HANDBOOK
OF
ALABAMA
ARCHAEOLOGY

PART I POINT TYPES
by
JAMES W. CAMBRON
DAVID C. HULSE

Edited by
DAVID L. DEJARNETTE

SPONSORED by

PUBLISHED BY
The Archaeological Research Association of Alabama Inc.

Contents

HANDBOOK
OF
ALABAMA
ARCHAEOLOGY

Part I
Point Types

FIRST PRINTING
NOVEMBER 1964
SECOND PRINTING
AUGUST 1965
THIRD PRINTING
OCTOBER 1969
REVISED
NOVEMBER 1975

PREFACE

For many years there has been a need in the Southeast for a workable system of projectile point classification. Any number of people working in archaeology have attempted various taxonomic schemes from time to time in response to this long felt need. In the past, most of these systems of classification have been based on certain look-alike characteristics, with an utter disregard for the cultural provenience of the objects being classified. Archaeology has been reasonably successful in its classification of pottery. Great progress has been made during the past three decades in unravelling the prehistory of the various ceramic cultures in our area. During this same period, however, very little has been ascertained about the several thousand years of pre-ceramic occupations of which the major cultural determinants and diagnostic traits are stone implements, chiefly projectile points of flint.

Tom and Madeline Kneberg Lewis, with the help of interested amateurs within the Tennessee Valley, took the first steps in the ordering of projectile points and other flint artifacts and made plans for the publication of a point type handbook. The retirement in 1961 of Tom and Madeline Lewis halted this project. James W. Cambron, a collaborator and chief contributor to the Lewises' proposed publication, continued his interest and undertook, with the help of David Hulse, the job of producing this handbook.

We have had the pleasure during the past of working very closely with Cambron and Hulse. We have observed how painstaking and careful they are in their evaluations and how they have often refused to place a specimen in a type if all the type attributes were not present. We have also observed in the course of field investigation that, as a result of this taxonomic system, the occurrence of certain types in certain cultural contexts could be predicted with a high degree of accuracy. In other words, this taxonomic system not only allows communication between workers by supplying names for certain classes of artifacts, but it also enables the prehistorian to establish event which took place in time and space. This, after all, is the real test of any artifact taxonomy.

In all systems of taxonomy, whether it is the naming and classifying of cave beetles, land snails, snakes, or arrowheads, there are two schools of thought. These can be termed the "splitters" and the "lumpers," and if we might classify ourself without splitting or lumping we would type ourself as a "lumper." However, we are thankful that the authors would be typed as "splitters," because without meticulous splitting, lumping or meaningful generalization would be impossible. This is the reason we have been tolerant of the fine divisions and the hairline cases which have often made variants of what looked like to us one and the same type. Like all such systems, this one has its limitations. We do feel, however, that it is a practical classification system which has already demonstrated its usefulness in archaeological interpretations.

The senior author, James Cambron, began his interest in archaeology years ago. He is a native of North Carolina and made his first collections in that state. He is a printer by profession and has been connected with the Decatur Daily for over ten years. Most of his fruitful years as a "part time" archaeologist have been spent in the Tennessee Valley near Decatur, Alabama. He has contributed articles to the publications of both the Alabama Archaeological Society and the Tennessee Archaeological Society. He is recognized by both professionals and amateurs for his specialty in the classification of flint artifacts.

David Hulse, junior author, is a native of Decatur, and his interest in archaeology is as longstanding as Cambron's. By vocation he is an illustrator. His best known illustrations are the colored paintings of the water fowl in Birds of Alabama. His work in the illustration of wild life has kept him much of the time on Wheeler Lake near his home in Decatur, and his "part time" archaeological ventures have been in surface collecting on the mud flats which are exposed when the lake level is lowered. Not only has he provided the excellent illustrations in this publication, but he has also collaborated in all other aspects of the handbook.

It has been our satisfaction as editor during the past twelve years to see the efforts of these two authors come to fruition as descriptions of point type after point type came into our hands for the comparatively small job of editing. We think you are going to find this handbook a tremendous tool for extracting a great deal of information and pleasure from your collections. Since some readers may want to consult primary sources to find out more about specific types, each point type is given with the name of the classifier and the name of the publication in which the type was first described and classified. In the text concerning each type, other bibliographic references are cited.

A word of caution—do not try to fit everything into this system. The authors themselves, in classifying our material from summer excavations, would class only about 25 per cent. Read the full description of the point type and do not rely entirely on the illustration for comparison since certain diagnostic characteristics do not lend themselves to illustration. Since it would have been impractical to show the full range of each type, you will see in each illustration a classic example which usually falls in the middle of the range.

David L. DeJarnette, Editor
Mound State Monument
Moundville, AL 35474

For additional copies of this book and information on other publications of the Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., contact Editor at the above address.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The preparation of the material presented in this book was made possible by many individuals and institutions. To them the authors express their gratitude with particular thanks to those listed.

Mrs. T. M. N. (Madeline Kneberg) Lewis is responsible for the basic methods of procedure in classification of these point types, many of which the authors identified by working with the Lewises before their retirement from the University of Tennessee.

The principal job of editing the original manuscript was done by David L. DeJarnette with the help of Mrs. Eleanor Smith Brock and Mrs. Valerie Scarritt, all the University of Alabama. This current revision was edited by David L. DeJarnette with the assistance of Mrs. Valerie Scarritt and Mrs. Judith Nielsen. The University made available to the authors projectile points from the Tennessee Valley shell mound excavations which were classified and used as a chronological control for the original compilation of this manuscript.

Dr. James B. Griffin of the University of Michigan and Dr. Joffre Coe of the University of North Carolina furnished materials from their areas and contributed information for this study.

Mr. and Mrs. E. Milton Harris, Philip C. Jackson, Jr., James H. McCary III and Brittain Thompson of Birmingham sponsored the original printing of the manuscript. The Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc. has continued the sponsorship through two additional printings and this revision. Brittain Thompson also accepted the tasks of design, preparation and production of all three printings of the original manuscript and this revision. The Harrises compiled the information for the distributional chart which appeared in the first three printings.

This study has drawn heavily upon "A Survey of Paleo-Indian Sites and Artifacts in the Tennessee River Valley," an unpublished report on three years of field work by Dr. Frank J. Soday and James W. Cambron.

H. B. Dowell, Mrs. James W. Cambron, Rodger Schaefer and Mrs. Don Mayhall, all of Decatur, Alabama, were most helpful in reading, typing, and duplicating manuscript copy.

Many members of the Alabama Archaeological Society and other individuals loaned their collections, from over the state of Alabama, for classification. This material helped establish point type and provided information on the distribution of types.

James W. Cambron
David C. Hulse

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this book is to fill a need for the identification of artifacts and to contribute to a unified nomenclature, especially concerning projectile point types in Alabama and adjoining areas.

