], [221], [238]
- (see Arabs, Iran, etc.)
- Neo-Confucianism, [218] ff., [263]
- Neolithicum, [9]
- Nepal, [243], [283]
- Nerchinsk, place, [278]
- Nestorian Christianity, [187]
- Ni Tsan, painter, [243]
- Nien Fei, rebels, [291]-2
- Niu Seng-yu, politician, [188]
- Nobility, [31], [80], [124], [131], [138];
- Nomadic nobility, [76]
- (see Aristocracy)
- Nomadism, [10], [40], [67], [222]-3;
- Economy of nomads, [35]-6, [137];
- Nomadic society structure, [75]
- Novels, [254] ff., [280]
- Oil, [294]
- Oirat, Mongol tribes, [260]
- Okinawa (see Ryukyu)
- Ölöt, Mongol tribes, [277]
- Opera, [242], [255]-6
- Opium, [276], [286];
- Opium War, [286]
- Oracle bones, [22], [24]
- Ordos, area, [9], [17], [20], [67], [86], [125], [129], [133], [148], [170], [225]
- Orenburg, city, [282]
- Organizations, [58]
- (see hui-kuan Guilds, hong, Secret Societies)
- Orphanages, [218]
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, [293]
- Ou-yang Hsiu, writer, [254]
- Outer Mongolia, [310]-11, [330]
- Pagoda, [243]
- Pai-chi (Paikche), state in Korea, [141]
- Pai-lien-hui (see White Lotos) 239
- Painting, [56], [105], [183], [220] ff., [243], [255], [281]
- Palaeolithicum, [8] ff.
- Pan Ch'ao, general, [99], [100]
- pao-chia, security system, [173]
- Paper, [105], [183], [251];
- Paper money, [202], [228], [237]
- (see Money)
- Parliament, [300]-1
- Party (see Kuo-min-tang, Communists)
- Pearl Harbour, [319]
- Peasant rebellions, [238] ff.
- (see Rebellions)
- Peking, city, [169], [184], [197], [207], [208], [221], [223], [235], [239], [246], [256], [257], [262], [264], [265], [266], [268], [269], [272], [278], [283], [287], [290], [291], [297], [299], [305], [307], [308], [309], [311], [312], [313], [318];
- Peking Man, [8]
- Pensions, [217], [247]
- People's Democracy, [294]
- Persecution, religious, [147], [188], [207]
- Persia (Iran), [256], [258], [259];
- Persian language, [234]
- Peruz, ruler, [178]
- Philippines, state, [295], [323], [325]
- Philosophy, [44], [217] ff., [263] ff.
- (see Confucius, Lao Tzŭ, Chuang Tzŭ, Huai-nan Tzŭ, Hsün Tzŭ, Mencius, Hui Tzŭ, Mo Ti, Kung-sun Lung, Shang Tzŭ, Han Fei Tzŭ, Tsou Yen, Legalists, Chung-ch'ang, T'ung, Yüan Chi, Liu Ling, Chu Hsi, Ch'eng Hao, Lu Hsiang-shan, Wang Yang-ming, etc.)
- pi-chi, literary form, [220]
- pieh-yeh (see Manor), [154]
- Pien-liang, city (see K'ai-feng), [230]
- pien-wen, literary form, [253]
- Pig, [54], [199]
- Pilgrims, [245]
- P'ing-ch'eng, city, [122]
- Pirates, [245], [263]
- Plantation economy, [154]
- Plough, [54]
- Po Chü-i, poet, [182], [220]
- Po-hai, state, [171], [222], [229]
- Poetry, [48], [163], [175], [182] ff., [227], [241], [255];
- Court Poetry, [105];
- Northern Poetry, [133]
- Poets, [219] ff.
- (see T'ao Ch'ien, Po Chü-i, Li T'ai-po, Tu Fu, etc.)
