[Page 1.—1]. Henry II., son of Francis I. and Claude de France, was born at Saint Germain-en-Laye, March 31, 1519. Upon his accession to the throne of France in 1547, he filled the Court with favorites of his own, among whom the highest position was occupied by Diana of Poitiers (see [page 8, note 1]). Although he continued his father's persistent persecution of the French Protestants, he was, at the same time, at the head of the league of Protestant princes opposed to Charles V. In this conflict he was successful and took Toul, Metz, and Verdun from Germany in 1552. After the accession of Philip II. to the throne of Spain, the war against the French was carried on with varying success for seven years. In 1558, after the Battle of Gravelines, proposals of peace were made and the treaty was signed at Câteau-Cambrésis, April 3, 1559. Henry II. was shortly after wounded in a tournament, and died on July 10, 1559.
[2]. Madame Elisabeth de France (1543-1568) was the daughter of Henry II. and Catherine de Medici. She was promised in marriage to Edward VI. of England, but the latter died before attaining his majority. Philip II. of Spain sought her as a match for his son, Don Carlos; but in the meantime his wife, Mary of England, died, and he demanded and obtained the princess for himself. The romantic attachment of Don Carlos to her is vividly depicted in Schiller's drama, though it must be borne in mind that Schiller's picture is very far from being an accurate historical representation. Her death took place shortly after that of Don Carlos. "She was," says Brantôme, "the best princess of her time, and was loved by every one. She was extremely beautiful, and to this she joined a demeanor of incomparable majesty. She was endowed with a lively understanding and was a great lover of poetry and the arts."
[3]. Marie Stuart (1542-1587) was born at Linlithgow, a small town not far from Edinburgh. She was the daughter of James V. of Scotland by his second wife, Mary of Lorraine. Henry VIII. desired her as a match for the Prince of Wales, but her mother favored a marriage with the Dauphin, afterwards Francis II. She accordingly set out for France in 1548 and the marriage took place on April 24, 1558. From this time until the death of Henry II., Francis and Mary Stuart were called le Roi Dauphin and la Reine Dauphine respectively. The young princess soon drew upon herself the enmity of her mother-in-law, Catherine de Medici, and shortly after her husband's death she left for Scotland (August 15, 1561). Her checkered career from this time on is well known.
[4]. Monsieur le Dauphin, Francis (afterwards Francis II.), son of Henry II., was born at Fontainebleau, January 19, 1543. He was married to Mary Stuart in 1558 and the next year ascended the throne of France. Owing to his weak health and mental incapacity the affairs of the kingdom fell into the hands of the Guises, uncles of Mary Stuart. This led to great discontent among the people, which was aggravated by the fierce religious factions of the times. The young ruler died on December 5, 1560. The agitation of the Court was so great that neither his mother nor any of his family paid him the last duties, and his body was borne to St. Denis accompanied only by two noblemen and the Bishop of Senlis.
[5]. La Reine, Catherine de Medici (1519-1589), was born in the city of Florence. She was the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici and the niece of Pope Clement VII. Her marriage with Henry II. took place at Marseille, October 28, 1533. Her ambitious schemes were repressed during the reign of her husband and of Francis II.; but, as she had charge of affairs during the minority of Charles IX., she made good use of this opportunity to destroy her enemies both political and religious. She designed the massacre of St. Bartholomew and was continually fomenting strife among her sons. After the death of Charles IX. she again became regent for a short time till the return of Henry III. Never did Italian craftiness and cruelty wield such influence in France. At last, however, the people grew weary of the rule of the foreigner, and Catherine's later years were marked by the loss of all political power.
[6]. Madame, Sœur du Roi, Marguerite de France, daughter of Francis I., was born in 1525 at Saint Germain-en-Laye. In 1559 she married the Duke of Savoy. She was a patron of literature and art, and drew many celebrated men to the University of Turin. Her kindly disposition won her the title of "Mother of the People." She died on the 14th of September, 1574.
[7]. François Ier (1494-1547), son of Charles, Comte d'Angoulême. At the age of twenty he married Claude, daughter of Louis XII., and succeeded his father-in-law, January 1, 1515. His first act was to undertake the conquest of the French possessions in Italy which had been lost during the reign of Louis XII. He was successful and regained Milan with Lombardy. Upon the death of the German Emperor Maximilian in 1519, he became the rival candidate of Charles V. for the imperial crown. Upon his loss of the latter, he attempted an alliance with Henry VIII. of England against the Emperor. Henry, however, soon afterwards united with the Emperor and the Papacy against Francis; the French troops in Italy were defeated and Francis was captured at Pavia and carried as prisoner to Madrid. He was released the next year. From this time almost till his death he was engaged in expeditions against the German Emperor, and on two occasions went so far as to make an alliance with the Turks. He was the first to give to the French Court that magnificence which afterwards made it the envy of all the Courts of Europe. In religion he pursued a double policy: while he severely persecuted the Protestants in France, he did all in his power to encourage the German Protestants and, in this way, to weaken the power of his old enemy, Charles V.
[Page 2.—1]. Le Roi de Navarre. Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, was born April 22, 1518. He was the son of Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, and Françoise d'Alençon. In 1548 he married Jeanne d'Albret, daughter of Henry II., King of Navarre. By this marriage he obtained the crown of Navarre and the Seniory of Béarn. His son, Henry of Navarre (Henry IV. of France), was born in 1553. During the first part of Antoine de Bourbon's political career he belonged to the Huguenots and was associated with them at the conspiracy of Amboise (see [page 64, note 2]), but after the death of Francis II. he passed over to the Catholic party, was appointed lieutenant-général of the kingdom, and formed, with the Duke of Guise and the Constable of Montmorency, the union which was called "the Triumvirate." During the siege of Rouen he received a severe wound, from which he died thirty-five days after, on November 17, 1562.
[2]. Le duc de Guise, François de Lorraine, second Duke of Guise (1519-1563), was the eldest son of Claude, first Duke of Guise. In his early life he showed a love of danger and thirst for renown. Having been placed in charge of the French troops in the "Three Bishoprics," he sustained against 100,000 imperial troops the memorable siege of Metz. In 1557 he had charge of the army sent into Italy at the request of Paul IV., to undertake the conquest of the kingdom of Naples. After the disastrous defeat of Saint-Quentin, he was placed in command of all the armies, both within and without the kingdom; then followed a series of brilliant victories for the French, resulting in the capture of Calais, Guines, and Thionville. A ghastly face-wound at the hands of the English at Boulogne got him the name of "Balafré." He wielded great influence at Court and was a chief promoter of the persecution of the Huguenots, figuring prominently in the Massacre of Vassy and the siege of Rouen. During his attack on Orleans he was shot by a Protestant named Poltrot de Méré.
[3]. Le cardinal de Lorraine, Charles, second cardinal of Lorraine (1524-1574), was the second son of Claude of Guise. He was by far the ablest of the Guises. At the age of twenty-three he was taken into the confidence of Henry II. and gained universal favor by his agreeable and flattering address. In early life he was appointed Archbishop of Rheims and not long after was made cardinal. At first he was inclined to favor the Protestants, but subsequently used his influence toward their extermination. During the reign of Francis II. he was, together with his brother, the Duke of Guise, in virtual control of the government.