At the moment of birth the dermis experiences a sudden revolution. Hitherto entered only by black blood, it is at the time the fœtus is born, more or less coloured by it. Some fœtuses come wholly livid, others are paler; there is a remarkable variety in this respect. But all, shortly after they have respired, become more or less decidedly red. It is owing to the arterial blood which is formed and succeeds the venous blood that circulated in the cutaneous arteries. In this respect the state of the skin is in general an index of what goes on in the lungs. If an infant remains a long time of a violet colour, he either does not breathe or breathes with difficulty. The extremities of the hands and the feet in general become red the last. They are those in which the lividity consequently continues the longest, when this lividity is very evident. The blood which goes to the cutaneous organ, enters it in general in a very uniform manner; the cheeks do not appear to receive more of it in proportion. The sudden excitement it brings to the organ, raises its vital forces and renders it more fit to receive the impressions, which are new to it, of the surrounding bodies.
Observe in fact that a thousand different agents, the surrounding temperature, the air, dress, the fluid in which the fœtus is washed, the tongues of those quadrupeds who lick their young, carry to the skin an excitement which is so much the more felt by the fœtus, as it is not accustomed to it, and as there is an essential difference between these stimuli, and those to which it had been previously subjected. It is then that the remarkable sympathy which connects the skin with all the other organs, becomes especially necessary. Every thing within soon perceives the new excitements that are applied without. It is these excitements, those of the mucous surfaces at their origin and those of the whole of the bronchia, which especially bring into action many organs hitherto inactive. There happens then, what is observed in syncope, in which respiration, circulation, the cerebral action and many functions suspended by the affection, are suddenly roused up by external friction, by the irritation of the pituitary membrane, &c. The phenomena are different, but the principles from which they are derived in both cases are the same.
Then the organic sensibility is also raised. Transpiration is established. The skin begins to be an emunctory of different substances, which it did not before throw out; it becomes also capable of absorbing different principles applied to its surface. The skin of the fœtus is hardly ever the seat of any kind of eruptions; then pimples of different kinds frequently appear.
All the parts of the cutaneous organ do not however appear to be raised to the same degree of organic sensibility. For a long time after birth the skin of the cranium appears to be the centre of a more active life; it becomes the frequent seat of many eruptions, all of which denote an excess of the vital forces. The different kinds of scurf with which it is covered do not appear elsewhere. In this respect, the skin of the cranium follows, like the bones of this part and the cerebral membranes, the early development of the brain, which, on this account is the seat of diseases in infancy more than at any other age.
The skin of the face seems to be sometimes in less activity. In the first months after birth, it has not that bright colour which it will afterwards have upon the cheeks, and which does not commence until the development of the sinuses and dentition bring to this part more vital activity for the nutritive work. It is also towards this period that the eruptions of which this part of the cutaneous system is especially the seat, like those of the small-pox, measles, &c. begin to take place.
For a long time after birth the skin still preserves a remarkable degree of softness; a very great quantity of gelatine enters it; this substance is obtained from it with great ease by ebullition, which, continued for some time, finally melts this organ entirely. The fibrous part noticed by Seguin, is in very small quantity. I think it is this predominance of the gelatinous portion of the skin, which renders that of young animals easy of digestion. We know that in calves’ heads, roasted lamb, and small sucking pigs, prepared for our tables, it presents an aliment which the digestive juices alter with the greatest ease; whilst that of animals of mature age and especially old ones, cannot be digested by them. The carnivorous species tear their prey, feed upon its internal organs, the muscles especially, and leave the skin. Now what is it that makes the skin of young animals differ from that of old ones? It is because the gelatinous substance predominates over the fibrous in the first, and the fibrous predominates in the second.
The skin of children is gradually thickened; but it is not until the thirtieth year that it acquires the thickness that it is always to have afterwards. Till then the different ages are marked in this respect by different degrees. Take a portion of skin at birth, at two, six, ten, fifteen, twenty years, &c. you will see these differences in a remarkable manner. The more its thickness increases the more compact it becomes; it is because the fibrous substance tends constantly to predominate over the gelatinous.
As we advance in age, the adhesion of the internal surface of the dermis with the subjacent cellular texture becomes much greater. It is more difficult to detach one from the other. On the external surface the wrinkles of the face are gradually formed. Smiles and tears agitate the face of the infant the most. One is the expression of the happiness, the other of the uneasiness which all its passions produce in its mind. Now the wrinkles which weeping occasions on the eyelids are marked in rather a more permanent manner, either because weeping is more frequent than smiling, or because continual winking adds to the motion which weeping produces, or because less fat is found in this place. As smiling is on the one hand more rare, and on the other much fat puffs out the cheeks of the infant, the perpendicular wrinkles formed by the muscles of the face, which in this motion separate transversely the features from within outwards, are much slower in forming. Besides, the nursing of the infant, which requires the contraction of its face from without inwards, opposes their formation. The wrinkles of the forehead are always very slow in forming, because the motions which contract the eyebrow, and those which wrinkle the forehead, are rare in the infant, who has hardly any of those dark passions which these motions serve to depict.
The growth of the dermoid system has not remarkable revolutions like that of most of the others; it goes on in an uniform manner. At the period of the growth of the hairs, it does not change, because this growth is absolutely foreign to it, these productions only passing through it. At puberty it increases in energy like all the other systems. Until then sweats had not been very copious; for, other things being equal, we may say that children sweat less in general than adults, and that the residue of their nutrition passes rather by the urine, which is probably the reason why they are so remarkably disposed to calculi. Beyond the twentieth year we begin to sweat more, and until old age, especially in summer, the fluids appear to go out in this way.