English
Coins and Tokens.

BY

LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A.,

Author of “Half-Hours among some English Antiquities;” “Grave Mounds and their Contents;” “The Ceramic Art in Great Britain;” “Corporation Plate and Insignia of Office;” “The Stately Homes of England,” etc., etc.

WITH

A Chapter on Greek and Roman Coins,

BY

BARCLAY V. HEAD, M.R.A.S., ETC.,

Assistant Keeper of Coins, British Museum; Corresponding Member of the Imperial German Archæological Institute.

LONDON:
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN, Le BAS & LOWREY,
PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
1886.

Table of Contents

COINS OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS.

It is not possible to say, with any degree of certainty, at what precise period our ancient British forefathers acquired a knowledge of the art of coining, or into what part of our island that art was first introduced. The probability, however, amounting almost to a certainty, is that the use of money and, consequently, the art of making it, was introduced into Britain from Gaul; and the Kentish coast being the nearest to that country, and receiving friendly and bartering incursions from the Belgic tribes, with whom, doubtless, the natives traded, the natural assumption is that money was known to, and its use appreciated by, the inhabitants of that county long before those of the inland and more northern parts of the island had any knowledge of such a medium as a substitute for ordinary product-barter. Kent may therefore, I apprehend, be looked upon as the district in which money made its first appearance in our country; and, probably, where also it was first made by our Celtic progenitors.

“Gothic Crown,” of Queen Victoria.

The period which may, with more than ordinary probability; be assigned to the adoption of a home-struck currency among the tribes of our country, is also, naturally, a matter about which only a vague conclusion can be arrived at. The conclusion, however, that has been come to after the most assiduous and searching attention to and consideration of every possible circumstance of locality, analogy of types, and weight, is that that period may be fixed at from a hundred and fifty to two hundred years before the birth of Christ. This, then, for general purposes may be looked upon as the most closely approximate period that the present state of our knowledge has enabled those numismatists who have made this branch of the science their special study to arrive at.

The type of supposed earliest coins of the Britons, derived, there can be no doubt, from those of Gaul, to which they had become accustomed, are uninscribed; those of Gaul having, in turn, originally and long before the days of Julius Cæsar, been derived from the stater of Philippus of Macedon. This has been ably shown and insisted upon by various writers, and to it Mr. Evans, the highest and most enlightened authority upon the subject, has given his full adhesion. The Phocæan colony of Massilia (Marseilles), he says, “appears to have formed the centre from which civilization spread through Gaul, as well as to have been the emporium of its commerce. It was founded about B.C. 600, and from intercourse with its inhabitants the neighbouring Gauls first learned the usages of civilized life, and after a time became acquainted with the art of coining. The early silver coins of Massilia (and none in gold are known) were occasionally imitated in the surrounding country; but when, about the year B.C. 356, the gold mines of Crenides (or Philippi) were acquired by Philip II. of Macedon, and worked so as to produce about £250,000 worth of gold annually, the general currency of gold coins, which had before been of very limited extent, became much more extensive, and the stater of Philip—the regale numisma of Horace—became everywhere diffused, and seems at once to have been seized on by the barbarians who came in contact with Greek civilization as an object of imitation. In Gaul this was especially the case, and the whole of the gold coinage of that country may be said to consist of imitations, more or less rude and degenerate, of the Macedonian Philippus.”

The types of the Philippus are, on the obverse, a laureated profile bust of Apollo, or young Hercules, and, on the reverse, a charioteer in a biga, and the earliest Gaulish imitations are tolerably closely, though more rudely, rendered. These, naturally, were introduced, and became known, to the Britons, who, as naturally, imitated them, as their neighbours had done the originals. But these imitations were not always servile, but had occasionally additional features, as drapery, a torque round the neck, a bandlet, or what not. The constant reproducing of the dies by different workmen and in different localities also resulted in the original design being at length almost lost, and what now, to the uninitiated, appear a lot of unmeaning pellets and curved strokes, serve only as indications, or faint traces, of the original. Here, upon the coins (p. [5]), is an example. First is the stater of Philip of Macedon, with laureated bust and biga; next a British coin on which there is an attempted reproduction of the head on one side, and a rude imitation of horse and driver on the other; and on the third a very degenerate example, on which only a trace of each is discernible. These three, out of hundreds of examples, will serve to show the descent of the type and the changes to which the design has been subjected. Other types shared the same fate, and thus the correct appropriation of Celtic coins becomes a matter of no little difficulty. It is well to remember, as evidenced by these gradual marks of degeneration, that the ruder coins are not, as might well be (and indeed have usually been) supposed, the oldest, but are, in fact, later than others of a higher and more artistic character. In other words, some of these series of coins, instead of showing the onward and gradual progress of art from a first rude attempt up to a highly finished work, serve to exhibit step by step its gradual degeneracy and decline down to ultimate extinction.

Other coins were more or less imitations of Roman coins, but others again have a true native character about them that shows that the Briton, who was an admirable and accomplished worker in metals, was also a clever die-sinker, and had in him considerable power of design.

Celtic coins are usually considered under two classes, the uninscribed and the inscribed—that is, those which are without any inscriptions, and those upon which names or other letters occur—and it seems to be a generally received opinion that whenever an inscribed currency was in use, an uninscribed one had preceded it. The uninscribed are, unfortunately, the most abundant, and therefore, manifestly, it is impossible to judge by them to what princes or tribes they belong. The geographical arrangement—that of classifying the types according to the localities in which they have been found—has therefore, as a general and very convenient rule, to be adopted. Some coins, as the one here engraved from my own collection, have the convex side perfectly plain, while the reverse, concave, side bears a more or less rude representation of a horse.

Figs. A-J, TYPES OF
ANCIENT BRITISH COINS.

“Although we have assigned the date of about 150 B.C. for the commencement of the British coinage,” Mr. Evans remarks, “it is hard to say with any degree of certainty in what part of the country it actually commenced. The study of this class of coins is to some extent like that of geology: we have no written testimony on which to fall back, and the annals of the past have to be reconstructed from the evidence of contemporary yet dumb witnesses disinterred from the soil. But the numismatist has none of those aids which the geologist derives from the order of superposition, and the mineral characters of the rocks in which his fossils are preserved; and, in the case of uninscribed coins, has nothing but the type and its geographical range on which to found any conclusion, unless, as in some rare instances it happens, the coins are associated with others of more certain date. The mere fact of finding a single coin of a certain class in a certain locality proves nothing; but when a considerable number of coins of much the same type are found at different times in places all within a certain district, the proof becomes almost conclusive that they were originally struck within that district. And this holds true even with gold coins, which, from their greater value and relative portability, have, as a rule, a much wider range than those of silver or copper.”

