Labour, forced (see Corvée)
Labour laws
Labour shortage
Lacquer
Lamaism, religion
Land ownership (see Property)
Land reform (see chün-t'ien, ching-t'ien)
Landlords
temples as landlords
Language
dialects
Language reform
Lang Shih-ning, painter
La Tz[)u], philosopher
Laos, country
Law codes (see Li K'ui, Property law, Inheritance, Legalists)
Leadership
League of Nations
Leibniz, philosopher
Legalists (fa-chia)
Legitimacy of rule (see Abdication)
Lenin, V.
Lhasa, city
Li An-shih, economist
Li Chung-yen, governor
Li Hung-chang, politician
Li K'o-yung, ruler
Li Kuang-li, general
Li K'ui, law-maker
Li Li-san, politician
Li Lin-fu, politician
Li Lung-mien, painter
Li Shih-min (see T'ai Tsung), T'ang ruler
Li Ss[)u], politician
Li Ta-chao, librarian
Li T'ai-po, poet
Li Tz[)u]-ch'eng, rebel
Li Yu, writer
Li Yu-chên, writer
Li Yüan, ruler
Li Yüan-hung, politician
Liang dynasty, Earlier
Later Liang
Northern Liang
Southern Liang
Western Liang
Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, journalist
liang-min (burghers)
Liao, tribes,
Liao dynasty (see Kitan)
Western Liao dynasty
Liao-chai chih-i, short-story collection
Libraries
Lin-chin, city
Lin-ch'uan, city
Lin Shu, translator
Lin Tsê-hsü, politician
Literati, (see Scholars, Confucianists)
Literature (see pien-wen, pi-chi, Poetry, Drama, Novels, Epics,
Theatre, ballads, Folk-tales, Fables, History, Confucians, Writers,
Scholars, Scribes)
Literary revolution
Liu Chi, Han ruler
Liu Chin-yüan, ruler
Liu Chin, eunuch
Liu Hsiu (see Kuang wu Ti), Han ruler
Liu Lao-chih, general
liu-min (vagrants)
Liu Pang (see Liu Chi)
Liu Pei, general and ruler
Liu Shao-ch'i, political leader
Liu Sung, rebel
Liu Tsung-yüan, writer
Liu Ts'ung, ruler
Liu Yao, ruler
Liu Yü, general
emperor
Liu Yüan, sculptor
emperor
Lo Kuan-chung, writer
Loans, to farmers
foreign
Loess, soil formation
Logic
Long March
Lorcha War
Loyang (Lo-yang), capital of China
Lu, state
Lü, empress
Lu Hsiang-shan, philosopher
Lu Hsün, writer
Lü Kuang, ruler
Lü Pu, general
Lü Pu-wei, politician
Lun, prince
Lun-heng, book
Lung-men, place
Lung-shan, excavation site
Lytton Commission
Ma Yin, ruler
Ma Yüan, general
painter
Machiavellism
Macao, Portuguese colony
Mahayana, Buddhist sect
Maitreya, Buddhist deity (see Messianic movements)
Malacca, state
Malaria
Managers
Manchu, tribal federation and dynasty
Manchuria
Manichaeism, Iranian religion
Manors (chuang, see Estates)
Mao Tun, Hsiung-nu ruler
Mao Tse-tung, party leader
Marco Polo, businessman
Market
Market control
Marriage systems
Marxism
Marxist theory of history
(see Materialism, Communism, Lenin, Mao Tse-tung)
Materialism
Mathematics
Matrilinear societies
Mazdaism, Iranian religion
May Fourth Movement
Medicine
Medical doctors
Meditation (see Ch'an)
Megalithic culture
Meiji, Japanese ruler
Melanesia
Mencius (Meng Tz[)u]), philosopher
Merchants
foreign merchants
(see Trade, Salt, Caravans, Businessmen)
Messianic movements
Metal (see Bronze, Copper, Iron)
Mi Fei, painter
Middle Class (see Burgher, Merchant, Craftsmen, Artisans)
Middle East (see Near East)
Migrations
forced migrations
(see Colonization, Assimilation, Settlement)
Militarism
Militia
Millet
Mills
Min, state in Fukien
Ming dynasty
Ming Jui, general
Min Ti, Chin ruler
Ming Ti, Han ruler
Wei ruler
Later T'ang ruler
Minorate
Missionaries, Christian (see Jesuits)
Mo Ti, philosopher
Modernization
Mohammedan rebellions (see Muslim)
Mon-Khmer tribes
Monarchy (see King, Emperor, Absolutism, Despotism)
Monasteries, Buddhist
economic importance
Money
Money economy
Origin of money
paper money
(see Coins, Paper, Silver)
Mongolia
Mongols, tribes, tribal federation, dynasty (see Yüan dynasty,
Kalmuk, Tümet, Oirat, Ölöt, Naiman, Turgut, Timur, Genghiz, Kublai)
Monks, Buddhist
Monopolies
Mound-dwellers
Mu-jung, tribes
Mu Ti, East Chin ruler
Mu Tsung, Manchu ruler
Mulberries
Munda tribes
Music (see Theatre, Dance, Geisha)
Muslims
Muslim rebellions
(see Islam, Mohammedans)
Mysticism
Naiman, Mongol tribe
Nan-chao, state
Nanyang, city
Nanking (Nan-ching), capital of China
Nanking regime
Nationalism (see Kuomintang)
Nature
Nature philosophers
Navy
Near East (see Arabs, Iran, etc.)
