ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
I. State of this System in the Fœtus.
In the first periods after conception, the skin is but a kind of glutinous covering, which seems to be gradually condensed, forms a transparent envelope, through which we see in part the subjacent organs, the vessels especially, and which is torn by the least jar. This state continues for a month and a half or two months. The consistence constantly increasing, soon gives to the skin an appearance more nearly like that which it has in infants after birth. Its delicacy is extreme at this period. It has not one quarter the thickness of that of the adult. The moment in which it begins to lose its mucous state appears to be that in which the fibres of the chorion are formed. Until then the cellular texture and the vessels especially composed it, and as the first is abundantly filled with juices during the early periods, it is not astonishing that it should then give way under the least pressure. But when the fibres are formed, the cellular texture diminishes on the one hand, and is concentrated in the spaces that are developed, and on the other the dermoid fibres, more dense than its layers, increase the resistance.
We do not see upon the external surface of the skin of the fœtus most of the wrinkles of which we have spoken above. Those of the face in particular are not seen; the kind of immobility, in which the facial muscles are, is evidently the reason of it. The forehead, the eyelids, the edges of the lips, &c. are smooth. Besides, the abundance of fat which then distends the integuments of the cheeks, prevents every species of fold there. As the hands and the feet are found in part bent at their articulations, by the attitude of the fœtus, different wrinkles are already formed about these articulations, principally on the hand, where however they appear less in proportion than afterwards. The curved, papillary lines are not very evident on the foot and the hand, even when the epidermis is removed.
The internal surface of the skin is remarkable for the slight adhesion of the subjacent cellular texture, the cells of which filled with fatty particles are removed with great ease, by scraping this surface with the edge of a knife. We see then there the spaces already well formed, and as distinct in proportion as afterwards. By pursuing their dissection from within outwards, we insensibly lose sight of them towards the external surface where the skin is condensed.
More blood enters the skin of the fœtus, than at any other period of life. It is easy to observe this in small animals taken alive from the womb of their mother; for in the fœtuses that are dead at birth, or born prematurely, the cause which destroys life, increasing or diminishing in the last moments the quantity of cutaneous blood, prevents us from drawing any conclusion as to the ordinary state by an inspection of them. The nerves are, as in all the other parts, more evident; but the papillæ, though sensible, as I have said, have not a proportionable increase.
The animal sensibility is not in exercise in the skin of the fœtus, or at least it is very obscure there. This is owing to the absence of the causes of excitement. These are the surrounding heat, the waters of the amnios and the parietes of the womb, which can furnish materials for sensations; but as these causes are always uniform, and have no varieties, the fœtus can have but a very feeble perception, because acuteness of sensation requires change of stimuli. We know that heat long continued at the same degree becomes insensible, that a long continuance in a bath takes away almost entirely the sensation of the water, because habit is every thing as it respects sensation; nothing but what is new affects us powerfully.
Is the organic sensibility of the skin in activity in the fœtus? does it preside over the alternate exhalation and absorption of the waters of the amnios? This is not the common opinion, it is not even a probable one; but this question is far from being settled in so precise a manner as many other points of physiology.
Besides, it cannot be doubted that there is a copious secretion of an unctuous and viscid fluid, which covers the whole body of the fœtus, but which is more abundant in some places than others, as behind the ears, in the groin, the axilla, &c. either because it is secreted there in greater quantity, or accumulated on account of the arrangement of the parts. Accoucheurs have it wiped off after birth, and the females of animals remove it by the repeated application of their tongues to the surface of the body. This fluid appears to be to the skin of the fœtus what the oily fluid is to that of the adult; it defends this organ from the impression of the waters of the amnios. If the sebaceous glands exist, it would appear that they furnish it, for it is certainly from a different source from the sweat. When care has not been taken to remove this covering, it irritates the skin, and may produce excoriations, and a species of erysipelas. The air cannot remove it by solution. Nothing similar oozes from the skin of the infant after birth. Is it because the black blood alone is capable of furnishing the materials of this substance?