The districts into which it has been found most convenient (and undoubtedly as presenting an arrangement that may be looked upon as practically correct) to classify the inscribed coins are as follows:—

I.—COINS OF THE WESTERN DISTRICT, or country of the Dobuni, comprising the present counties of Somerset, Wilts, Gloucester, and part of Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and in which are classed the coins of—

II.—SOUTH-EASTERN DISTRICT, or country of the Belgæ, Regni, and Atrebatii, comprising the present counties of Hampshire, Sussex, and West Surrey, and in which are classed the coins of—

III.—KENTISH DISTRICT, or country of the Cantii, comprising the present counties of Kent and East Surrey, and in which are classed the coins of—

IV.—The CENTRAL DISTRICT, or country of the Catyeuchlani and Trinobantes, comprising the present counties of Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Essex, Northamptonshire, and parts of Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and Oxfordshire, and in which are included the coins of—

V.—The EASTERN DISTRICT, or country of the Iceni, comprising the present counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and parts of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, and in which are classed the coins of—

VI.—The YORKSHIRE DISTRICT, or country of the Brigantes, comprising Yorkshire and parts of the adjacent counties to the south, and in which are included the coins of—

The parts of the country inhabited at one time or other by various tribes may be tabulated as follows, and will be useful to students of that early period of national history; the present names of counties, as the most convenient, are given in the list. The tribes seem to have been the—

• Ancalites, an early tribe who inhabited part of Berkshire.
• Atrebates, the main portion of Berkshire.
• Attacotti, a fierce Scottish tribe.
• Belgæ, the country from the southern coast to the Bristol Channel, including Hants, Wilts, and Somerset.
• Bibroci, an early tribe, part of Berks, and Hants, Surrey, Sussex, and the east of Kent.
• Brigantes, the country from the Mersey and Humber to Scotland.
• Cimbri, the borders of Devonshire.
• Cangi, North Wales, on the coast of the Irish Sea.
• Cantii, Kent, which in Cæsar’s time was divided among four chiefs or kings.
• Cassi, Hertfordshire.
• Catyeuchlani, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire.
• Cœnimagni, Suffolk.
• Coritani, or Coritavi, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, and Rutland.
• Cornabii, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, Cheshire, and part of Flintshire.
• Dumnonii, or Damnonii, Cornwall and Devonshire.
• Demetæ, Caermarthenshire, Cardiganshire, and Pembrokeshire.
• Dobuni, Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire.
• Durotriges, Dorsetshire.
• Gadeni, Cumberland and part of Northumberland; and Selkirk, and adjacent portions of Scotland.
• Hedui, Somersetshire.
• Iceni, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire.
• Jugantes, coast of the Irish Sea.
• Morini, Dorsetshire.
• Ordovices, Flint, Denbigh, Montgomery, Merioneth, Caernarvon, and Anglesea.
• Otadini, the land from the Tyne to the Forth. Parisii, the south-east of Yorkshire.
• Regni, Surrey and Sussex.
• Remi, supposed to be identical with the Bibroci.
• Segontiaci, the greater part of Hampshire, and Berkshire.
• Senones, a portion of Hampshire.
• Sestuntii, Westmoreland and Cumberland.
• Silures, Herefordshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Monmouthshire, and Glamorganshire.
• Trinobantes, Middlesex and Essex.
• Voluntii, Lancashire.

I now proceed to enumerate some of the inscribed coins referred to under the geographical arrangement already given.

BODVOC.

Coins bearing the word BODVOC, BODVO, or ODVOC, have usually, but erroneously, been ascribed to Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni. As is remarked by Evans, “there is no ground for supposing that any coins were struck by Boadicea, who never seems to have exercised the queenly power, unless as the leader of a short-lived revolt, and whose chief complaint against the Romans was, that the kingdom left by her husband Prasutagus, to which possibly she may have hoped to succeed, was overrun and pillaged by their troops, she herself scourged, and her daughters put to shame.” Moreover, no coins of BODVOC have ever been found in the Icenian territory, but are confined to the opposite side of the country; and are evidently of a date anterior to the revolt of Boadicea. The usual type has on the obverse simply the word BODVOC in large letters across the field; reverse, a horse of more or less disjointed character, with chariot-wheel and other details. One example has, however, on the obverse a profile bust to the left, and letters BODVO in front of the face; and reverse, a horse, etc.

CATTI.

A convex coin. Obverse, an object which may be described as a branch, or a spike of flowers; reverse, a disjointed horse, chariot-wheel, etc., and the letters CATTI.

COMVX.

Much the same as the last, with the letters, on reverse, COMVX.

VO-CORIO.

The reading of these is doubtful. The coins are much the same as the last, with the letters VO-CORIO over the horse on the reverse. One variety has the additional letters A D in front of the horse’s head, and another also a D by its legs; thus the continuous inscription would be VOCORIOADD, but is at present uninterpretable.

ANTEDRIGVS.

Obverse, same as the last; reverse, disjointed horse, with chariot-wheel and other objects, and the letters ANTEDRIGV, or ANTE[BO] I. OV. Another type has, obverse, a barbarous attempt at a head; and reverse, a horse as usual, with the letters ANTE[BO], or ANTED, or ANTE[BO]RI, etc.

INMA, INAM, or INARA.

Obverse, as before; reverse, disjointed horse, with chariot-wheel, etc., and the letters INMA, INAM, or more probably INARA.

SVEI.

Obverse, barbarous attempt at a head; reverse, disjointed horse, and letters SV above, and EI beneath the horse. Probably struck by some British regulus whose name began with SVEI.

COMMIVS (?).

Obverse, rude attempt at a head; reverse, disjointed horse, with chariot-wheel, etc., and the letters MMIOS, or OMMIOS.

TINC[OMMIVS].

A son of Commivs. Obverse, on some, portions of a rude bust; on others, TINC on a sunk tablet; others, COM, or COM·F, on a similar sunk tablet; others, TINCOM, or NCOM, etc., between zigzag and corded lines across the field; others, TINC on a tablet, above which is C and below F, etc. Reverse, on some, a rude, disjointed horse, with the letters, TINC COMMI F; others, a horse as before, with TIN DV; others, of a higher class of art, a horseman poising a javelin, and charging to the left, with C F below and a star above; others, horseman with javelin as before, and TIN; another, a winged head of Medusa, which unique coin is in Mr. Evans’s cabinet; others, a horse and TIN; and other varieties.

