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Scientific American Supplement, No. 803, May 23, 1891
Various |
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Scientific American Supplement, No. 810, July 11, 1891
Various |
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Scientific American Supplement, No. 821, September 26, 1891
Various |
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Scientific American Supplement, No. 829, November 21, 1891
Various |
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Scientific American Supplement, No. 832, December 12, 1891
Various |
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Scientific American Supplement, No. 841, February 13, 1892
Various |
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Scientific American, September 29, 1883 Supplement. No. 404
Various |
![Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.—No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880 / A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures](data:image/png;base64,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) 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Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.—No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880 / A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures
Various |
![Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX.—No. 24. [New Series.], December 14, 1878 / A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures](data:image/png;base64,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) 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Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX.—No. 24. [New Series.], December 14, 1878 / A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures
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![Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX.No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878](data:image/png;base64,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) 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Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX.No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878
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