Neo-Confucianism
Neolithicum
Nepal
Nerchinsk, place
Nestorian Christianity
Ni Tsan, painter
Nien Fei, rebels
Niu Seng-yu, politician
Nobility
Nomadic nobility
(see Aristocracy)
Nomadism
Economy of nomads
Nomadic society structure
Novels
Oil
Oirat, Mongol tribes
Okinawa (see Ryukyu)
Ölöt, Mongol tribes
Opera
Opium
Opium War
Oracle bones
Ordos, area
Orenburg, city
Organizations (see hui-kuan Guilds, hong, Secret Societies)
Orphanages
Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
Ou-yang Hsiu, writer
Outer Mongolia
Pagoda
Pai-chi (Paikche), state in Korea
Pai-lien-hui (see White Lotus)
Painting
Palaeolithicum
Pan Ch'ao, general
pao-chia, security system
Paper
Paper money
(see Money)
Parliament
Party (see Kuomintang, Communists)
Pearl Harbour
Peasant rebellions (see Rebellions)
Peking, city
Peking Man
Pensions
People's Democracy
Persecution, religious
Persia (Iran)
Persian language
Peruz, ruler
Philippines, state
Philosophy, (see Confucius, Lao Tz[)u], Chuang Tz[)u],
Huai-nan Tz[)u], Hsün Tz[)u], Mencius, Hui Tz[)u], Mo Ti,
Kung-sun Lung, Shang Tz[)u], Han Fei Tz[)u], Tsou Yen, Legalists,
Chung-ch'ang, T'ung, Yüan Chi, Liu Ling, Chu Hsi, Ch'eng Hao,
Lu Hsiang-shan, Wang Yang-ming, etc.)
pi-chi, literary form
pieh-yeh (see Manor)
Pien-liang, city (see K'ai-feng)
pien-wen, literary form
Pig
Pilgrims
P'ing-ch'êng, city
Pirates
Plantation economy
Plough
Po Chü-i, poet
Po-hai, state
Poetry
Court Poetry
Northern Poetry
Poets (see T'ao Ch'ien, Po Chü-i, Li T'ai-po, Tu Fu, etc.)
Politicians, migratory
Pontic migration
Population changes
Population decrease
(see Census, Fertility)
Porcelain
Port Arthur, city
Portsmouth, treaty
Portuguese (see Fu-lan-chi, Macao)
Potter
Pottery
black pottery
(see Porcelain)
Price controls
Priests (see Shamans, Ju, Monks)
Primogeniture
Princes
Printing (see Colour, Book)
Privileges of gentry
Proletariat (see Labour)
Propaganda
Property relations (see Laws, Inheritance, Primogeniture)
Protectorate
Provinces, administration
pu-ch'ü, bondsmen
P'u-ku Huai-en, general
P'u Sung-lin, writer
P'u Yi, Manchu ruler
Puppet plays
Railways
Manchurian Railway
Rebellions (see Peasants, Secret Societies, Revolutions)
Red Eyebrows, peasant movement
Red Guards
Reforms; Reform of language (see Land reform)
Regents
Religion
popular religion
(see Bon, Shintoism, Persecution, Sacrifice, Ancestor cult,
Fertility cults, Deities, Temples, Monasteries, Christianity, Islam,
Buddhism, Mazdaism, Manichaeism, Messianic religions, Secret
societies, Soul, Shamanism, State religion)
Republic
Revolutions; legitimization of revolution (see Rebellions)
Ricci, Matteo, missionary
Rice
Rifles
Ritualism
Roads
Roman Empire
Roosevelt, F.D., president
Russia (see Soviet Republics)
Ryukyu (Liu-ch'iu), islands
Sacrifices
Sages
Sakhalin (Karafuto), island
Salar, ethnic group
Salary
Salt
Salt merchants
Salt trade
Samarkand, city
San-min chu-i, book
Sang Hung-yang, economist
Sassanids, Iranian dynasty