Considerable material was classified and used to determine types. This includes approximately: 150,000 catalogued artifacts in the collections of the authors from 400 sites, mostly from the Tennessee Valley; about 5,000 Paleo, Transitional Paleo, and early Archaic artifacts from 281 sites classified in "A survey of Paleo-Indian Sites and Artifacts in the Tennessee River Valley;" and artifacts from over 250 sites in 27 Alabama counties, 7 Tennessee counties, 1 North Carolina county, 3 Georgia counties and 1 New York county (see distribution tables of state survey) loaned by Alabama Archaeological Society members and others.

Names and code numbers were assigned to each type of artifact. Combinations of characteristics both cultural and physical, including measurements, shapes, flaking, and materials, were taken from a series of each type and were used to determine each new type. Typical examples were selected to be illustrated and the illustrations were drawn with great accuracy and are considered superior to photographs, and all named points are drawn actual size. Cultural associations were determined by artifacts from excavated control sites. These control sites include Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter, Quad Site, University of Alabama Site Ms 201 (Rock House), Flint Creek Rock Shelter, Little Bear Creek Site Ct 8, and Flint River Mound Ma 48. All artifacts from these sites used in this paper were classified by the authors; thus a uniform interpretation of types was assured. Surface collections from more or less culturally isolated sites were also of value in determining cultural associations.

Some projectile points are not distinctive enough to be defined as a type. Provisional types of categories were set up and assigned code numbers in order to place these points in separated groups. Points are not "pushed" into a named type; if the type could not accurately be determined the point was placed in a provisional type. In classifying point types it is well to consider that broken points, points with missing parts, and reworked points can be misleading and can make the example appear to be of another type. Differences in patination and flaking technique of the reworked area of a point are helpful in determining the extent of reworking. In classifying reworked points if the original type can be identified the point is placed in that type. If a point is reworked into a tool it is still classified as a point.

The hafting method and flaking can be helpful in determining point type associations in general as the hafting method nearly always determines the shape of the projectile point. Most Paleo Indian types, including fluted points, are auriculate. With exceptions, Transitional Paleo types were still hafted in much the same way. Side notching and beveling of the blade apparently started in this period. Notching and beveling seems to reach a climax on larger points in the early Archaic period. Stemmed points also became important in this period and persisted in importance through Shellmound Archaic and Woodland periods. Auriculate and notched types reappear in the Woodland period. Pentagonal and triangular types persist through all cultural periods. Small triangular points become important in the Mississippian period.

BASIC POINT SHAPES AND FEATURES

Explanation of Code Numbers

Code numbers were assigned each point type as they were defined for the purpose of convenience in classification and to eventually be used to computerize types for distribution purposes.

Projectile points are divided into two parts: hafting area and blade. The following outline was used in describing each point type:

I Name—Named by (described by, and date)

II General Description: Size, type according to hafting area—auriculate, stemmed, notched, lanceolate, triangular, pentagonal—diagnostic features.

III Measurements

IV Form: Cross section, shoulders, blade type, blade edge features, distal end; hafting area (type and features).

V Flaking: Type and materials.

VI Comments: Derivation of name, location of specimens, cultural associations, etc.

INDEX

ABBEY, Hulse (This paper): A-122

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, stemmed point with incurvate blade edges that are beveled on each side of both faces.

MEASUREMENTS: Measurements of 12 cotypes (including the illustrated example) from which features were taken ranged as follows: length—maximum, 51 mm.; minimum, 38 mm.; average, 42 mm.: width at shoulders—maximum, 49 mm.; minimum, 32 mm.; average, 41 mm.: stem width—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem, length—maximum 12 mm.; minimum 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The shoulders are expanded and are usually horizontal, but may be inversely tapered. The blade is incurvate, beveled on each side of both faces, and is in rare instances serrated. The distal end is acute. The stem is usually straight but may be expanded. The basal edge may be either slightly excurvate or straight and is usually thinned.

FLAKING: This type displays well controlled, broad, shallow, random flaking. The blade and stem edges were retouched by shallow, regular, pressure flaking. Good local materials were used. All examples are patinated.

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites near Abbey Creek in Henry and Houston counties, Alabama. They were associated with Elora and Maples points and probably were used during the Archaic period.

ADENA, Bell (Bell, 1958): A-1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large point with a long, very broad, sometimes rounded stem.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of seven homotypes from which traits and measurements were taken are: length—maximum, 65 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 56 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 32 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width—maximum, 27 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 24 mm.: stem length—maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 21 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex with wide proportions. The shoulders may be horizontal or tapered, with an occasional weak barb. The blade shape is excurvate. The distal end is usually acute. The stem may be straight, contracted or slightly expanded. Some examples can be described as having a rounded stem. The stem base is either straight or excurvate. The basal edges may be lightly ground.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped with strong random flaking, with some retouch along most edges.

COMMENTS: The name Adena is derived from the point's association with the Adena culture. The illustrated specimen is from Cambron Site 48, Lincoln County, Tennessee. The measured examples are from this site and Cambron Site 50, Limestone County, Alabama. Most examples are made from local materials. The type is associated with early Woodland in the eastern United States. Kneberg (1956) indicates an Archaic association in Tennessee. In Alabama, the Adena point seems to appear on both Archaic and Woodland sites. One example was found in Level 1, Zone A, and one example in Zone C at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). One example was found in Stratum II (Archaic) at the Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). Scattered examples are known from most of North Alabama. The Alabama points closely resemble examples from Ohio, illustrated by Bell (1958) and Webb and Baby (1957), as well as some examples from an Adena mound at Natrium, West Virginia (Solecki, 1953). Examples from New York with unground bases are described by Ritchie (1961). Radiocarbon dates from Adena sites in Ohio and Kentucky (Webb and Baby, 1957) suggest an age of from 800 B. C. to 800 A. D.

ADENA NARROW STEMMED, Cambron (This Paper): A-1-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large point with a long, rounded stem and a long, excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures 92 mm. in length, 32 mm. in width, 19 mm. in stem width, 21 mm. in stem length, 9 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulders may be horizontal or slightly tapered. The blade shape is excurvate but may be almost straight with an acute distal end. The stem is long and is usually rounded, but it may have straight side edges with an excurvate basal edge. A slightly expanded stem occurs rarely.

FLAKING: The blade and stem were produced by broad percussion flaking, which results in rather uniform flake scars. The technique may be described as random flaking, but may approach collateral flaking on some examples. The blade edges are finished by secondary flaking with some fine retouching. The stem edges were treated in a manner similar to that of the blade.

COMMENTS: The type is described as a variant of the classic Adena point. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree). Some sites have produced only one of the two Adena variants, which may simply indicate a high degree of variation of the Adena point or may, upon further investigation, prove to be an indication that the two types are associated with somewhat different cultures. Several good examples from Natrium Mound in West Virginia are illustrated by Solecki (1953). Some of his points shown in Plate 28, Figures R, T, and U, were found arranged in association with a burial. Classic Adena points (Figures V and W, Plate 28) and other artifacts were also found with this burial. Closely associated with another burial and accompanying artifacts were points illustrated as Figures X and Y, Plate 28. At this site, the types were contemporaneous.