- Politicians, migratory, [52]
- Pontic migration, [16]
- Population changes, [21], [55], [62], [78], [108], [236], [238], [273]-4;
- Population decrease, [107]
- (see Census, Fertility)
- Porcelain, [20], [183], [201], [221], [251], [256], [281]
- Port Arthur, city, [296]
- Portsmouth, treaty, [296]
- Portuguese 262, [263]
- (see Fu-lan-chi, Macao)
- Potter, [32];
- Pottery, [14], [15] ff., [20];
- black pottery, [16]
- (see Porcelain)
- Price controls, [212]
- Priests, [24], [34]
- (see Shamans, Ju, Monks)
- Primogeniture, [54]
- Princes, [115], [120], [123]
- Printing, [201]-2
- (see Colour, Book)
- Privileges of gentry, [173]
- Proletariate, [305], [320]
- (see Labour)
- Propaganda, [93]
- Property relations, [31], [54], [196]
- (see Laws, Inheritance, Primogeniture)
- Protectorate, [82]
- Provinces, administration, [85]
- pu-ch'ü, bondsmen, [143], [174]
- Pu-ku Huai-en, general, [185], [186]
- P'u Sung-lin, writer, [280]
- P'u Yi, Manchu ruler, [300], [312]
- Puppet plays, [255]
- Railways, [301], [324]; Manchurian Railway, [296]
- Rebellions, [95]-6, [156], [158], [184] ff., [189] ff., [238] ff., [261] ff., [267] ff., [284], [289] ff., [291] ff., [299], [301]
- (see Peasants, Secret Societies, Revolutions)
- Red Eyebrows, peasant movement, [95] ff.
- Red Guards, [333]
- Reforms, [298], [299];
- Reform of language, [307]-9
- (see Land reform)
- Regents, [89]
- Religion, [8], [22]-4, [37], [42], [44], [48], [135]-6;
- popular religion, [101]
- (see Bon, Shintoism, Persecution, Sacrifice, Ancestor cult, Fertility cults, Deities, Temples, Monasteries, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Mazdaism, Manichaeism, Messianic religions, Secret societies, Soul, Shamanism, State religion)
- Republic, [303] ff.
- Revolutions, [244];
- legitimization of revolution, [57]
- (see Rebellions)
- Ricci, Matteo, missionary, [266]
- Rice, [12], [155], [219], [235], [249]
- Rifles, [263]
- Ritualism, [34], [42]
- Roads, [30], [56], [65]
- Roman Empire, [31], [51], [107], [144], [210]
- Roosevelt, F. D., president, [322]
- Russia, [246], [259], [278], [282], [283], [284], [293], [294], [296], [298], [300], [310], [311], [313]-14, [315], [317], [320], [321], [322], [323], [328]-29, [330], [333], [334]
- (see Soviet Republics)
- Ryukyu (Liu-ch'iu), islands, [295]
- Sacrifices, [19], [23], [26]
- Sages, [47]
- Sakhalin (Karafuto), island, [295], [296]
- Salar, ethnic group, [292]
- Salary, [213], [227]
- Salt, [40];
- Salt merchants, [189], [238], [248]-9, [262];
- Salt trade, [200]-1
- Samarkand, city, [45], [183], [241]
- San-min chu-i, book, [305]
- Sang Hung-yang, economist, [91]
- Sassanids, Iranian dynasty, [178]
- Scholars (Ju), [34], [41], [52], [59], [60], [100]
- (see Literati, Scribes, Intellectuals, Confucianists)
- Schools, [79], [196], [324]-25
- (see Education)
- Science, [60]-1, [104]-5, [219], [281]
- (see Mathematics, Astronomy, Nature)
- Scribes, [34]
- Script, Chinese, [22], [29], [65], [225], [308]
- Sculpture, [19]-20, [106], [147], [183], [243];
- Buddhist sculptures, [146]
