See Manu, ch. 9, sl. 235; ch. 11, sl. 54—58, sl. 170—180.
As to the guru and áchárya, the following is the 34th sloka of Yájnavalkya's first book:—He is a man's guru, who, after going through the ritual, imparts to him the Veda: he is áchárya, who invests with the sacred cord and then imparts the Veda.
[156] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 89 &c.
[157] guni, referring not merely to personal qualities or eminence in virtue, but to possession of wealth, sons, and learning: so explained by the Commentator.
[158] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 73.
[159] The Commentator explains this to refer to the fine which would be payable on failure (supra sl. 11).
[160] out of the realm. (M.) Manu, ch. 8. sl. 119-124.
[161] supra, sl. 73.
[162] The Commentator adds—If the bráhmaṇ, or any of the other casts, cannot pay the fine, he must suffer imprisonment and the labour proper to his cast. He explains the enormity of the offence described in this sloka to consist in the contempt of Court.
[163] i. e. if, by such untruth, the death be averted. If from testimony either way, the alternative of the death of the plaintiff or defendant must ensue, the witness should maintain silence, the monarch assenting. In case the monarch do not assent, the testimony may be rendered of no avail by confusing the witness: if this cannot be effected, then let the truth be spoken; for by so doing one fault only is incurred, viz. causing the death, whereas from untruth would arise the sin of it as well as of the death. (M.)