An Adena Narrow Stemmed point was recovered from a feature pit in Stratum I at the Danley Site (Cambron, Dowell and O'Mahoney, 1962) along with a Wheeler Punctate sherd, a Cotaco Creek point, one polished and three flaked flint celts, and other artifacts. The Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) and Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) produced classic Adena but no Adena Narrow Stemmed points. The narrow, stemmed type is probably coeval with the classic Adena type on most Alabama sites.

AFTON, (Sub-Variety), Bell and Hall (Bell, 1958): A-2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Afton point is a medium to large, stemmed point with an angular blade outline.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example (plesiotype) measures 45 mm. in length, 25 mm. in shoulder width, 15 mm. in stem width, 12 mm. in stem length, 6 mm. in maximum thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The shoulders are tapered. The blade is parallel angular; the distal end, apiculate. The stem is straight.

FLAKING: The faces of the blade and stem are shaped by broad percussion flaking with some fine retouch along the edges.

COMMENTS: The type was named from specimens found near Afton, Oklahoma. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 43 in Madison County, Alabama. Another example of the same size and material and comparable characteristics was found on Cambron Site 48 across a small mountain pass in Lincoln County, Tennessee. To date (September, 1975) these are the only examples classified from Alabama and adjacent areas. Both of these examples fall into a category described by Bell (1958) as a sub-variety, since they have straight—rather than expanded—stems and no shoulder barbs.

Bell gives the general distribution as throughout northeastern Oklahoma and the adjacent regions of Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri, as well as various sections of the Ohio Valley, particularly Ohio. He also indicates a pre-pottery cultural association.

ANGOSTURA, Suhm and Krieger (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-4

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Angostura point is a medium to large, auriculate point with an excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Twelve specimens from nine Tennessee Valley sites (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) average 76 mm. in length, 28 mm. in width, and 8 mm. in thickness. The longest point (Quad Site, Limestone County, Alabama) measures 101 mm. and the shortest point (Sweiger 1, Meigs County, Tennessee) measures 54 mm. The illustrated example measures 67 mm. long, 30 mm. wide, 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Some examples have a faint shoulder at the terminal end of the hafting area. The blade shape is excurvate; the distal end, acute. Several local examples are beveled on one edge of each face. Most examples have auriculated bases with contracted, pointed, or rounded basal edges. Although an incurvate base is one of the distinguishing characteristics of the type, some bases may be straight or even slightly excurvate. The base is usually thinned and may be ground.

FLAKING: The blade may be shaped by broad random flaking, crude collateral flaking or, in some examples from the west, fine oblique transverse flaking. Random flaking is by far the predominant type. Most blades are finished by secondary flaking, which appears in some examples to have been done by the percussion method. As a final finishing step, fine retouch, carried out in order to remove irregularities from the blade edges, is present.

COMMENTS: The type was first described by Hughes (1949) as Long points from the Long Site in Angostura Reservoir, South Dakota. Hughes accepted all of Suhm's illustrated examples (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954) except the beveled ones. Several beveled examples were illustrated by Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954. The example shown here is from Cambron Site 116, Limestone County, Alabama. Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954) estimate the age between 6000 B. C. and 4000 B. C. or later. An Angostura point was recovered from the lower levels at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), and what appears to be an Angostura point was associated, along with a pointed-base Lerma and a biface knife, with the second mammoth found at Santa Isabel Iztapan, Mexico (Wormington, 1957). This example resembles some Tennessee Valley specimens which may be late Paleo or early Archaic (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b).

APPALACHIAN, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1957): A-5

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Appalachian point is a medium to large, stemmed point with concave base, made of quartzite.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures 85 mm. in length, 38 mm. in shoulder width, 27 mm. in stem width, 16 mm. in stem length, and 16 mm. in thickness. The length for the type ranges from 60 mm. to 110 mm. (Harwood, 1959).

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened. The shoulders are usually tapered and narrow. The blade is usually excurvate, but may be straight with an acute distal end. The stem is broad and may be straight, slightly contracted, or expanded, with an incurvate basal edge that may be thinned. The hafting area is usually ground along the edges.

FLAKING: This point displays well-controlled percussion flaking with some retouch along the edges.

COMMENTS: The point is named for the Southern Appalachian region, where the type is widely distributed (Kneberg, 1957). Several examples were recovered at the Camp Creek Site, where they may be associated with Early Woodland (Kneberg, 1957). The illustrated example is from Harwood Site 6A on Hominy Creek in Buncombe County, North Carolina. The part of the site designated 6A by Harwood (1959) is pre-ceramic. Large, biface, quartzite tools are in association with the points, which are all made from quartzite. Examples from Cowee Creek, Macon County, North Carolina, were recovered below the ceramic zone. This type is associated with Savannah River points on several sites. It appears that the point is associated with the middle to late Archaic and early Woodland cultures.

AUTAUGA, Cambron (This paper): A-123

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Autauga is a small, corner-notched, serrated point with straight blade and base.

MEASUREMENTS: Twelve cotypes, including the illustrated example, from sites in Autauga County, Alabama, provided traits and the following measurements: length—maximum, 38 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 32 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem width—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem length—maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.: thickness—maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be either rhomboid or biconvex. The shoulders are usually either horizontal or inversely tapered. The blade is straight. Blade edges are usually serrated and are steeply beveled on half of the examples. The distal end is acute. The corner notches are usually ground and range in width from 2 mm. to 4 mm. and in depth from 5 mm. to 7 mm. The expanded stem has straight or incurvate side edges. The base is straight and thinned. It is lightly ground on nearly all examples.

FLAKING: Narrow, shallow, random flaking was used to form the blade and stem. Notching, to form the expanded stem, was accomplished by removal of fairly deep flakes and finished by light grinding.

COMMENTS: The type was named for Autauga County, Alabama, where the examples, used in this paper, were recovered. All of these points are made of vein quartz. This type is found in surface collections with Dalton, Big Sandy, Kirk Corner Notched, and Crawford Creek points. This association and the fact that the type has features similar to Decatur, Big Sandy, Palmer, and Crawford Creek points indicates an Early Archaic or Transitional Paleo-Indian provenience.