- sê-mu (auxiliary troops), [233]
- Seal, imperial, [92]-3
- Secret societies, [61], [95] ff., [289]
- (see Red Eyebrows, Yellow Turbans, White Lotos, Boxer, Rebellions)
- Sects, [135];
- Buddhist sects, [188]
- Seng-ko-lin-ch'in, general, [291]
- Serfs, [21], [26], [31], [32], [33], [53]-4, [72], [143], [197], [216]
- (see Slaves, Servants, Bondsmen)
- Servants, [32]
- Settlement, of foreigners, [177];
- military, [248]
- (see Colonization)
- Sha-t'o, tribal federation, [187], [190], [203], [204], [206], [207], [222], [230]
- Shadow theatre, [255]
- Shahruk, ruler, [258]
- Shamans, [160], [184];
- Shamanism, [34], [242], [135] ff., [146]
- Shan tribes of South East Asia, [12]
- Shan-hai-ching, book, [103]
- Shan-yü, title of nomadic ruler, [88], [89], [90], [95], [103], [119], [125], [151]
- Shang dynasty, [19] ff., [41]
- Shang Ti, deity, [23], [24], [25]
- Shang Tzŭ, philosopher (Shang Yang), [59]
- Shanghai, city 246, [250], [287], [288], [301], [305], [308], [314]-15, [316], [318]
- Shao Yung, philosopher, [220]
- Sheep, [54], [118]
- Shen Nung, mythical figure, [52]
- Shen Tsung, Sung ruler, [196];
- Manchu ruler, [265], [267]
- Sheng Tsu, Manchu ruler, [272]
- Shih-chi, book, [103]
- Shih Ching-t'ang, ruler, [204], [222]
- Shih Ch'ung, writer, [49]
- Shih Hêng, soldier, [260]
- Shih Hu, ruler, [125] ff.
- Shih Huang-ti, ruler, [63] ff., [78]
- Shih Lo, ruler, [123], [124], [125], [126]
- Shih-pi, ruler, [170]
- Shih Ssŭ-ming, [185]
- Shih Tsung, Manchu ruler, [264], [282]
- Shih-wei, Mongol tribes, [141]
- Shintoism, Japanese religion, [44]
- Ships, [168] (see Navy)
- Short stories, [255]
- Shoulder axes, [10]
- Shu (Szechwan), area and/or state, [219]
- Shu-Han dynasty, [108], [110], [111], [115]
- Shun, dynasty, [268];
- mythical ruler, [17]
- Shun-chih, reign period, [270]
- Sian (Hsi-an, Ch'ang-an), city, [31], [33], [35], [97]
- Siao Ho (Hsiao Ho), jurist, [80]
- Silk, [20]-1, [56], [90]-1, [105], [116], [143], [185], [186], [209], [214], [276], [289], [303];
- Silk road, [86]
- Silver, [211], [251]-2, [276]
- Sin-lo (Hsin-lo, Silla), state of Korea, [141]
- Sinanthropos, [8]
- Sinkiang (Hsin-Chiang, Turkestan), [14], [248], [294], [329], [330]
- Slash and burn agriculture (denshiring), [12]
- Slaves, [26], [32], [79], [94], [123], [137]-8, [143];
- Slave society, [26];
- Temple slaves, [146]
- Social mobility, [73]-4, [196], [197], [218]-19;
- Social structure of tribes, [117]
- Socialism, [93] ff., [291]
- (see Marxism, Communism)
- Sogdiana, country in Central Asia, [45], [60], [134]-5, [163], [174], [184]
- Soul, concept of soul, [32]
- South-East Asia, [9], [10], [14], [198], [201] 250, [275], [324]
- (see Burma, Champa, Cambodia, Annam, Laos, Vietnam, Tonking, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Mon-Khmer)
- Soviet Republics, [294], [312], [328]
- (see Russia)
- Speculations, financial, [227]
- Ssŭ-ma, clan, [113]-14
- Ssŭ-ma Ch'ien, historian, [103]-4
- Ssŭ-ma Kuang, historian, [220]
- Ssŭ-ma Yen, ruler, [114], [115]
- Standardization, [64] ff.
