[4]. Le chevalier de Guise, François de Lorraine, was born in 1537; joined the order of Malta and became Grand Prior towards 1555, and about the same time was made General of the Galleys. He led an expedition from Malta to Rhodes, where he was wounded. He was one of the nobles who accompanied Mary Stuart to Scotland in 1561, and while returning visited the Court of England. He got overheated at the battle of Dreux (December 12, 1562) and died of pleurisy a few weeks later. He had already in 1562 waged successful war against the Huguenots in Normandy. Brantôme, his secretary, describes him at length in vol. v., pp. 62-77, Mérimée's edition, Paris, 1858.
[5]. Le prince de Condé. Louis I. of Bourbon, Prince of Condé (1530-1569), was the son of Charles of Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme. During the wars of Francis I. he took part in the defence of Metz against Charles V., and was afterwards a vigorous leader of the Protestants against the Guises. He was implicated in the conspiracy of Amboise and sentenced to death, but was saved by the early death of Francis II. After the massacre at Vassy (1562) he was again in arms and was taken prisoner at Dreux, but regained his liberty by the peace of 1565. During the wars of religion he was relentlessly pursued by the Catholic powers and took refuge in La Rochelle. He was killed in the battle of Jarnac, March 13, 1569.
[6]. Le duc de Nevers. Francis I. of Clèves, Duke of Nevers (1516-1562), was the son of Charles of Clèves. In 1539 he obtained the establishment of Nevers and in 1545 the government of Champagne. His first military expedition was in Piedmont under Marshall Montmorency. In 1551 he was entrusted with the protection of the frontier of Lorraine. He took part in all the campaigns against Charles V. and Philip II., and was one of the most valiant defenders of Metz. He was present at the defeat of Saint-Quentin, and by his skillful manœuvres saved a great part of the French forces from destruction. In 1560 he revealed to Francis II. the conspiracy of Amboise. His death took place on February 13, 1562.
[7]. Le prince de Clèves, second son of Francis I. of Nevers. "Ce prince," says Brantôme, "qui s'appelloit Jacques de Clèves, bien qu'il fût de faible habitude, si promettoit-il beaucoup de soi, car il avoit en lui beaucoup de vertu." He died in 1564.
[Page 3.—1]. Le Vidame de Chartres (1522-1560). Francis of Vendôme, Vidame of Chartres, Prince of Chabanois, was one of the most distinguished courtiers of his time. "He was as great," says Brantôme, "in his lineage and his enormous wealth as in his valor and illustrious deeds, so that in his time men spoke only of the Vidame of Chartres; and if the people celebrated his prowess, they did not forget his magnificence and liberality." In Francis I.'s Italian campaign he furnished at his own cost a splendid company of a hundred noblemen. He was one of the hostages sent into England to confirm the treaty of peace between the two countries. In 1558 he was placed in command of the armies in Piedmont. After the battle of Gravelines, he was appointed lieutenant-général of the kingdom, but soon relinquished this office in favor of the Prince of Condé. He was shortly after suspected of complicity in the conspiracy of Amboise, and was imprisoned in the Bastille by order of Francis II. During his life at Court he had been passionately loved by Catherine de Medici, but he showed only indifference toward her. She avenged herself later on by ill-treating him, and it is suspected that his death was caused by poison given to him by her order. He died on December 16, 1560, "aussi mal content de cette dame qu'elle de lui," says Brantôme naïvely. The title Vidame is derived from vice (Latin vicem) and dame (Latin dominus), hence "vice-lord." The Low-Latin is vice-dominus.
[2]. Le duc de Nemours (1531-1585). Jacques de Savoie, Duke of Nemours, was born at the Abbey of Vaulinsant in Champagne. At the age of fifteen he was brought to the Court of Francis I. He served in the campaigns against Charles V., was present at the siege of Metz, and afterwards fought with great bravery in Flanders and in Italy. He was one of the tenants in the tournament in which Henry II. lost his life. Having been branded with suspicion, he was compelled to leave the Court during the reign of Henry III., but was soon recalled. In 1562 he aided in the capture of Bourges from the Protestants and later succeeded the Marshall of St. André as Governor of Dauphiné. In 1566 he married Anne d'Este, widow of the Duke of Guise. His later years were spent in retirement from the Court. He died at Annecy, June 25, 1585. Brantôme says of him: "C'étoit un très-beau prince et de très-bonne grâce, brave et vaillant, aimable et accostable, bien disant, bien écrivant autant en rime qu'en prose; s'habillant des mieux. Il étoit pourvu d'un grand sens et d'esprit; il aimoit toutes sortes d'exercices et si y étoit si universel qu'il étoit parfait en tous, si bien que qui n'a vu Monsieur de Nemours, il n'a rien vu, et qui l'a vu le peut baptiser par tout le monde la fleur de toute la chevalerie."
[3]. Saint-Quentin, a city in the Department of Aisne, about eighty miles northeast of Paris. It is the center of the French manufacture of linen, muslin, and gauze. The battle of Saint-Quentin took place on July 29, 1557; the French forces met with a great defeat at the hands of the Spaniards, who were reinforced by a body of English troops.
[4]. Charles-Quint (Carolus Quintus). Charles V. (1500-1558) was the eldest son of Philip, Archduke of Austria, and Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Upon the death of Ferdinand in 1516, Charles ascended the throne of Spain, and also became ruler of the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. By the death of his paternal grandfather, Emperor Maximilian, he obtained possession of Austria and was elected Emperor of Germany. The other candidates for the imperial crown were Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. of France. Charles soon became involved in a long struggle with the French, in which he was for the most part successful, and captured Francis I. (see [page 1, note 7]). The war was continued by Henry II. and a portion of Lorraine was taken from the Emperor. The latter, not long after, retired to the monastery of Yuste in Estremadura, where he died after two years.
[5]. Metz, formerly capital of the Department of Moselle, situated at the confluence of the Seille and the Moselle. During the war with Henry II. it was besieged by Charles V. and gallantly defended by the Duke of Guise. The siege lasted sixty-five days, and on December 26, 1552, the imperial troops left Metz as a permanent possession of the French. It remained one of their most important strongholds till its cession to Germany in 1870. Charles V.'s remark upon his defeat is well known: "I see that Fortune is just like a woman; she favors a young king more than an old emperor."
[6]. Cercamp, a city in the Department of Pas-de-Calais (Artois). The chief industry of the place consists in its woolen factories. Here, on October 15, 1558, the plenipotentiaries appointed by the French met those of Spain, with whom were associated the ambassadors of Mary of England and of the Duke of Savoy. Stipulations for a peace were proposed; a truce of fifteen days was proclaimed, which was several times renewed; part of the troops were dismissed and the rest went into winter-quarters. However, before any definite arrangements could be made, Mary, Queen of England, died, and the meeting was dissolved.