VERICA, or VIRICA.

A son of Commivs. Obverse, an expanded five-lobed leaf, or a cluster of five oak leaves, with VI on one side, and RI on the other; a sunk tablet of various forms, with the letters COM·F; VERI·COM·F in two lines; VERICA COMMI F encircling a circular shield, or other object; COM F between crescents with horns facing inwards; a semi-draped seated figure, with VERICA; a filleted bust with VIRRI; and others, examples of which are here engraved. Reverse, on some a horseman galloping or leaping, with CO·F, VIR REX, or VIR; a riderless horse with REX, VI, VIR; a lion with VIR; a trophy of an attempted imitation of the Roman caduceus between two cornucopiæ, rising from a two-handled vase, and COMMI F; a capricorn, with EPPI COM F, etc.; this latter being very remarkable as bearing the names of the two brothers Verica and Eppillus. Another variety has a horseman on each side, with COM F on the obverse, and VERICA on the reverse; and another, a diademed and draped bust on one side with VIRI, and on the other, a seated figure of Victory (?), as here engraved.

EPPILLUS.

One of the sons of Commius, and brother to Tinc[ommius] and Verica. His name occurs in various stages of abbreviation, EPPILLVS, EPPIL, EPPI, EPP, and EP. Obverse, on some the name EPPIL COM F in two lines across the coin; others, a circular wreath inclosing COM F; or winged figure of Victory within a wreath; or a beaded band and a line of foliage in saltire, with the four letters E P P I, one on each of the angles of the cross; or a diademed head; or an eagle rising with EPP; or an ornamental cross, with EPPI COM F between the limbs (p.[6], Fig. E); or a bull, evidently copied from the coin of Augustus, here engraved. Reverse, a winged horse, or Pegasus; or an undraped horseman galloping, with EPPILLVS, etc.; or draped horseman galloping, with EPPI COM F; or horse only, with EPPI, and a quatrefoil or other ornaments; or undraped standing winged figure, with EP; or a crescent between two clusters of pellets, with REX CALLE (supposed to allude to Calleva—Silchester—as place of mintage); and other varieties.

DVBNOVELLAVNVS.

Obverse, on some a device (placed diagonally across the coin) that may almost be taken to be the thunderbolt of Jove, between two circles that may be the wheel of Nemesis, the emblem of swift and retributive justice, as not unfrequently represented in Roman art; or a laureated head, with DVBNO; or other device. Reverse, on some a horse with or without a wreath or branch below and other minor devices, with the letters DVBNO ..., [DV]BNOVELL ..., DVBNOVIILLA, [DVBNO]VIILLAVN, or DVBNO[VELLA]VNOS; or a griffin, or ornithocephalous winged horse with star and other ornaments; or a horse with DVBN in a tablet; or other varieties.

VOSE[NOS] (?).

Obverse, plain convex. Reverse, a horse, above which is a bull’s head and a ring ornament; and, beneath, what has been described as a “horned serpent,” but may be a torque or other object, with ... NOS; or a horse with other accompaniments, and VOSII.

AMMINVS.

Obverse, a bust to the right, with or without AMMI; or a plant of seven branches with AMMINVS. Reverse, front view of a biga, or what may be described as two demi-horses conjoined, heads and forelegs facing outwards, a human head between, and the letters E above and S below; or the exergual line, winged Pegasus passant, with DVN above and AM; or a Capricorn, or hippocampus, and AM.

CRAB.

Only two coins, according to Mr. Evans, are known bearing this name, or rather commencement of a name, the remainder of which is unknown. One of the two known examples bears on the obverse a cross whose limbs are formed of three rows of beads, with central ring, and in the angles between the limbs of the cross the letters C R A B. Reverse, an eagle rising regardant. The other has, obverse, the letters C R A B on a tablet, above which is an annulet, and, below, an S-shaped object; reverse, a tressure of six beaded points, points outwards, with a central ring, and within each of the outer curves three pellets.

ANDOCO[MIVS] (?).

Obverse, on some, bust to the right, with the letters ANDOCO; or a double cruciform ornament, formed, the one cross of beaded fillets, and other of two torque-like figures, more or less developed and accompanied by other minor marks (p.[6], Fig. B); or a bearded profile bust with a, etc. Reverse, a horse, with ANDOCO; or a horse with a bull’s head above, and ANDO; or a bridled winged Pegasus, with ANDOC, the N and D conjoined, etc.

TASCIOVANVS.

Ascertained from numismatic evidence to have been the father of Cunobelinus and of Epaticcus, is supposed to have reigned some quarter of a century B.C., with his capital fixed at Verulamium, and to have died somewhere about 5 B.C. Obverse, on some, a double cruciform device of the same general character as the last described, but of more or less disjointed and imperfect execution (p.[6], Fig. H); or a somewhat similar device, with the letters TASCI between the limbs of the cross; or TASC on an oblong tablet with lines extended from its angles, and forming, with a beaded band, etc., a kind of cruciform ornament; or TASC within an oblong tablet surrounded by a beaded circle; or a beaded bust to the left; or a laureated bust, with TASCIA; or a Pegasus, with TAS; or an eagle, wings closed, regardant, with TASCIA; or a bust to the right, with TASCIAVA; and others. Reverse, on some, a horse with various accompaniments, with TASCIOVAN, [T]ASCIAV, TAXCI, TASCIA, or TASC, etc.; or a mounted horseman, with various contractions of the name; or a figure of Pegasus; or a bull with tail over back and head as in act of tossing, as on the coin of Augustus (already referred to under Eppillus), from which it has evidently been copied; or a winged griffin; or a boar; or other device.

VERVLAMIVM.

The coins of Verulamium, the ancient city of Verulam, near St. Albans, the capital of the Catyeuchlani, and a place of mintage during some period of time, are tolerably numerous in their types and of considerable interest. Its name as a place of mintage first appears upon the coins of Silvanus; on the gold in extremely small characters, but more conspicuously upon the silver and copper pieces. On some of the latter we have the name of the town alone, without that of the prince, but the types are so connected with those which bear the name of Tasciovanus that it is evident the apparently autonomous coins must have been issued during his reign. Among the abbreviated forms of the name of the city upon coins there struck are V, VER, VIIR, and VERLAMIO, and these occur in connection with, or separate from, other inscriptions. The obverse of one, bearing the letters VERLAMIO between the points of the limbs of a double cruciform ornament, is engraved on (p.[6], Fig. J).