BAKERS CREEK, Cambron (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-6

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, expanded-stem point.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes, including the illustrated example, provide traits and the following measurements: length—maximum, 78 mm.; minimum, 43 mm.; average, 55 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 26 mm.: stem width—maximum, 27 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem length—maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 16 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulders are narrow and may be horizontal or tapered. The blade is usually straight but may be excurvate. The distal end is usually sharply acute, but may approach an acuminate type. The hafting area consists of an expanded stem formed by notching into the blade about one-third of the way from the base to the distal end. This diagonal notch tapers from the basal edge, which is usually unmodified in width. The basal edge is thinned and usually straight, but it may be excurvate and lightly ground. Many examples are patinated.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, random, percussion flaking. Flake scars indicate a strong percussion method was used to notch the hafting area to form the expanded stem. All edges appear to have been retouched as a final step in shaping the point.

COMMENTS: The illustrated specimen is from Cambron Site 53, the type site, at the mouth of Bakers Creek in Morgan County, Alabama. This type is described by Cambron (1958a) as Stemmed Copena. It appears in surface collections along with Copena and triangular Copena points. Two examples were recovered from the lower two-thirds of Stratum I (Woodland) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter and were illustrated as Bakers Creek points (Cambron and Waters, 1961). One example was recovered from Level 7, Zone A, at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). One example was recovered from the 2-foot level at Little Bear Creek, Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b). At this site Copena points were also recovered from Zone C. This evidence indicates an early to middle Woodland cultural association and an estimated age of somewhere between 1500 B.C. and early centuries A.D.

BEACON ISLAND, Allen and Hulse (This Paper): A-131

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized point with expanded-rounded stem, straight blade edges and weak to strong shoulder barbs.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes, two from Franklin County, Alabama, three from Beacon Island and two from Bear Creek along the Tennessee River below Florence, Alabama, provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 73 mm.; minimum, 48 mm.; average, 61 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 22 mm.; average, 24 mm.: stem width at shoulder—maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 13 mm.: stem width at widest point—maximum, 19 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem length—maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 15 mm.: thickness—maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders may be barbed or inversely tapered. Blade edges are straight and may be finely serrated. The stem is expanded-rounded with diagonal notches at the shoulders. The distal end is acute.

FLAKING: Shallow random flaking was employed to shape the faces of the blade and stem. Careful pressure flaking was used to finish the blade edges and to thin the base.

COMMENTS: The type was named from Ralph Allen Site 41 on Beacon Island and was associated with Cotaco Creek, Flint Creek and Wade points on this site. Several examples are illustrated as Type 8, Plate 159 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1952). A suggested placement is in late Archaic and early Woodland times.

BEAVER LAKE, Cambron and Hulse (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-7

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, auriculate point with recurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The lengths of 23 points from 23 sites in the Tennessee Valley range from a maximum of 86 mm. to a minimum of 47 mm. (average length, 64 mm.). The average width of these points is 24 mm. and the average thickness is 8 mm. (Soday and Cambron, n. d.). The measurements of the illustrated (autotype) specimen are: length, 61 mm.; width of blade, 26 mm.; width at base, 25 mm.; width of hafting constriction, 21 mm.; thickness, 9 mm.; basal concavity, 3 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but one or both faces may be median ridged. The blade is recurvate—constricted in the hafting area above the auricles. The distal end is usually acute. The auriculated hafting area is expanded-rounded. The basal edge is usually thinned and incurvate, but may be straight. The hafting constriction and basal edge are usually ground.

FLAKING: The shallow random flaking usually employed to shape the faces sometimes produces a median ridge. Secondary retouch flake scars are usually long, evenly spaced, and struck off on alternate faces, resulting in an irregular pattern along the blade edges. This retouch appears to have been accomplished with indirect percussion or pressure flaking.

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Beaver Lake area in Limestone County, Alabama, where many examples, including the illustrated specimen from Cambron (Pine Tree Site 76), were recovered. Most examples from this area are made from Ft. Payne chert, which is usually patinated to a chocolate brown color. The type has been called unfluted Cumberland in several papers, especially Soday and Cambron (n. d.). Beaver Lake points are found only on sites that produce early-man materials. An example was recovered from the bottom of Stratum III (pre-Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). Examples were recovered from the lowest culture-bearing stratum at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). All evidence indicates the type dates from 10,000 B.P. to an unknown earlier time. It is considered to be a transitional Paleo-Indian type.

BENJAMIN Cambron (This paper): A-118

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Benjamin is a large to medium sized lanceolate point with straight or excurvate base and excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes, including the illustrated example, ranged in measurements as follows: length—maximum, 100 mm.; minimum, 54 mm.; average, 66 mm.: width—maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 22 mm.; average, 26 mm.: thickness—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate. The widest point may be either at the base or somewhat below the midsection, making the hafting area difficult to define. The distal end is acute. The basal edge is usually excurvate, but may be straight, and is usually thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, deep, random flaking appears on the faces, with some fine secondary flaking along the blade edges and sides of the hafting area. Short random flaking was used to thin the basal edge. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Benjamin site (Cambron Site 333) in Lawrence County, Alabama, where it was first recognized and appears in association with Woodland artifacts. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19 in Morgan County, Alabama. At Cactus Rock Site Dk-101 in DeKalb County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Level 1 in association with Woodland point types and one example from Level 4 in association with Woodland and Archaic point types. At University of Alabama Site Dk-57 in DeKalb County, Alabama, the type was associated with Copena and Madison points. At University of Alabama Sites Lo-23 in Lowndes County, Alabama, and Lr-20 in Lamar County, Alabama, Benjamin points appear in Woodland strata. The association of Benjamin points at these sites seems to place the type within the Woodland period.

BENTON BROAD STEMMED, Cambron (This Paper): A-9-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, broad-stemmed point with steeply beveled stem edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 66 mm.; shoulder width, 32 mm.; stem width, 28 mm.; stem length, 11 mm.; thickness, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be flattened or biconvex. The shoulders are narrow and may be horizontal or tapered. The blade is usually excurvate, the distal end acute. The stem is usually slightly expanded, but may be straight. It is very broad and short. The stem side edges are usually incurvate or straight and beveled. The beveled basal edge is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate.

FLAKING: The blade and stem display broad, shallow, random flaking. Some broad retouching was used to finish the blade and stem edges. The stem appears to have been formed by the removal of the corners of the original basal edge.

COMMENTS: The type name was derived from the Benton Stemmed point, to which it seems to be closely associated both typologically and culturally. The outstanding differences between the two are the exceptionally broad stem and broader, shorter blade of the Benton Broad Stem point. The type does not appear as frequently or in as great numbers as Benton Stemmed. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 48, Lincoln County, Tennessee. Due to its association with Benton Stemmed and Buzzard Roost Creek points, it is considered to be an Archaic point and is probably coeval with these types, dating from about 4000 B.C. to 2000 B.C.