- States, territorial and national, [37], [51];
- State religion, [145]-6, [180]
- Statistics, [83]
- (see Population)
- Steel, [56], [198]
- Steppe, [9]
- Stone age, [8] ff.
- Stratification, social, [29]
- (see Classes, Social mobility)
- Strikes, [198]
- Students, [304]-5, [306], [320]
- Su Chün, rebel, [156]
- Su Tsung, T'ang ruler, [185]
- Su Tung-p'o, poet, [219]
- su-wang (uncrowned king), [43]
- Sui, dynasty, [151]
- Sun Ts'ê, ruler, [100], [101]
- Sun Yat-sen (Sun I-hsien), revolutionary leader, president, [280], [299], [300], [302], [305], [309], [311], [312], [313], [315], [318], [321]
- Sung, dynasty, [207], [208] ff., [238];
- Liu-Sung dynasty, [159] ff.
- Szechwan (Ssŭ-ch'uan), province, [101], [139], [156], [157], [159], [185], [190], [199], [200], [202], [207], [214], [215], [219], [262], [301]
- (see Shu)
- Ta-tan (Tatars), tribal federation, [233]
- Tada, Japanese militarist, [295]
- Tai, tribes, [17], [19], [21], [111], [152]
- (see Thailand)
- Tai Chen, philosopher, [279]
- Tai Ch'ing dynasty (Manchu), [267]
- T'ai P'ing, state, [274], [289] ff., [333]
- T'ai Tsu, Sung ruler, [209]; Manchu ruler, [257]
- T'ai Tsung, T'ang ruler 174, [178]
- (see Li Shih-min)
- Taiwan (T'ai-wan, see Formosa), [323] ff, [334]
- T'an-yao, priest, [146]
- Tanaka, Japanese militarist, [295]
- T'ang, dynasty, [83]-4, [144], [147], [172] ff.;
- Later T'ang dynasty, [204] ff.
- T'ang Hsien-tsu, writer, [255]
- T'ang Yin, painter, [255]
- Tanguts, Tibetan tribal federation and/or state, [99], [102], [118], [224]-5, [233]
- (see Ch'iang)
- Tao, philosophical term, [42], [46], [47]
- Tao-kuang, reign period, [285] ff., [288]
- Tao-tê-ching, book, [46]
- T'ao-t'ieh, mythical emblem, [22]
- Tao-yen, monk, [264]
- Taoism, religion, [101]-2, [133], [136], [150], [183], [188], [236], [266];
- Taoists, [46], [61], [104], [241], [263]-4
- (see Lao Tzŭ, Chuang Tzŭ, Chang Ling, etc.)
- Tarim basin, [89], [179]
- Tatars (Ta-tan) Mongolian tribal federation, [190], [230], [233]
- Taxation, [33], [55], [65], [78], [143], [154], [173], [175], [178], [210], [211], [212], [213], [247], [252];
- Tax collectors, [55], [74], [116];
- Tax evasion, [214], [226], [246];
- Tax exemptions, [188], [213], [236];
- Taxes for monks, [208];
- Tax reform, [187]
- Tê Tsung, Manchu ruler, [295], [299]
- Tea, [276]; Tea trade, [200]; Tea house
- (see Brothel), [182]
- Teachers, [74]
- (see Schools)
- Technology, [219]
- Tell, archaeological term, [16]
- Temples, [101], [183]
- (see Monasteries)
- Tengri khan, ruler, [186]
- Textile industry, [198]
- (see Silk, Cotton)
- Thailand, state, [12], [248], [265]
- (see Tai tribes)
- Theatre, [182]-3, [242]
- (see Shadow, Puppet, Opera)
- Throne, accession to, [150]
- (see Abdication, Legitimacy)
- Ti, Tibetan tribes, [21], [118]
- Tibet, [12], [15], [19], [29], [30], [35], [102], [110], [116], [118]-19, [120], [121], [126], [127], [130], [131], [132], [135], [139], [145], [169], [174], [177], [179], [181], [186], [187], [200], [224]-5, [242], [273], [278], [283], [284], [293], [310], [329]
- (see Ch'iang, Ti, T'u-fan, T'u-yü-hun, Lhasa Tanguts)
- T'ien, deity, [32]