TASCIO RICON.

Coins bearing the letters—

and the like, in two lines divided from each other in a tablet across the field of the coin, appear to have been struck by Tasciovanus at some town of mintage indicated by RICON, but which has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained.

SEGO.

Coins bearing the letters SEGO on a tablet, with or without the TASCIO of Tasciovanus, would seem to have been struck by him at some place, or recording some tribe, not yet accurately appropriated.

EPATICCVS.

One of the sons of Tasciovanus and brother of Cunobeline. Obverse, on some, an ear of bearded coin and the letters TASCI F; or a head of Hercules, and EPATI or EPAT. Reverse, on some a nude mounted horseman, with lance and shield, and EPATICCV; or an eagle standing on a serpent, etc.

CVNOBELINVS.

The “Cymbeline” of Shakespeare, a son of Tasciovanus and brother of Epaticcus, and during whose reign the birth of our Saviour took place, struck a considerable variety of coins in all the metals. He had Camulodunum (Colchester) for his capital and place of mintage. Of his sons Togodumnos and Caractacus no coins are known. The coins of Cunobeline are so numerous and varied that it is not necessary to summarize their types. The following are examples of the inscriptions:—

ADDEDOMAROS.

Possibly partly contemporary with Cunobeline. Obverse, on some a singular device partaking of the conventional form of the “Thunderbolt of Jove,” as before alluded to; on others, a six-limbed device, the limbs curved in “Catherine-wheel” form, and springing from three central crescents, rings and pellets in the angles; or a cross with beaded lines and two crescents (p.[6], Fig. C). Reverse, on some, a horse with or without branch beneath, and with or without wheel, and other rude ornaments, and ADDEDO-MARVS, or ADDEDO, or A[BO][BO]IIDO[M], or other abbreviations.

THE ICENI.

A number of inscribed coins about which nothing certain is known have, with considerable show of reason, been attributed generally to the Iceni. Their types are very varied, and need not be recapitulated. Among the inscriptions are the following:—ECE or ECEN (probably for ICEN), AESV, SAEMV or SAFMV, ANTD or ANTED, CAV ... DVRO (possibly DVRO-CAM[BORICVM]), etc., etc. Many varieties of uninscribed coins are also, with more or less show of reason, attributed to the Iceni. The obverse of one example is engraved on (p.[6], Fig. i).

THE BRIGANTES.

A number of coins have, with plausible reasoning, been appropriated by Mr. Evans and other authorities, to the Brigantes, whose dominions seem to have comprised Yorkshire, Lancashire, and other northern parts, and who are indeed said to have been the original inhabitants, the Britons proper, of the island, who had been driven inland and northwards by successive invaders of the soil, and they seem to have been among the latest to retain the original national characteristics. Among the inscribed coins (which are of unusual rudeness) believed to have belonged to them, are those bearing the letters VO·LI·SI·OS on the obverse, and DVM NOCO VEROS, or DVMNO CO VEROS, on the reverse; DVMNOVERO; IISVPSV; VEP, VEP CORF, or VEP RF; DVMN on obverse, and TIGIP-SENO on reverse; AVNT or AVN-T, the AVN being over the back of the horse, and the T beneath its neck.

CHANNEL ISLANDS.

A number of types of rude uninscribed coins, partaking of the character of those of Gaulish origin, mostly in billon, but sometimes of silver or bronze, are ascribed to the Channel Islands, and numbers of them have been found in Jersey and other islands, as well as in our own country. The examples engraved are in my own possession, and were found, with others, in Devonshire.

The usual type is a boldly cut, but rudely designed, head, a coarse imitation of the Greek already referred to; and the reverse a horse more or less disjointed or disintegrated, and accompanied by indications, more or less distinct, of wheels and other objects.

As indicating to some extent the area over which the coins of the ancient Britons circulated, it may be said that the approximate number of recorded localities in which “finds” have been made in the “forty shires” may be summarized as most of all in Kent (say forty places); about half that number in Dorset, Sussex, and Essex; about a third in Oxfordshire; say a fourth in Suffolk, Surrey, Buckingham, Hampshire, Herts, and Northampton; and so decreasing in Beds., Cambs., and Norfolk; Berks, Middlesex, and Gloucester; Wilts and Somerset; Lincolnshire and Yorkshire; Leicestershire, Monmouthshire, and Worcestershire; and Devonshire, Cornwall, Huntingdon, Lancashire, Northumberland, Nottingham, and Westmoreland. Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and the other counties not enumerated, not having, so far as at present known to me, produced a single recorded example.

COINS OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS.

The earliest coins of the Anglo-Saxon period appear to have been rude imitations of some of the later current pieces of their Roman predecessors in our island. It seems doubtful whether at first they had a coinage of their own, the probability being that those of the Romano-Britons continued, as they naturally would, to be circulated. Some of the sceattæ bear more or less rude figures and uncouth heads and devices, some being evident imitations of the well-known type of Romulus and Remus suckled by the she-wolf, and others of equally well known types. From the sceattæ, one of our common expressions at the present is derived. The word in the singular is sceat or scæt, and the Saxon sc being pronounced soft, as sh, became sheat or shæt. From this it naturally became corrupted into “shot,” and thus “paying your shot” simply meant paying your money, or clearing your reckoning, and “not having a shot in your locker,” being without money in cupboard, or purse. These early coins, some of which appear to bear Runic characters, cannot with any degree of certainty be appropriated to any kings.

The penny, penig, pening, or pending (said to be the diminutive of pand, a pledge, and also by some said to be derived from pendere, to weigh) is first named in the laws of Ina, king of the West Saxons, who began to reign A.D. 688. It was, as now, as has been conclusively shown, the 240th part of a pound, which weighed about 5760 grains; the weight of a penny was, therefore, 24 grains, which still in our tables constitute a “dwt.” or “pennyweight.”