Scholars (Ju) (see Literati, Scribes, Intellectuals,
Confucianists)
Schools, (see Education)
Science, (see Mathematics, Astronomy, Nature)
Scribes
Script, Chinese
Sculpture
Buddhist sculptures
sê-mu (auxiliary troops)
Seal, imperial
Secret societies (see Red Eyebrows; Yellow Turbans; White Lotus;
Boxer; Rebellions)
Sects
Buddhist sects
Seng-ko-lin-ch'in, general
Serfs (see Slaves, Servants, Bondsmen)
Servants
Settlement, of foreigners
military
(see Colonization)
Sha-t'o, tribal federation
Shadow theatre
Shahruk, ruler
Shamans
Shamanism
Shan tribes of South East Asia
Shan-hai-ching, book
Shan-yü, title of nomadic ruler
Shang dynasty
Shang Ti, deity
Shang Tz[)u], philosopher (Shang Yang)
Shanghai, city
Shao Yung, philosopher
Sheep
Shen Nung, mythical figure
Shen Tsung, Sung ruler
Manchu ruler
Sheng Tsu, Manchu ruler
Shih-chi, book
Shih Ching-t'ang, ruler
Shih Ch'ung, writer
Shih Hêng, soldier
Shih Hu, ruler
Shih Huang-ti, ruler
Shih Lo, ruler
Shih-pi, ruler
Shih Ss[)u]-ming
Shih Tsung, Manchu ruler
Shih-wei, Mongol tribes
Shintoism, Japanese religion
Ships (see Navy)
Short stories
Shoulder axes
Shu (Szechwan), area and/or state
Shu-Han dynasty
Shun, dynasty
mythical ruler
Shun-chih, reign period
Sian (Hsi-an, Ch'ang-an), city
Siao Ho (Hsiao Ho), jurist
Silk
Silk road
Silver
Sin-lo (Hsin-lo, Silla), state of Korea
Sinanthropos
Sinkiang (Hsin-Chiang, Turkestan)
Slash and burn agriculture (denshiring)
Slaves
Slave society
Temple slaves
Social mobility
Social structure of tribes
Socialism (see Marxism, Communism)
Sogdiana, country in Central Asia
Soul, concept of soul
South-East Asia (see Burma, Champa, Cambodia, Annam, Laos,
Vietnam, Tonking, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Mon-Khmer)
Soviet Republics (see Russia)
Speculations, financial
Ss[)u]-ma, clan
Ss[)u]-ma Ch'ien, historian
Ss[)u]-ma Kuang, historian
Ss[)u]-ma Yen, ruler
Standardization
States, territorial and national
State religion
Statistics (see Population)
Steel
Steppe
Stone age
Stratification, social (see Classes, Social mobility)
Strikes
Students
Su Chün, rebel
Su Tsung, T'ang ruler
Su Tung-p'o, poet
su-wang (uncrowned king)
Sui, dynasty
Sun Ts'ê, ruler
Sun Yat-sen (Sun I-hsien), revolutionary leader, president
Sung, dynasty
Liu-Sung dynasty
Szechwan (Ss[)u]-ch'uan), province (see Shu)
Ta-tan (Tatars), tribal federation
Tada, Japanese militarist
Tai, tribes (see Thailand)
Tai Chen, philosopher
Tai Ch'ing dynasty (Manchu)
T'ai P'ing, state
T'ai Tsu, Sung ruler
Manchu ruler
T'ai Tsung, T'ang ruler (see Li Shih-min)
Taiwan (T'ai-wan, see Formosa)
T'an-yao, priest
Tanaka, Japanese militarist
T'ang, dynasty
Later T'ang dynasty
T'ang Hsien-tsu, writer
T'ang Yin, painter
Tanguts, Tibetan tribal federation and/or state (see Ch'iang)
Tao, philosophical term
Tao-kuang, reign period
Tao-tê-ching, book
T'ao-t'ieh, mythical emblem
Tao-yen, monk
Taoism, religion
Taoists
(see Lao Tz[)u], Chuang Tz[)u], Chang Ling, etc.)