- Tientsin (T'ien-chin), city, [287], [290], [299]
- Timur, ruler, [258]
- Tin, [17]
- Ting-ling, tribal federation, [89], [102]
- T'o-pa
- (see Toba)
- T'o-t'o, writer, [241]-2
- Toba, Turkish tribal federation, [76], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [123], [126], [127], [132], [136] ff., [159], [160], [161], [168], [169], [172], [173], [174], [177], [214], [222], [224]
- Tocharians, Central Asian ethnic group, [150]
- Tokto (see T'o-t'o)
- Tölös, Turkish tribal group, [169], [178], [185]
- Tombs, [19], [34]
- Tonking, state, [10], [54], [295], [330]
- Tortoise, [22], [47]-8
- Totalitarianism, [80]
- (see Dictatorship, Fascism, Communism)
- Tou Ku, general, [99]
- T'ou-man, ruler, [67]
- Towns
- (see City)
- Trade, [88]-9, [90], [99], [127];
- barter trade, [57];
- international trade, [60], [62], [86], [127]-8, [139], [178], [179], [198], [209], [223], [245], [258], [264]-5, [276], [286]
- (see Merchants, Commerce, Caravans, Silk road)
- Translations, [135], [182], [280], [307]
- Transportation, [56], [168], [235], [247], [283]
- (see Roads, Canals, Ships, Post, Caravans, Horses)
- Travels of emperors, [66]
- Treasury, [84], [206]
- Treaty, international, [77], [226], [278], [286], [290]-1, [293], [295], [296]
- Tribal organization, [76], [223], [224]
- (see Banner, Army, Nomads)
- Tribes, disappearance of, [133], [151]-2;
- social organization, [117];
- military organization, [149]
- Tribute (kung), [33], [88], [209], [214], [226], [230], [248]
- tsa-hu, social class, [144]
- Tsai T'ien, prince, [295]
- Ts'ai Yüan-p'ei, scholar, [307]
- Ts'ao Chih, poet, [48]
- Ts'ao Hsüeh-ch'in, writer, [280]
- Ts'ao K'un, politician, [312]
- Ts'ao P'ei, ruler, [102], [109], [113]
- Ts'ao Ts'ao, general, [100], [101], [102]
- Tsewang Rabdan, general, [277]
- Tseng Kuo-fan, general, [291]
- Tso Tsung-t'ang, general, [293]
- Tsou Yen, philosopher, [60]-1
- Ts'ui, clan, [113], [147], [181]
- T'u-chüeh, Gök Turk tribes, [149]
- (see Turks)
- Tu Fu, poet, [182]
- T'u-fan, Tibetan tribal group, [171], [177], [205]
- Tu-ku, Turkish tribe, [124], [151]
- T'u-shu chi-ch'eng, encyclopaedia, [279]
- tu-tu, title, [174]
- T'u-yü-hun, Tibetan tribal federation, [130], [141], [169], [177]
- Tuan Ch'i-jui, president, [312]
- Tümet, Mongol tribal group, [265]
- Tung Ch'i-ch'ang, painter, [255]
- T'ung-chien kang-mu, historical encyclopaedia, [43]
- T'ung-chih, reign period, [294]
- Tung Chung-shu, thinker, [80], [104]
- Tung Fu-hsiang, politician, [298]
- Tung-lin academy, [267]
- Tungus tribes, [11], [19], [117], [222], [229], [265]
- (see Ju-chen, Po-hai, Manchu)
- Tunhuang (Tun-huang), city, [85], [324]
- Turfan, city state, [245]
- Turgut, Mongol tribal federation, [283]
- Turkestan, [45], [60], [62], [85], [86] ff., [88], [95], [97], [99], [113], [114], [125], [127], [130], [132], [134], [135], [139], [141], [142], [146], [147], [159], [163], [176], [177], [178], [187], [220], [224], [241], [245], [259], [273], [277], [278], [282], [289], [293], [294]
- (see Central Asia, Tarim, Turfan, Sinkiang, Khotan, Ferghana, Samarkand, Khotcho, Tocharians, Yüeh-chih, Sogdians, etc.)