The generally received opinion is that the first pennies as succeeding the sceattæ; and quite independent of the stycas, were struck by Offa, king of Mercia, from A.D. 757 to 796. “When the kingdoms of the Heptarchy were united in one sovereignty,” as I have written on another occasion, “the mints were regulated by laws framed by the Wittenagemote, or Great Council of the Nation; but it was not till the time of Æthelstan (924-940), that it was appointed there should be one kind of money throughout the whole realm, and that no one should coin but in a town. According to Stow, ‘Æthelstan made, seven coining mints at Canterbury, four for the king, two for the archbishop, and one for the abbot; at Rochester three, two for the king, and one for the bishop. Besides these, in London eight, in Winchester six, in Lewes two, in Chichester one, in Hampton two, in Shaftesbury two, and in every other town one coiner.’ The coins remaining pretty well prove this, and show there were very few considerable towns without a mint; for besides those particularly mentioned in Æthelstan’s law, there are coins of Derby, Bristol, Evesham, Exeter, Gloucester, Ipswich, Lincoln, Norwich, Shrewsbury, Thetford, Wallingford, Worcester, York, and other places. The probability is that the custom of impressing on coins the name of the town of the mintage began in the early part of the reign of Æthelstan.”

One of the largest “finds” of Anglo-Saxon coins was made at Cuerdale, where, along with a vast number of foreign pieces, there were found:—

• 2 of Æthelred.
• 24 of Æthelstan II.
• 1 of Ciolwulf.
• 857 of Alfred.
• 45 of Eadwerd.
• 1 of Abp. Ceolnoth.
• 59 of Abp. Plegmund.
• 2 of Sitric.
• 1770 of St. Eadmund.
• etc.

Under the ordinary order of arrangement, the following may be taken as indications of the coins of Anglo-Saxon rulers:—

KINGS OF KENT. ÆTHILBERHT I., 725-764.

The sceat attributed to this king is doubtful.

EGCBERHT, 765-791.

The name is found as EGCBERHT RX. and on the reverse is the moneyer’s name.

EADBEARHT, 794-798.

Obverse, the name EADBEARHT REX in three lines across the field.

Reverse, moneyer’s name with device.

CUTHRED, 798-805.

Obverse, on some a profile bust, others three arms branching out from the inner circle, and extending through the legend, CVDRED REX or CVDRED REX CANT. Reverse, moneyer’s name with similar device or cross, etc.

BALDRED, 805-823.

Obverse, bust or cross within inner circle, BALDRED, BELDRED, or BEALDRED REX CN or CANT. Reverse, moneyer’s name, cross, etc. One of his coins has on the reverse DIORMOD MONETA, and within the inner circle, in two lines, DRVR CITS for Dorovernia Civitas or city of Canterbury, and is the earliest known instance of place of mintage appearing upon Saxon coins.

MERCIAN KINGS. OFFA, 757-796.

The coins of Offa are of great variety in type, of considerable beauty in design, and of better workmanship than most of the Saxon pennies. On the obverse is the name OFFA REX, or REX M, or REX MERCIORN. Reverse, various crosses and other devices and moneyer’s name. Of these upwards of fifty are known, and some of them used Runic letters.

CYNEFRYTH.

Coins of this queen (supposed to be the wife of Offa) are known, and bear on one side the bust and moneyer’s name; on the other her name and REGINA.

COENVVLF, 794-818.

The coins bear a marked resemblance to those of Offa, but are inferior in execution. The name is usually COENVVLF REX, with or without M for Mercia, and on the reverse the moneyer’s name, and often the word MONETA. Upwards of fifty moneyers are known.

CEOLVVLF I., 819.

The appropriation of coins to this king is conjectural. The name occurs as CIOLVVLF or CEOLVVLF REX M, or MI or MCI or MERCI.

BEORNVVLF, 820-824.

Obverse, BEORNVVLF or BEORNWVLF REX, REX M, etc., with bust. Reverse, moneyer’s name.

LUDICA or LUDICAN, 824, 825.

Obverse, LVDICA REX or RX, ME with bust. Reverse, moneyer’s name, with cross, etc.

WIGLAF, 825-839.

Obverse, VVIGLAF REX M and bust. Reverse, moneyer’s name, with cross.

BERTHVVLF, 839-852.

Obverse, bust, and name BERHTVLF or BERHTVVLF REX or REX M. Reverse, moneyer’s name, with cross, etc.; one has a tall cross between T A, and another the Christian monogram

within the inner circle. About twenty moneyers are known.

BURGHRED, 852-874.

Obverse, bust, and name BVRGRED or BVRGRD; RE, REX, or RECX M. Reverse, moneyer’s name, usually in a line across the middle of the coin with MON above and ETA below. About one hundred and fifty varieties of moneyers’ names are known.

CEOLVVLF II., 874.

The coins of this last of the Mercian kings are not very satisfactorily to be distinguished from those of Ceolvvlf I. They bear a bust and CIOLVVLF or CEOLVVLF REX.

KINGS OF THE EAST ANGLES. BEONNA.

Beonna or Beorn was contemporary with Offa. Obverse, BEONNA REX. Reverse, a cross within a square, from whose angles lines of dots project, and letters.

EADVALD, 819-827.

Obverse, EADVALD REX in three lines. Reverse, moneyer’s name.

ÆTHELSTAN I., circa 828-837.

Obverse, bust or letter A, and name ETHELTTAN or ETHELZTAN REX or REX ANG. Reverse, moneyer’s name, of which several varieties are known.

ETHELWARD, circa 837-850.

Same general character as the others, with ETHELWARD, AETHELVVEARD, ETHELVVEARD, or ETHELOARO, RE or REX. Reverse, crosses and moneyers’ names.

BEORHTRIC, circa 852.

Obverse, letter A or AM, and name BEORHTRIC, BEORMIRIC, or BEORCHTRIC, RE or REX. Reverse, moneyer’s name, etc.

EADMUND, OR ST. EADMUND, 855-870.

Obverse, letter A or cross and crescent, and name EADMVND or ADMVND; RE, RX, or REX, AN. Reverse, moneyers’ names, etc., of which above thirty varieties are known.

ÆTHELSTAN II., 870-890.

Obverse, letter A or cross and name EDELSTIN, EDELSTAN, EDILARE, etc.; R, RE, or REX, A or AN. Reverse, moneyer’s name, of which several varieties are known.

KINGS OF NORTHUMBERLAND. ECGFRITH, 670-685.

Obverse, cross and name ECGFRID REX. Reverse, radiated cross and LVX.

ALDFRID, 685-705.

Obverse, cross and name ALDFRIDVS. Reverse, a four-footed animal.

EADBERHT, 737-758.

Nothing can be definitely asserted as to the coins of this king; those ascribed to him may belong to Ecgberht.

