Economics.
  1. Ungulates which have been domesticated.
  2. Breeds of cattle—their distinguishing marks and valuable points.
  3. Breeds of horses—their distinguishing marks and valuable points.
  4. Breeds of sheep—their distinguishing marks and valuable points.
  5. Breeds of hogs—their distinguishing marks and valuable points.
  6. Angora goats.
  7. The making of butter and cheese. Kinds of cheese. Substitutes for butter.
  8. The packing industry. Ungulates useful as food.
  9. The various methods of preserving meat.
  10. Cattle ranches and "round-ups." Free cattle in winter.
  11. Cattle raising in your state; in other countries.
  12. Transportation of cattle. Stock cars, care and feeding.
  13. Useful products derived from ungulates.
  14. Tanning. Varieties and use of leather.
  15. Diagrams showing chief cuts of meats.
  16. Sheep husbandry. Shearing.
  17. Ungulates as beasts of burden. Advantages and disadvantages.
  18. Government inspection—quarantine.
Natural History.
  1. Geographical distribution of ungulates. Habitat and range.
  2. Native ungulates of North America.
  3. How, when, and by whom cattle and horses were introduced into America.
  4. The geological history of the horse.
  5. The story of the buffalo.
  6. Deer hunting.
  7. Methods of protection from enemies among ungulates.
  8. Breeding habits and care of young in case of ungulates.
  9. Intelligence in the case of horses.
  10. Strange and peculiar ungulates to be seen in museums and [zoölogical] gardens.
The Horse

The pupil is expected to study carefully the account of Eohippus or Hyracotherium in his text or any other available reference book, and to supplement that work and this brief sketch with original observations upon horses on the street, at a local store, or wherever possible or convenient.

From the early horses which migrated from North America there arose in Asia and Africa the ass, famous in the history of early civilization and still used in some localities as beasts of burden or for the breeding of mules, which are the crosses between ass and horse. There also arose the zebra and the most primitive of modern horses, Przewalskii's horse, a wild pony of western China, about forty inches high and almost identical with the drawings of the horse made by early man, 30,000 years ago. Doubtless the modern ponies of Ireland, Iceland, and Shetland are descendants of the original Przewalskii type and not, as is often claimed, true horses stunted by rigors of climate and scant fare.

The horse is characterized largely by the presence of a lock of hair between the ears, a full mane and tail, small ears, large hoofs, and peculiar neigh. The ass has no forelock, a scanty mane and tail, long ears, small hoofs, and a distinct bray.

By means of various crusades and raids, the modern horse was introduced into Europe from Asia, where it is clearly traced in history to the reign of King Solomon. Here, in Europe, because of local conditions and demands, it assumed differing type forms. The roadster type is closest to the Arabian in character. The draft or heavy type was bred in western Europe when heavy armor came into use for rider and horse, and the coach or carriage type was developed when armor was abandoned for gunpowder. Finally explorers and colonists brought the horse back to America, its original home.

The various types and varieties may be briefly described.