- Turkey, [259]
- Turks, [11], [15], [17], [25], [29], [30], [32], [35], [53], [57], [108], [109], [117], [119], [122], [127], [133], [135], [137], [140], [146] ff., [149] ff., [169] ff., [174], [176] ff., [179], [180], [181], [184], [185], [203], [206], [230], [282], [294], [329]
- (see Gök Turks, T'u-chüeh, Toba, Tölös, Ting-ling, Uighur, Sha-t'o, etc.)
- Tzŭ Hsi, empress, [294] ff., [296] ff.
- Uighurs, Turkish federation, [171], [174], [176], [177], [178], [181], [185], [186] ff., [190], [233], [234], [278]
- United States, [287], [304], [309], [313], [322], [342]
- (see America)
- Ungern-Sternberg, general, [311]
- Urbanization, [31], [250]
- (see City)
- Urga, city, [310]
- University, [304]-5, [306], [307], [318], [320]
- Usury, [94]
- Vagrants (liu-min), [198], [213]
- Vietnam, [330], [334]
- (see Annam)
- Village, [23];
- Village commons, [94], [154]
- Vinaya Buddhism, [188]
- Voltaire, writer, [242]
- Walls, [57];
- Great Wall, [57], [67], [256]
- Wan-li, reign period, [265], [266]
- Wang (king), [38]
- Wang An-shih, statesman, [215] ff., [217]-18, [254]
- Wang Chen, eunuch, [260]
- Wang Ching-wei, collaborator, [315], [318]
- Wang Ch'ung, philosopher 104-5
- Wang Hsien-chih, peasant leader, [189]-90
- Wang Kung, general, [158]
- Wang Mang, ruler, [92] ff., [97], [100], [101]
- Wang Shih-chen, writer, [255]
- Wang Shih-fu, writer, [242]
- Wang Tao-k'un, writer, [254]
- Wang Tun, rebel, [156]-7
- Wang Yang-ming, general and philosopher, [261] ff.
- War, [82];
- size of wars, [21], [53];
- War-chariot, [25], [29], [30], [53];
- cost of wars, [90];
- War lords, [309] ff.;
- Warrior-nomads, [36]
- (see Army, World War, Opium War, Lorcha War, Fire-Arms)
- Washington, conference, [313]
- Wei, dynasty, [102], [113] ff.;
- small state, [40];
- empress, [180]
- Wei Chung-hsien, eunuch, [267]-8
- Wei T'o, ruler in South China, [77]
- Welfare state, [215] ff.
- Well-field system (ching-t'ien), [33]
- Wen Ti, Han ruler, [78], [79], [80], [81], [86];
- Wei ruler 113;
- Toba ruler, [144];
- Sui ruler, [167] ff.
- Wen Tsung, Manchu ruler, [294]
- Whampoa, military academy, [314]
- Wheat, [11], [21], [32]
- White Lotos sect (Pai-lien), [239], [267], [284]-5
- Wholesalers, [200]
- Wine, [21]
- Wood-cut, [251], [256]
- (see Colour print)
- Wool, [21], [33], [286]
- (see Felt)
- World Wars, [295], [310], [311], [312], [317]
- Women rights, [280], [332]
- Writing, invention, [18], [22]
- (see Script)
- Wu, empress, [179] ff.;
- state, [38], [111]-12, [115], [121]
- Wu-ch'ang, city, [301]
- (see Hankow)
- Wu Ching-tzŭ, writer, [280]
- Wu-huan, tribal federation, [98], [102], [114]
- Wu P'ei-fu, war lord, [312]
- Wu San-Kui, general, [269], [271], [272], [277]
- Wu Shih-fan, ruler, [271]
- Wu-sun, tribal group, [89]
- Wu Tai (Five Dynasties period), [199] ff.