MOLL ETHILWALD, 759-765.

Two coins have been attributed to him, the name on the obverse being on one EDI[L]HD[L]V, and on the other ATHBADIV.

ALCHRED, 765.

Coins supposed to belong to him bear the name ALCHRED or A[L]CHRED.

ELFWALD, 779-788.

Some sceattæ bearing the word E[L]FVA[L]V or VALD[F][E]LA on one side, and a quadruped on the other, have been ascribed to him.

HEARDULF, 794-806.

Obverse, HEARDVLF. Reverse, moneyer’s name, of which six are known.

ELFWALD II., 806-808.

The coins assigned to this king are uncertain.

EANRED, 808-840.

About two thousand coins of Eanred were found some years back at Hexham. His name is variously spelled, as EANRED REX, and the like, and the variety of names of moneyers numbers about a hundred.

ÆTHELRED II., 840-848.

About two thousand coins of this king were found at Hexham. Some bear his own name and that of his father Eanred. The name is spelled EDELRED, EDE[L]RED, AEILRED, AEDELRED, or AEDILRED, R or REX; and the reverse, the moneyer’s name and a device; the varieties of moneyers’ names numbering about a hundred.

REDULF, 844.

About a hundred of his stycas were found at Hexham. Obverse, cross and REDVLF, REDVVLF, REDVL, or REDVLE, RE RX or REX. Reverse, moneyers’ name, of which about a score of varieties are known.

OSBERCHT, 848-867.

Obverse, name OSBERCHT, OSBERCHTE, OSBERCHE, OSBERCHEC, OSBRCHT, OSBERH, or OSBVEHT; R, RE, or REX. Reverse, moneyers’ names, of which about twenty varieties are known.

ÆLLA, 862-867.

It is doubtful whether the stycas said to belong to this king are correctly appropriated.

HALFDEN, 875-883.

From the time of Halfden both sceattæ and stycas ceased to be coined. A penny and a halfpenny of his were found at Cuerdale. Obverse, cross and ALFDENE or VLFDENE, RX or REX. Reverse, moneyer’s name.

SITRIC.

Obverse, SITRIC COMEZ in two lines across the coin, with crosses between; reverse, moneyer’s name in lines across the coin.

CNUT, 883-900.

Of Cnut no fewer than 2534 coins were found at Cuerdale in 1840. Obverse, CNVT, CNVTI, CVNNETTI (differently abbreviated), CNT, etc.; R, RN, RX, RIX, REX, etc. Some have a cross of various forms with the letters CNVT terminating the four limbs, thus

Reverse, extremely varied, with crosses and other devices, and moneyers’ town or names, as EBRAICE CIVITAS, MIRABILA FECIT, SIEFREDVS, etc.

SIEFRID, circa 900.

Obverse, crosses and name, as SIEFREDVS, SIEVERT, SIEVERTI, or SIUERT; R, RE, or REX. The cross with letters at ends of the limbs occurs on some, as

Reverse,names of moneyer or town with cross, etc., and on some the word

ALWALD, 901-905.

Obverse, ALVALDVS or ALVVALDV. Reverse, DNS DS REX in two lines across the coin.

SITRIC, circa 921-926.

Obverse, SITRIC REX in two lines across the coin divided by a sword; SITRIC CVNVNC A with trefoil ornament; or LVDO SITRC in two lines with sword between, and hammer of Thor below, dividing the lower word. Reverse, crosses and crescents and lettering.

ERIC, 927-954.

Obverse. ERIC REX A, or AL, EBOR, EF, EN, IO, N or NO, or TO, in two lines divided by a sword. Reverse, moneyer’s name, etc.

REGNALD, 912-944.

Obverse, trefoil interlaced knot, or cross, and name, REGNALD CVNVL, or REG CVNVNC. Reverse, cross or “Danish Standard,” and AVRA MONITRE or BA[ldri]C NOTR AL, etc.

ANLAF.

Obverse, cross, “Danish Raven,” or interlaced trefoil knot, and the name ANLAF, ONLAF or ONLOF, REX, or CVNVNC, T D or other letters. Reverse, cross, Danish Raven, or Danish Standard, and moneyer’s name, followed by MONETA, MONE, MONETR, MINETER, etc., etc. About twenty varieties of moneyers’ names are known. One reverse has the moneyer’s name, RADVLF, in a line across the coin, with a flower and leaves above, and flowers below.

KINGS OF THE WEST SAXONS, etc. ECGBEORHT.

Obverse, profile, cross, or other device with name ECGBEARHT, AEGCBEARHT, or HECBEARHT; R, RE, or REX; SAX or SAXO. Reverse, crescents, tribrach, monogram, or cross and moneyer’s name, of which there are about thirty varieties known.

ETHELWLF, 837-856.

Obverse, cross, bust, or monogram, etc., and name ETHELVVLF, ÆTHELVVLF, AETHLVLF, ETHELVLF, ETHELVVLFI, or other form; R, RE, REX, or REXX. Reverse, cross, monogram, or other device, and moneyer’s name. On some the titles of the king are continued on the reverse, as CANT, SAXONIORVM, OCCIDENTALIVM, etc. About sixty varieties of moneyer’s names are known.

AETHELBEARHT; 856-866.

Obverse, bust with name AETHELBEARHT or AETHEBEARHT, RE or REX. Reverse, cross or other device, and moneyer’s name, etc. The one engraved bears in a cross the moneyer’s name [+] DEGBEARHT, and MO of MONETA, the last four letters of which (NETA) are between the limbs of the cross. Sixty varieties of moneyers’ names are known.

AETHELRED, 866-871.

Obverse, bust, or in one instance front of a temple, and name, AETHELRED, ETHELRED, EDELRED, ATHELERED, or ATHLEDI; REX or REX ANG. Reverse, cross, or other device, and moneyer’s name, of which about thirty varieties are known.

AELFRED, 872-901.

Obverse, bust of the king on many coins, on others a cross or other device, with the name ÆLFRED, ÆLFRD, ÆLFD, EL, ELFRED, or AELFRED; R, RE, RX or REX; S, SAX, SAXONVM, etc. Reverse, various devices and moneyers’ names, of which about two hundred varieties are known. Some of his coins bear the monogram of London, or rather Londini, sometimes with or without the moneyer’s name, and MONETA and others with monograms of other places of mintage. The variety of forms and devices upon Alfred’s coins is exceptionally great.