Tarim basin
Tatars (Ta-tan) Mongolian tribal federation
Taxation
Tax collectors
Tax evasion
Tax exemptions
Taxes for monks
Tax reform
Tê Tsung, Manchu ruler
Tea
Tea trade
Tea house (see Brothel)
Teachers (see Schools)
Technology
Tell, archaeological term
Temples (see Monasteries)
Tengri khan, ruler
Textile industry (see Silk, Cotton)
Thailand, state (see Tai tribes)
Theatre (see Shadow, Puppet, Opera)
Throne, accession to (see Abdication, Legitimacy)
Ti, Tibetan tribes
Tibet (see Ch'iang, Ti, T'u-fan, T'u-yü-hun, Lhasa Tanguts)
T'ien, deity
Tientsin (T'ien-chin), city
Timur, ruler
Tin
Ting-ling, tribal federation
T'o-pa (see Toba)
T'o-t'o, writer
Toba, Turkish tribal federation
Tocharians, Central Asian ethnic group
Tokto (see T'o-t'o)
Tölös, Turkish tribal group
Tombs
Tonking, state
Tortoise
Totalitarianism (see Dictatorship, Fascism, Communism)
Tou Ku, general
T'ou-man, ruler
Towns (see City)
Trade
barter trade
international trade
(see Merchants, Commerce, Caravans, Silk road)
Translations
Transportation (see Roads, Canals, Ships, Post, Caravans, Horses)
Travels of emperors
Treasury
Treaty, international
Tribal organization (see Banner, Army, Nomads)
Tribes, disappearance of
social organization
military organization
Tribute (kung)
tsa-hu, social class
Tsai T'ien, prince
Ts'ai Yüan-p'ei, scholar
Ts'ao Chih, poet
Ts'ao Hsüeh-ch'in, writer
Ts'ao K'un, politician
Ts'ao P'ei, ruler
Ts'ao Ts'ao, general
Tsewang Rabdan, general
Tsêng Kuo-fan, general
Tso Tsung-t'ang, general
Tsou Yen, philosopher
Ts'ui, clan
T'u-chüeh, Gök Turk tribes (see Turks)
Tu Fu, poet
T'u-fan, Tibetan tribal group
Tu-ku, Turkish tribe
T'u-shu chi-ch'eng, encyclopaedia
tu-tu, title
T'u-yü-hun, Tibetan tribal federation
Tuan Ch'i-jui, president
Tümet, Mongol tribal group
Tung Ch'i-ch'ang, painter
T'ung-chien kang-mu, historical encyclopaedia
T'ung-chih, reign period
Tung Chung-shu, thinker
Tung Fu-hsiang, politician
Tung-lin academy
Tungus tribes (see Juchên, Po-hai, Manchu)
Tunhuang (Tun-huang), city
Turfan, city state
Turgut, Mongol tribal federation
Turkestan (see Central Asia, Tarim, Turfan, Sinkiang, Ferghana,
Samarkand, Khotcho, Tocharians, Yüeh-chih, Sogdians, etc.)
Turkey
Turks (see Gök Turks, T'u-chüeh, Toba, Tölös, Ting-ling, Uighur,
Sha-t'o, etc.)
Tz[)u] Hsi, empress
Uighurs, Turkish federation
United States (see America)
Ungern-Sternberg, general
Urbanization (see City)
Urga, city
University
Usury
Vagrants (liu-min)
Vietnam (see Annam)
Village
Village commons
Vinaya Buddhism
Voltaire, writer
Walls
Great Wall
Wan-li, reign period
Wang (king)
Wang An-shih, statesman
Wang Chen, eunuch
Wang Ching-wei, collaborator
Wang Ch'ung, philosopher
Wang Hsien-chih, peasant leader
Wang Kung, general
Wang Mang, ruler
Wang Shih-chen, writer
Wang Shih-fu, writer
Wang Tao-k'un, writer
Wang Tun, rebel
Wang Yang-ming, general and philosopher
War
size of wars
War-chariot
cost of wars
War lords
Warrior-nomads
(see Army, World War, Opium War, Lorcha War, Fire-arms)
Washington, conference
Wei, dynasty
small state
empress
Wei Chung-hsien, eunuch
Wei T'o, ruler in South China
Welfare state
Well-field system (ching-t'ien),
Wen Ti, Han ruler
Wei ruler
Toba ruler
Sui ruler
Wen Tsung, Manchu ruler
Whampoa, military academy
Wheat
White Lotus sect (Pai-lien)
Wholesalers
Wine
Wood-cut (see Colour print)
Wool (see Felt)
World Wars
Women rights
Writing, invention (see Script)
Wu, empress
state
Wuch'ang, city (see Hankow)
Wu Ching-tz[)u], writer
Wu-huan, tribal federation
Wu P'ei-fu, war lord
Wu San-kui, general
Wu Shih-fan, ruler
Wu-sun, tribal group
Wu Tai (Five Dynasties period)
Wu Tao-tz[)u], painter
Wu (Ti), Han ruler
Chin ruler
Liang ruler
Wu Tsung, Manchu ruler
Wu Wang, Chou ruler
wu-wei, philosophical term