BENTON STEMMED, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1956): A-9

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, stemmed point with steeply beveled stem edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of five cotypes from which measurements and traits were taken are: length—maximum, 97 mm.; minimum, 45 mm.; average, 65 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 29 mm.: stem width—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem length—maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 53 mm.; shoulder width, 28 mm.; stem width, 19 mm.; stem length, 9 mm.; thickness, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex to flattened. The shoulders are narrow and, rarely, barbed. They may be horizontal or slightly tapered. The blade is usually recurvate, but may be excurvate with an acute distal end. The stem is relatively broad and short with straight, beveled side edges. It may be tapered or expanded. The steeply beveled basal edge may be straight or incurvate.

FLAKING: The random, primary flaking used to shape the face of the blade and stem is broad and shallow. Some areas seem to be only slightly modified and exhibit some blade scars. The retouching along the blade edges is broad and shallow. Short, broad flakes are used to shape the stem and bevel the stem edges. These appear to be the result of indirect percussion.

COMMENTS: The type was named for Benton County, Tennessee. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 17, Limestone County, Alabama. The type is found in the Tennessee River Valley and in western Tennessee along the Mississippi River (Bell, 1960). At the Eva Site, in Benton County, Tennessee, the cultural association is with the early Big Sandy component (Lewis and Lewis, 1961). Practically all the types recovered from Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter were from Zone A, where the first ten levels contained examples. The more frequent occurrence of the type in Levels 4 through 9, Zone A, is an indication of Archaic association (DeJarnette, Kurjack, Cambron, 1962). At Rock House Shelter, University of Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall County, Levels 5, 7, 8 and 11 produced one point each. This indicates an early Archaic association at this site. At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961), all examples were in middle- and upper-stratum II (Archaic). At Little Bear Creek, Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b), examples were recovered from the two-foot level through the eight-foot level, most examples being from the lower three levels. The type appeared in Zones A, B, C and D at Flint River, Mound Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a); it was most frequent in Zone C. A strict Archaic association dating from about 4000 B.C. to 2000 B.C. is suggested.

BIG SANDY, Lewis and Kneberg A-10
(Cambron and Hulse, 1960a): A-11

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, side-notched point. The basal edges and/or notches are usually ground. The blade edges may be serrated and/or beveled.

MEASUREMENTS: The range of measurements of 14 examples from an excavation on the Quad Site (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a) are: length, 35-56 mm.; width, 18-20 mm.; thickness, 6-8 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 41 mm.; shoulder width, 20 mm.; width at base, 21 mm.; notch depth, 4 mm.; notch width, 6mm.; thickness, 6mm. Later unground examples from the Big Sandy Site in Henry County, Tennessee, range in length from 44 mm. to 89 mm. and average near 64 mm. (Bell, 1960).

FLAKING: The flaking is variable, but usually is good. Random flaking is usually employed to shape the faces of the blade and hafting area; retouch is evident along the edges. The side notches appear to have been made by broad percussion flaking. Rare examples show oblique flaking (Kneberg, 1956).

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be rhomboid, plano-convex, or median ridged. The blade may be excurvate or straight. Of the 22 whole and broken examples recovered, 62% are beveled on one side of each blade face and 8% are serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is side-notched. The notches average about 5 mm. deep and 7 mm. wide, and are nearly always ground. Of the 22 measured examples, 43% have incurvate bases, 32% have slightly excurvate bases, and 25% have straight bases. The bases are usually thinned, and 50% of the 22 examples have ground bases. The part of the hafting area between the notches and the base may be straight or auriculated. Rarely, the basal edge is parallel pointed.

COMMENTS: The point is named for the Big Sandy I phase of the Archaic period (Lewis and Kneberg, 1959). The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 38 (Pine Tree), Limestone County, Alabama. Examples were found in association with a fluted midsection, Wheeler, Dalton, and Quad points on the Quad Site (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a). Ritchie, in New York (1961), described the type as the Otter Creek point. The type was dated at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter by radiocarbon method at near 10,000 B.P. (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Similar examples from Danger Cave, Utah, were listed by Jennings (1957) as types W4, W25, and W26. Type W4 was recovered only from Level II, where the radiocarbon dates were 9789 ±630 B.P. and 8960 ±340 B.P. This type was described in earlier editions of this book as Big Sandy I. An unground variant, also described in earlier editions of this book as Big Sandy II, Code, No. A-11, were numerous in the Three Mile Phase at the Eva Site (Lewis and Lewis, 1961). Kneberg suggests a date of from 3500 B.C. to 1000 B.C. for this variant (1959).

BIG SANDY AURICULATE, Cambron (This Paper): A-133

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized, side-notched point with auriculate, incurvate base and excurvate blade edges. The basal edges and/or notches are nearly always ground.

MEASUREMENTS: Eight examples from Cave Spring (Moebes, 1974) provided the following measurements: length, 30-45 mm.; average, 39 mm.; shoulder width, 16-26 mm.; average, 22 mm.: stem width, 18-23 mm.; average, 21 mm.: stem length, 10-13 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness, 6-9 mm.; average, 8 mm.: basal concavity, 1-3 mm.; average, 2 mm.: width in notches, 10-17 mm.; average, 14 mm.: notch width, 6-10 mm.; average, 8 mm.: notch depth, 3-7 mm.; average, 4 mm.: stem length below notches, 4-6 mm.; average, 5 mm.

FLAKING: Fifty percent show collateral flaking and 50% show random flaking.

FORM: Seventy-four percent of the cross-sections are biconvex, 13% are plano-convex and 13% are median ridged. All blade edges are excurvate. All bases are incurvate. All bases and notches are ground and 75% of the stem edges are ground. Fifty percent have shoulder barbs and all examples are patinated. Thirteen percent have acuminate distal ends and 87% have acute distal ends.

COMMENTS: The provenience of 9 examples, used to define this type of Big Sandy point is as follows: Stratum I; Level 3, 1 (probably out of context); Stratum II: Level 7, 2; Level 8, 2; Stratum III: Level 7, 1; Level 10, 1; Level 12, 2. Five examples of similar type (W4) from Level II at Danger Cave (Jennings, 1957) were dated by radiocarbon samples at 9789 ±630 B.P. and 8960 ±340 B.P. One example was recovered from Stratum II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter, Fig. 55 (Cambron and Waters, 1958).

BIG SANDY BROAD BASE, Cambron (This Paper): A-134

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, side-notched, trianguloid point with blade edges that are usually excurvate but may be straight or recurvate. Most examples are serrated. The basal edges and/or notches are usually ground.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven examples from DeKalb County, Tennessee, 1 example from Warren County, Tennessee, and 3 examples from Cave Spring (Moebes, 1974) provided the following features and measurements: length, 37-53 mm.; average, 44 mm.: shoulder width, 21-38 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem width, 23-32 mm.; average, 29 mm.: stem length, 11-17 mm.; average, 15 mm.: thickness, 5-10 mm.; average, 7 mm.: basal concavity, 1-4 mm.; average, 2 mm.: width in notches, 17-23 mm.; average, 19 mm.: notch width, 6-9 mm.; average, 7 mm.: notch depth, 3-5 mm.; average, 4 mm.: stem length below notches, 6-10 mm.; average, 8 mm.