EDWEARD THE ELDER, 901-925.

Obverse, bust, cross, star, or other device, and name EADVVEARD REX SAXONVM. On some there is no device, and the name is arranged in three lines across the coin. Reverse, cross, building, bird, flower, or other device, and moneyer’s name, etc., of which there are about 130 varieties known.

AETHELSTAN, 925-941.

Obverse, crowned bust or cross, and name ÆTHELSTAN, ETHELSTAN, ÆDELSTAN, or abbreviated; R or REX, or REX SAXORVM, or REX TOTIVS BRITANNIÆ, etc. Reverse, cross, building, or other device, and name of moneyer, etc. On some the name is in lines across the coin, and some are devoid of all ornament. The names upon these coins, of towns where minted, are Derby, Bath, Southampton, Canterbury, Exeter, York, Gloucester, Hereford, Leicester, London, Langport, Norwich, Oxford, Rochester, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Nottingham, Stafford, Worcester, Wallingford, Wareham, and Winchester, and the number of known varieties of moneyers’ names closely approaches 220.

EADMUND, 941-946.

Obverse, bust, or cross and name, as EADMVND, or EDMEVNDI, REX. Reverse, small cross in centre of inner circle and moneyer’s name, or the name in lines across. The places of mintage are London, York, Exeter, Southampton, Leicester, Oxford, and Norwich, and the number of varieties of moneyer’s names over 160.

EADRED, 946-955.

Obverse, bust, or cross, etc., and name, as EADRED or ETHRED REX, or REX ANGLOR, or REX SAXORVM. Reverse, moneyer’s name, either in the usual way or in lines across, and small cross or other device. The known towns of mintage on these coins are Exeter, Lincoln, and Norwich, and the number of varieties of moneyers’ names is over 160.

EADWIG, 955-959.

Obverse, bust or cross, and name, as EADVVIG REX. Reverse, moneyer’s name, etc., in usual way or in lines, with cross or other device. The towns of mintage are Exeter, Bedford, York, Southampton, Hereford, Huntingdon, London, Norwich, Worcester, and Winchester, and there are sixty known varieties of moneyers’ names.

SOLE MONARCHS. EADGAR, 959-975.

Obverse, bust or cross, and name, as EADGAR REX, or REX ANGLOR, or other abbreviation of ANGLORVM, or TO BI, or TOTIVS BRITANNIÆ. Reverse, moneyer’s names, etc. The towns of mintage are Bath, Bedford, Canterbury, Derby, Exeter, Ely, York, Canterbury, Gloucester, Ipswich, Southampton, Rochester, Huntingdon, Tutberge, Lewes, Leicester, Lyminge, Lincoln, Lynn, London, Malmesbury, Norwich, Oxford, Shrewsbury, St. Edmundsbury, Stamford, Thetford, Teignmouth, Wallingford, Winchelsea, Wilton, and Winchester; and the varieties in names of moneyers are almost innumerable.

EADWARD (II.) THE MARTYR, 975-978.

Obverse, bust, or cross, and name, as EADPEARD or EADVVEARD, REX, ANG, ANL, or ANGLORVM, more or less abbreviated. Reverse, moneyers’, etc., names as usual. The towns of mintage are Bath, Bedford, Canterbury, Chester, Derby, Exeter, York, Ipswich, Gloucester, Cambridge, Southampton, Hertford, Lewes, Leicester, Lincoln, Lyminge, Lydford, London, Norwich, Oxford, St. Edmundsbury, Stamford, Tamworth, Thetford, and Winchester; the varieties in names of moneyers being above a hundred.

AETHELRED II., 978-1016.

Obverse, bust of varied character with or without sceptre, etc., or Agnus Dei, with name, as ÆDELRED, EDELRED, or EDELRÆD, REX, ANG, ANGL, ANGM, or ANGLORVM, etc. Reverse, various crosses and other devices, or hand from heaven between A ω, and moneyer and town names. The known names of mintages are Bath, Bedford, Buckingham, Canterbury, Cambridge, Chichester, Chester, Colchester, Derby, Dublin, Dover, Dorchester, Exeter, Godalming, Gloucester, Ilchester, Ipswich, Hertford, Hereford, Huntingdon, Jedburgh, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Southampton, Sudbury, Lewes, Lancaster, Leicester, Lyminge, Lincoln, London, Lydford, Maldon, Malmesbury, Norwich, Oxford, Reading, Winchester, Castle Rising, Rochester, Stafford, Thetford, Totnes, Torksey, Warwick, Wallingford, Watchet, Worcester, Wilton, and Winchester.

CNUT, 1016-1035.

Obverse, bust, much varied, on some mitred, with or without sceptre, and name, as CNVT, REX, RECX, RECCX, or RXC; A, AN, ANGL, or ANGLORUM, etc. Reverse, various crosses, etc., and moneyers’ and town names. Of the latter the following are known:—Bardney, Bath, Bedford, Bristol, Buckingham, Cadbury, Chichester, Cambridge, Castle Rising, Chepstow, Chester, Chichester, Canterbury, Colchester, Cricklade, Crewkerne, Dorchester, Dublin, Exeter, Ely, Ilchester, Ipswich, Gloucester, Godmanchester, Hastings, Hertford, Hereford, Huntingdon, Hythe, Lewes, Leyton, Langport, Leicester, Lydford, London, Maldon, Malmesbury, Norwich, Nottingham, Oxford, Ribchester, Romney, Rochester, Salisbury, Sandwich, Southampton, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Steyning, Stamford, Stafford, Southwark, Taunton, Thetford, Totnes, Warwick, Watchet, Wallingford, Worcester, Wilton, Winchester, and York.

HAROLD I., 1035-1040.

Obverse, bust, varied, and name, as HARALD, HAROLD, HLOD, or HARE ..., R, RE, REX, or RECX, A, or AN. Reverse, cross, varied, and names of moneyer and town. The mint towns are Bath, Bedford, Bristol, Canterbury, Cambridge, Chichester, Colchester, Dover, Exeter, Ipswich, Lewes, Leicester, Lincoln, London, Norwich, Oxford, Rochester, Salisbury, Southampton, Nottingham, Stafford, Thetford, Warwick, Wilton, Wallingford, Worcester, Winchester, and York.

HARTHACNUT, 1040-1042.