- Wu Tao-tzŭ, painter, [183]
- Wu(Ti), Han ruler, [86], [89], [91];
- Chin ruler, [115];
- Liang ruler, [161], [164]
- Wu Tsung, Manchu ruler, [261], [264]
- Wu Wang, Chou ruler, [30]
- wu-wei, philosophical term, [47]
- Yakub beg, ruler, [293]
- Yamato, part of Japan, [112]
- Yang, clan, [119], [120]
- Yang Chien, ruler, [151], [163], [166] ff.
- (see Wen Ti)
- Yang (Kui-fei), concubine, [184]
- Yang-shao, archaeological site, [12] ff., [29]
- Yang Ti, Sui ruler, [168], [178]
- Yao, mythical ruler, [17];
- tribes in South China, [12], [16], [19], [21], [111], [152]
- Yarkand, city in Turkestan, [97], [98], [282]
- Yeh (K'ai-feng), city, [125], [148]
- Yeh-ta (see Ephtalites)
- Yehe-Nara, tribe, [294]
- Yellow Turbans, secret society, [101], [158]
- Yeh-lü Ch'u-ts'ai, politician, [241]
- Yen, state, [114];
- dynasty, [112];
- Earlier Yen dynasty, [126], [127];
- Later Yen dynasty 127, [128] ff.;
- Western Yen dynasty, [129]
- Yen-an, city, [321]-2
- Yen Fu, translator, [280]
- Yen Hsi-shan, war lord, [315]
- Yen-ta (Altan), ruler, [264]-5
- Yen-t'ieh-lun (Discourses on Salt and Iron), book, [91]
- Yin Chung-k'an, general, [158]
- Yin-ch'ü, city, [21]
- Yin and Yang, philosophical terms, [60]
- Ying Tsung, Manchu ruler, [259], [260]
- Yo Fei, general, [226]
- Yü Liang, general, [156], [157]
- Yü-wen, tribal group, [119], [148], [169], [172]
- Yüan Chen, [182]
- Yüan Chi, philosopher, [50]
- Yüan Mei, writer, [280]
- Yüan Shao, general, [100]
- Yüan Shih-k'ai, general and president, [298], [299], [300], [301], [302], [309], [310], [311], [312]
- Yüan Ti, Han ruler, [92];
- Chin ruler, [152], [156]
- Yüeh, tribal group and area, [12], [16], [38], [77], [152]
- Yüeh-chih, Indo-European-speaking ethnic group, [75], [88], [118], [150]
- Yün-kang, caves, [146]-7, [344]
- Yünnan, (Yün-nan), province, [10], [89], [97], [110], [248], [258], [275], [292]
- Yung-cheng, reign period, [278], [282]
- Yung-lo, reign period, [257], [264]
- Zen Buddhism
- (see Ch'an), [164]
- Zoroaster, founder of religion, [342]
Transcriber's Notes
Most typos/misspellings were left as in the original text. In some obvious cases they are noted here. There are cases of American and UK English. There are cases of unusual hyphenation. There are more than one spelling of Chinese proper nouns. There are cases, like Marxism, which are not capitalized. There are cases of double words, like 'had had'. These are correctly used.
Additionally, the author has spelled the following words inconsistently. Those have not been changed, but are listed here:
- Northwestern
- Southwards
- Programme
- re-introduced
- practise
- Lotos
- Ju-Chên
- cooperate
- life-time
- man-power
- favor
- advise