FLAKING: Random flaking was employed in shaping the blade and hafting area. The notches were formed by well controlled pressure flaking.

FORM: Thirty percent of the cross-sections are biconvex, 50% are flattened, 5% are plano-convex and 15% are rhomboid. Eighty percent of the blade edges are excurvate, 10% are straight, 10% are asymmetrical, 54% are serrated, 18% are beveled on one edge of each face, 41% have incurvate bases, 59% have straight bases. The basal edges and notches are usually ground and thinned. All examples are patinated. Eighty-four percent of the distal ends are acute and 16 are acuminate.

COMMENTS: The three examples from Cave Spring were randomly flaked, and rhomboid in cross-section. All three had blade edges that were serrated and beveled on one edge of each face. They were ground in the notches as well as on the base and stem edges. The distal ends were acute. Three other examples from Cave Spring were either broken or reworked and could be not meaningfully measured but the provenience of all six examples is: Stratum II; Level 5, 1; Stratum III; Level 7, 1; Level 8, 1; Level 9, 1; Level 10, 2. An early Archaic or Transitional Paleo placement is suggested.

BIG SANDY CONTRACTED BASE, Cambron (This Paper): A-132

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized, side-notched point with a contracting stem and an incurvate base. Most examples show collateral flaking and shallow serrations along the blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes supplied the following features: length, 35-60 mm.; average, 45 mm.; shoulder width, 20-26 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem width, 20-25 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem length, 12-16 mm.; average, 14 mm.: thickness, 5-8 mm.; average, 7 mm.: basal concavity, 3-6 mm.; average, 5 mm.: width in notches, 13-16 mm.; average, 15 mm.: notch width, 3-5 mm.; average, 4 mm.: notch depth, 3-5 mm.; average, 4 mm.: stem length below notches, 8-13 mm.: average, 11 mm.

FLAKING: Shallow pressure flaking was used to thin the basal edge. Well controlled pressure flaking was employed to shape the side notches. All blade surfaces exhibit collateral flaking.

FORM: Seventy percent of the cross-sections are median ridged; 15% are biconvex; and 15% are plano-convex. Fifty-seven percent of the blade edges are straight and 43% are excurvate. Eighty-four percent have shallow serrations along the blade edges. Bases are usually thinned and all of them are ground. Eighty-four percent of the stem edges and all notches are ground. All examples are patinated. Forty percent have acute distal ends and 60% of the distal ends are acuminate.

COMMENTS: The provenience of seven examples, from the Cave Spring Site, (Moebes, 1974) used to define this type of Big Sandy point is as follows: Level 5, 2; Level 7, 1; Level 8, 1; Stratum II. Level 7, 1; Level 8, 1; Level 9, 1; Level 10, 2; Level 11, 1; Stratum III. A similar type was described by Jennings (1957) from Danger Cave, Utah is listed as Type W 17 where dates of 9787 plus or minus 630 B.P. and 8960 plus or minus 340 B.P. were secured from levels containing this type. Two examples were classified from the collection of Steve Maloney Site DK 2 in DeKalb County, Tennessee.

BIG SLOUGH, Hulse (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-12

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large point with a broad expanded stem.

MEASUREMENTS: The range of measurements of 11 cotypes from Morgan and Limestone Counties near Decatur, Alabama are: length—maximum, 85 mm.; minimum, 49 mm.; average, 62 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 42 mm.; minimum, 29 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem length—maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 15 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 85 mm.; shoulder width, 38 mm.; stem width, 28 mm.; stem length, 14 mm.; thickness, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulders are inversely tapered with narrow barbs that may be expanded, especially on examples with recurvate blade edges. The blade may be excurvate or recurvate; rarely, excurvate-recurvate. One example of the cotypes has one straight and one recurvate blade edge. About half the blade edges are asymmetrical. The distal end is usually acute but may be apiculate. The stem is broad and long and expanded by shallow diagonal notches. The stem side edges may be slightly incurvate, slightly excurvate, or straight. The basal edge is excurvate, thin, and usually ground.

FLAKING: Most examples are made by broad, shallow, random flaking, but a considerable number show collateral flaking. Several have random flaking on one face and collateral on the other. The blade edges usually show rather broad retouching with some fine flaking along the retouched edges that gives a somewhat crushed effect, as does the baton method of percussion flaking. The notches appear to have been formed by indirect percussion flaking with some retouch. The basal edge is thinned by removal of broad, shallow flakes. The stem is usually finely retouched on all edges.

COMMENTS: The point is named for the Big Slough area in Limestone County, Alabama, where many examples are found on the surface with early Archaic types. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 18, Limestone County, Alabama. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), one example each was recovered from Levels 1, 5, 6, 8 and 9 of Zone A. At University of Alabama Site Ms 201, Rock House Shelter, in Marshall County, Alabama, Levels 4 and 5 produced one example each. One example was recovered from Zone C (Archaic) at Ma 48, Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). This evidence suggests a cultural association of from early Archaic to middle Archaic times, with a probable age range of about 5000 B.C. to 2000 B.C.

BRADLEY SPIKE, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1956): A-14

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Bradley Spike is a small to medium-sized, spike-shaped, stemmed point.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of the 13 plesiotypes upon which description of form was based (included is the illustrated specimen from Ma 48, Flint River Site, Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) are: length—maximum, 65 mm.; minimum, 40 mm.; average, 51 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem width—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: stem length—maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness—maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually median ridged but may, rarely, be plano-convex or biconvex. The shoulders are usually tapered and may be asymmetrical. The blade may be straight or slightly convex; the distal end is sharply acute. The hafting area is stemmed and the stem is usually straight but may be tapered. Stem side edges are straight; the basal edge of the stem is usually excurvate but may be straight and may exhibit some of the patinated rind of the parent material from which the point was made.

FLAKING: Some examples are almost as thick as they are broad. The steep, percussion, random flaking used to shape the point may be struck from alternate faces to produce an irregular blade edge outline. Occasional retouch, that appears to have been done by percussion flaking, is evident; but no regular pressure retouch is present.

COMMENTS: The type was named for Bradley County, Tennessee, where it was first recognized. The illustrated specimen is from Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). Ten examples were recovered from Zone A at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), eight specimens from the upper four levels and one each from Levels 7 and 9. One example was recovered from Level 5 at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 (Rock House). Of the 34 examples from Flint River Mound Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a), 18 were from Zone A and 16 from Zone B. The evidence supports Kneberg's (1956) analysis of early Woodland cultural association since examples are found in early Woodland association at these sites. However, most of the points were found in the upper Woodland stratum, indicating a later Woodland association in the North Alabama area, possibly dating from about 2000 B.C. to sometime A.D.