Obverse, bust, varied, and name, as HARTHACNVT, HARTHECNVT, ARTHECNVT, HARNATHECN, or abbreviations, R, RE, or REX, and in one instance, AN. Reverse, cross, varied, and moneyer and town names. The latter, as known, are Bath, Bristol, Chester, Dover, Exeter, Guildford, Gloucester, Hereford, Huntingdon, London, Lincoln, Norwich, Nottingham, Oxford, Salisbury, Stamford, Steyning, Southwark, Warwick, Worcester, and Winchester.

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, 1042-1066.

Obverse, bust, varied, or king seated on throne with full regalia, and name, as EDWERD, EDWARD, EDWEARD, EADWARD, EADVVEARDVS, EADVEARD, etc., R, RE, or REX, ANGLORVM, more or less abbreviated. Reverse, cross, varied, and other devices, or PAX across the field, or the arms, a cross between four martlets, etc., and moneyers’ and mintage town names, among the known places of which are Aylesbury, Bath, Derby, Hastings, Southampton, Bedford, Bedwin, Berkeley, Bristol, Canterbury, Chichester, Cricklade, Colchester, Salisbury, Dover, Dorchester, St. Edmundsbury, Exeter, Lewes, York, Ilchester, Ipswich, Gloucester, Guildford, Hastings, Cambridge, Southampton, Hertford, Hereford, Horningdon, Huntingdon, Hythe, Longport, Leicester, Chester, Lincoln, London, Maldon, Malmesbury, Newport, Norwich, Oxford, Castle Rising, Rochester, Winchester, Sandwich, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Nottingham, Stamford, Stafford, Steyning, Sudbury, Southwark, Tamworth, Taunton, Thetford, Teignmouth, Warwick, Wallingford, Watchet, Wareham, Worcester, Wilton, Winchester, and York. About two thousand coins of this king were found near Steyning.

HAROLD II., 1066.

Although Harold reigned only nine months before his death at the battle of Hastings, there are several varieties of his coins known. They have the bust on the obverse, with the name HAROLD REX ANG, or ANGL; and on the reverse the word PAX across the field within the inner circle, and the moneyers’ and mintage town names. The names of known towns are Hastings, Bedford, Bristol, Canterbury, Chichester, Colchester, Cricklade, Derby, Dover, York, Exeter, Ilchester, Guildford, Ipswich, Gloucester, Cambridge, Hereford, Southampton, Huntingdon, Lewes, Leicester, Chester, Lincoln, London, Maldon, Norwich, Oxford, Rochester, Romney, Shaftesbury, Nottingham, Shrewsbury, Stamford, Steyning, Southwark, Taunton, Thetford, Warwick, Wallingford, Wareham, Winchester, Worcester, and Wilton; and the variety in the names of moneyers numbers over a hundred.

SAINTS AND ECCLESIASTICS.

Coins bearing the names of St. Eadmund, St. Peter, and St. Martin. Of the first of these nearly 1800 were found at Cuerdale, and therefore they must have been struck before 905; they bear in one form or other the name of the saint. The next, vulgarly known as “Peter’s Pence,” are supposed to have been struck somewhere between 905 and 941; and those of St. Martin from 921 to 942.

Archbishops, bishops and abbots, were in early times permitted to coin money. Those known before the time of Æthelstan’s decree that all the money in the kingdom should be uniform, are the following: of Canterbury, Archbishops Jaenbrht, 736-790; Æthelheard, 790-803; Vulfred, 803-830; Ceolnoth, 830-870; Ethered, 871-891; and Plegmund, 891-923. Of York, Archbishops Eanbald, 796; and Vigmund, 831-854.

ENGLISH COINS,
FROM THE CONQUEST DOWN TO THE REIGN OF VICTORIA.

ENGLISH COINS.
FROM THE CONQUEST DOWN TO THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA.

WILLIAM I. and WILLIAM II.
(1066 to 1087, and 1087 to 1100.)

The coins of William the Conqueror and his son William Rufus cannot, with any degree of certainty, be distinguished the one from the other; their appropriation is therefore purely conjectural.

Denominations.—Silver. Pennies only.

Obverse.—Type. Crowned bust, sometimes full-faced, at others in dexter or sinister profile; on some the shoulders and arm extending to the edge of the coin, on others the whole confined within the inner circle; sometimes with tassel, or pendant, hanging from the crown on either side (“bonnet” type), or with a canopy over the head (“canopy” type). On one or both sides of the bust is generally a sceptre, or star; or sceptre on one side and star on the other; or sword. Those usually ascribed to the first William are those with the sceptres only; the others are attributed to William II. But this is entirely supposititious.

Legend. PILEM. [1] PILELM. PILLEM. PILLELM. PILEMV. PILLEMV.PILLEMVS, etc.— R. or REX.— A. AN. ANG. ANGL. ANGLO. ANGLOR., etc.

Reverse.—Type. Crosses in considerable variety, including fleury, battonée, annulæ, voided, etc.; others terminating in pellets, knots, etc.; cross and saltire; cross and lozenge; cross and annulets, etc. One type of common occurrence has, in circles between the limbs of the cross, the letters P A X S. In all cases the device is confined within the inner circle.

Legend. Mint master’s and town names, as GODPINE ON LIN, which signifies that it was struck by Godwine of Lincoln; SIPORD ON PINC, by Siward of Winchester; ESBRN ON SERBR, by Osbern of Salisbury; SIBODE ON LVNDEN; and so on. About sixty or seventy different places of mintage are known.

Rarity. Some scarce; those with the canopy over the head exceedingly so. Those with P A X S are common.

HENRY I. (1100 to 1135.)

Denominations.—Silver. Pennies only.

Obverse.—Type. Crowned bust, sometimes full-faced, at others three-quarter faced, or in dexter or sinister profile; generally with a sceptre in the right hand, sometimes one, two, or three stars, or a rose before the face. In some instances the figure is half length and full robed, showing right hand holding sceptre, and left extended. There are many varieties.

Legend. H. HNRI. HNRE. HENRI. HENRIE. HENRIC. HNRICVS. or HENRICVS.—R. RE. or REX.—A. AN. ANG. or ANGL.

Reverse.—Type. Crosses of the same general character as those of previous monarchs; quatrefoils with crosses, pellets, bezants, roses, etc., in them; others the letters P A X, bars and annulets.

Legend. Mint master’s and town names. About eighty moneyers’ names are known. One example has the legend in two circles.

Rarity. All rare; some types extremely so.

STEPHEN. (1135 to 1154.)

Denominations.—Silver. Pennies only.