BREWERTON, EARED-NOTCHED, Ritchie (Ritchie, 1961): A-127

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small trianguloid point with shallow side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of four plesiotypes (including the illustrated example) from which descriptions were taken are: maximum, 40 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 33 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.: stem width—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 18 mm.: thickness—maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average 6 mm.

FORM: The blade edges may be straight or excurvate. The cross-section is biconvex. The base may be straight or excurvate. The hafting area is shallowly side notched forming weak auricles.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area display broad, shallow random flaking. Some broad retouching was used to finish the blade and hafting area edges. The notches were formed by shallow pressure flaking after the blade was finished, thus forming the auricles.

COMMENTS: Brewerton Eared-Notched is one of four Brewerton types described by Ritchie (Ritchie, 1961). The other three types were listed as Brewerton Eared-Triangular, Brewerton Corner-Notched and Brewerton Side-Notched. Ritchie (Ritchie, 1961) considers the Brewerton complex to be a part of the upper middle and late Archaic horizons in New York and New England. The examples that provided the type description, including the illustrated example, are from the Etowah River Site, Bartow County, Georgia. They were excavated by James Chapman and others and were associated with ceramics at this site. One example was recovered from Level 6, Stratum I at Cave Spring in Morgan County, Alabama (Moebes, 1974).

BUZZARD ROOST CREEK, Cambron (Cambron, 1958a): A-89

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, bifurcated-stemmed point.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of nine cotypes (including the illustrated example) from which features were taken are: length—maximum, 104 mm.; minimum, 61 mm.; average, 82 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 36 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem width—maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem length—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness—eight examples measured 8 mm. and one example measured 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulders are usually inversely tapered and the barbs usually expanded. The blade is recurvate with an acute distal end. The stem is usually straight but may be expanded, with straight or incurvate side edges. The basal edge of the stem is usually bifurcated but may be auriculate. Usually all of the stem edges are beveled. Points made of adaptable material are usually patinated.

FLAKING: The flaking used to shape the blade and stem is usually random, broad, and thin; rarely, it is collateral. The secondary flaking along the edges of the blade is long and shallow. The short deep scars left by flaking used to bevel the stem edges may be the result of indirect percussion, possibly with some pressure flaking. The flaking used to bifurcate the stem appears to be of the same type as that used to bevel the stem edges.

COMMENTS: The type was named for Buzzard Roost Creek Site (Cambron Site 158), in Colbert County, Alabama, where the illustrated example was recovered. The original description has been revised to exclude those examples with straight or slightly incurvate stem bases, since these examples are classified as Benton Stemmed—to which Buzzard Roost Creek is culturally and typologically related. Examples at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) appeared in Zone A, Levels 2 through 8, with concentrations in Levels 6 and 7. Three examples were recovered from the middle and upper parts of Stratum II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Little Bear Creek (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) examples were recovered from four-foot through eight-foot levels, with most examples from the six-foot level. This appears to be an early to middle Archaic type found in northern Alabama and southern Tennessee.

CAMP CREEK, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1956): A-16

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, triangular point with incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 35 mm.; width at base, 16 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 2 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex. The blade is usually straight; rarely, incurvate or excurvate. The distal end is acute. The base is incurvate and usually thinned with some fine retouch.

FLAKING: The flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is random and fairly well executed. Some fine retouch is in evidence along the blade edges. Much of the flint and quartzite used at the Camp Creek Site has poor flaking qualities, resulting in a poorly manufactured point.

COMMENTS: The type was named from the Camp Creek Site (Cambron Site 284) on the Nolichucky River in Greene County, Tennessee. The illustrated specimen is from Zone A of the Camp Creek Site (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957). This example was selected by Cambron from his collection from Camp Creek (Site 284) as typical of the type. Although a minority type in all levels at this site, it is found with burials more frequently than are other types. It comprises about 15% of the stemless points in Level D, but in other levels does not exceed 6% (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957). The type appears to be a part of the Greeneville complex, found along the western edge of the Appalachians southwest from the Greeneville, Tennessee, area into south-central Alabama. It is usually associated with the early to middle Woodland period. Some other points that appear in this complex are Greeneville, Nolichucky, Triangular Copena, Coosa, and possibly Ebenezer. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) Zone A, four examples were found in Level 1, five in Level 2, one in Level 3 and three in Level 4. This indicates a Woodland association at this site. Most of the examples recovered from Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) were in the lower three-quarters of Stratum I (Woodland). One example was recovered from Level 1 and one from Level 2 at Rock House Shelter in Marshall County, Alabama (University of Alabama Site Ms 201). Ten examples were recovered from Zones A and B (Woodland) and two from Zone D (Archaic) at Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). Kneberg suggests a date of from about 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D.

CANDY CREEK, Kneberg (Kneberg, 1956): A-17

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, auriculate point with recurvate edges and incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures 50 mm. long, 22 mm. wide at widest point of blade, 25 mm. wide at base, 21 mm. wide across hafting constriction, 9 mm. thick, 3 mm. deep at basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is recurvate; the distal end, acute. The auriculated hafting area is usually expanded-rounded with an incurvate basal edge. The base is occasionally fluted or thinned. The hafting area edges may be lightly ground, as are most Copena and Copena Triangular points, with which they are frequently associated.

FLAKING: The flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is usually shallow and random. Fine retouching employed to finish the blade and hafting area edges is usually evident. Although there appears to be no connection between this type and Paleo fluted types, the hafting method must have been very similar. The flutes, when present, appear to be nothing more than results of attempts to thin the base, as they are usually broad and shallow. Copena and Copena Triangular types were probably hafted in about the same manner as Candy Creek points.

COMMENTS: The name is derived from Candy Creek Site in Bradley County, Tennessee. The illustrated specimen is a plesiotype from Cambron 53, Morgan County, Alabama. Of 1552 points at Camp Creek, 9 were classified as Candy Creek (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957). One example was recovered from Zone A, Level 1 at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Two examples, one from Level 2 and one from Level 3, were recovered from Rock House Shelter in Marshall County, Alabama (University of Alabama Site Ms 201). Twenty-three examples from Cambron Site 53 at Bakers Creek in Morgan County, Alabama, were associated with other Woodland types. Kneberg (1956) suggests an age of from 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D.

CAVE SPRING, Cambron (This Paper): A-126

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Cave Spring is a small to medium sized, bifurcated point with an expanded stem.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes from Strata II and III of the Cave Spring type site (Moebes, 1974) provided the following traits and measurements: length, 50-32 mm.; average, 40 mm.: shoulder width, 25-17 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem width, 17-11 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem length, 17-10 mm.; average, 13 mm.: thickness, 6-5 mm.; average 6 mm. The illustrated example, from Stratum III, measures 50 mm. in length, 20 mm. in shoulder width, 14 mm. in stem width, 16 mm. in stem length and 6 mm. in thickness. Stratum III points averaged longer and slightly narrower than points from Stratum II.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be plano-convex or rarely median ridged. Shoulders are usually tapered but may be barbed or rarely horizontal. Blade edges are nearly always straight, rarely excurvate. The distal end is usually acute; rarely broad. The hafting area consists of an expanded stem that is shallowly bifurcated. Stem width usually exceeds the stem length.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking is in evidence on the stem and blade. Collateral flaking was used to finish the blades of most examples. Fine retouch is present along most blade edges. Long shallow flakes were removed to thin the base in the basal concavity. One example from Level 5, Stratum II, had diagonal flakes struck from the base in the same tradition as Decatur points. One large flake was struck from each side of each face of the stem forming a shallow notch where the stem joins the blade. These notches and all other stem edges are usually ground. All examples were made of local material and all were patinated.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Cave Spring Site in Morgan County, Alabama, where examples were recognized during excavation. The illustrated example is from Level 8, Stratum III. Except for the bifurcated stem some examples are similar to some of the Jude points recovered in this excavation. Some of the blades of Cave Spring points are similar to blades of some Big Sandy points recovered at this site. The provenience and associations at this site strongly suggest a late Transitional Paleo-Indian affiliation as well as early Archaic. One example from the Big Sandy Site in Tennessee is shown in Fig. E, Plate 4 (Bell, 1960). One example is illustrated from the Packard Site, Mays County, Oklahoma, Plate VIII, Fig. 3 (Wyckoff, 1964).

CLOVIS, (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-19

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, auriculate, fluted point with incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: The maximum measurements, in mm., of 59 examples from 44 sites in the Tennessee River valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) average: length, 66; width, 27; thickness, 7. The length of the longest example is 154; of the shortest, 35. The weight of the largest is 60 grams; of the shortest, 5 grams. Maximum measurements of fourteen examples of "Fine Clovis" from 13 sites average 59 mm. long, 25 mm. wide, 6 mm. thick. The length of the longest is 109 mm.; of the shortest, 29 mm. The weight of the longest is 27 grams, of the shortest, 3 grams. Texas examples (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954) range from 69 mm. to 140 mm. in length and 20 mm. to 40 mm. in width. The range of 66 examples from New York State (Ritchie, 1961) is: length, about 25 mm. to about 127 mm.; thickness, 3 mm. to 10 mm. The illustrated example measures 110 mm. long, 31 mm. wide at widest point, 28 mm. wide at base, 27 mm. wide across basal constriction, 9 mm. thick. The longest flute measures 29 mm.; the shortest flute, 28. Flute width is 19 mm.

FORM: The cross-section in the fluted area of the blade is fluted; in the unfluted area, biconvex. The blade is usually excurvate but may be slightly recurvate; the distal end is usually acute but may be broad. The hafting area is auriculate and may be pointed or rounded. It is usually parallel, but on a few examples may be expanded or contracted. The basal edge is incurvate. The hafting area is usually fluted on both faces; rarely, on one. Either single or multiple flutes may be present. Most examples are fluted about one-third of the total length, but some may be fluted to near the distal end. Most examples have ground basal edges, which may determine the hafting area.

FLAKING: The flaking is usually random but may be somewhat collateral, leaving a low median ridge. All examples are retouched along the edges; many are very finely pressure flaked. Flutes appear to have been struck by indirect percussion after preparation of a "striking platform" at the base. On the multiple fluted examples, two or more primary flutes appear to have been removed leaving a striking area near the center of the base from which the main flute was struck. After one face was fluted the base was beveled to facilitate striking flutes from the opposite face. This resulted in a basal concavity (Cambron and Hulse, 1961a).

COMMENTS: The point is named for the Clovis, New Mexico, area, where examples were found in association with mammoth remains. The illustrated example from Hulse Site 54, in Limestone County, Alabama, was selected for its similarity to the type specimens from New Mexico. A date of over 37,000 B. P. was taken from a hearth containing a Clovis point at Lewisville, Texas (Crook and Harris, 1958), but the association has been questioned. The date from the Naco mammoth find in Arizona is 9250 ±300 B. P. Many early-man authorities suggest a date of about 15,000 years ago. This range of dates may indicate long use of the type. The type is distributed over most of North America. Alabama examples are found on early sites with blade tools.

CLOVIS, UNFLUTED, Soday and Cambron (This Paper): A-19-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Unfluted Clovis point is a medium to large, auriculate point with incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: The average measurements of samples from seven sites (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) in the Tennessee River Valley are: length, 61 mm.; width, 25 mm.; thickness, 6 mm. Length and weight range as follows: longest, 179 mm.; weight 18 grams: shortest, 46 mm.; weight 4 grams. The detailed measurements of the illustrated example (one of the cotypes) are: length, 59 mm.; width at widest point, 24 mm.; width at base, 21 mm.; maximum thickness, 6 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 4 mm.; length of ground hafting area, 29 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate and terminates in an acute, or, sometimes, broad distal end. The auriculate hafting area is usually either parallel-pointed or parallel-rounded; rarely, it is expanded with an incurvate basal edge which is usually well thinned. All basal edges are usually ground—sometimes for almost half the length of the point. The shape is similar to, but usually thinner than, that of the Clovis point.

FLAKING: The flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area may be transverse-oblique, random, or collateral with fine retouch along the blade edges. Usually several broad, shallow flakes were removed to thin the basal edge of the hafting area.

COMMENTS: The type was named Unfluted Clovis because of its similarity to the fluted Clovis type. The illustrated example was found weathered out of an early stratum along with a fluted Quad point on Cambron Site 20 in Morgan County, Alabama. Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954) suggest the possibility that some Clovis points have no flutes, and that it would be difficult to distinguish these examples from Plainview points. Concerning the fluting on some of the Clovis points at the Naco, Arizona Site, Wormington (1957) says, "In some instances the grooves had been formed by the removal of several smaller flakes." At least one illustrated example appears to be only basally thinned. The Naco find dates between 10,000 and 11,000 years ago. At the Silver Springs Site in Florida, fluted and unfluted Clovis-like points (Neill, 1958) were recovered together from the lowest levels of the site. Alabama examples usually are recovered from fluted point sites. It is suggested that this type may be contemporaneous with Clovis or may have appeared later.

CONERLY, Lively (This Paper): A-135

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Conerly is a medium to large point with an incurvate base that is thinned. The stem is contracted.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes from Lively Sites 1, 2, and 4 in the Sardis area of Burke County, Georgia, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 105 mm.; minimum, 57 mm.; average, 77 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 31 mm.; minimum. 21 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem width—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem length—maximum 20 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 18 mm.: thickness—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.: basal concavity—maximum, 4 mm.; minimum, 2 mm.; average, 3 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex, rarely flattened. The shoulders are narrow or lacking. Blade edges may be excurvate or straight and most examples exhibit shallow serrations. The distal end is acute. The stems are contracted with an incurvate and thinned basal edge.