FOOTNOTES
[1] E. Acton (1909) has described a primitive lichen Botrydina vulgaris, in which there is no fruiting stage, and in which the fungus seems to show affinity with a Hyphomycete.
[2] Luyken 1809.
[3] Hornschuch 1819.
[4] Raab 1819.
[5] Dillenius 1741, p. 200.
[6] Wallroth 1825.
[7] Agardh 1820.
[9] Schwendener 1867.
[10] Fink 1913.
[11] Lindsay 1876.
[12] Nylander 1869.
[13] Crombie 1891.
[14] Nylander 1891.
[15] Crombie 1874.
[16] Crombie 1877.
[17] Crombie 1885.
[18] Fink 1913.
[19] Elfving 1913.
[20] Moreau 1918.
[21] Peirce 1898.
[22] French 1898.
[23] Morison 1699.
[24] Tournefort 1694 and 1700.
[25] Dillenius 1741.
[26] Krempelhuber 1867-1872.
[27] Grete Herball 1526.
[28] Ruel 1536.
[29] Dorstenius 1540.
[30] Camerarius 1586.
[31] Tabernaemontanus 1590.
[32] L’Obel 1576.
[33] Dodoens 1583.
[34] Gerard 1597.
[35] Schwenckfeld 1600.
[36] Colonna 1606.
[37] Bauhin 1623, pp. 360-2.
[38] Parkinson 1640.
[39] How 1650.
[40] Merrett 1666.
[41] Plot 1686.
[42] Morison 1699.
[43] Ray 1670.
[44] Ray 1686.
[45] Ray 1690.
[46] Petiver 1695.
[47] Plukenet 1691-1696.
[48] Malpighi 1686.
[49] Porta 1688.
[50] Tournefort 1694.
[51] Tournefort 1700.
[52] Rupp 1718.
[53] Buxbaum 1721.
[54] Vaillant 1727.
[55] Dillenius 1724 and 1741.
[56] Micheli 1729.
[57] Dillenius 1719.
[58] See Druce and Vines 1907.
[59] Crombie 1880.
[60] Haller 1742.
[61] Linnaeus 1753.
[62] Schneider 1897.
[63] Hill 1751. Hill’s genus Collema is Nostoc, etc.
[64] Hill 1760.
[65] Watson 1759.
[66] Scopoli 1760.
[67] Adanson 1763.
[68] Hudson 1762 and 1778.
[69] Withering 1776.
[70] Lightfoot 1777.
[71] Dickson 1785.
[72] Weber 1780.
[73] Sibthorp 1794.
[74] Relhan 1785 and 1820.
[75] Smith 1790.
[76] Hoffmann 1798.
[77] Persoon 1794.
[78] Buxbaum 1728.
[79] Petiver 1712.
[80] Sloane 1796 and 1807.
[81] Swartz 1788 and 1791.
[82] Desfontaines 1798-1800.
[83] Georgi 1797.
[84] Willomet, etc. 1787.
[85] Acharius 1798.
[86] Acharius 1803.
[87] Acharius 1810.
[88] Acharius 1814.
[89] Hue 1908.
[90] De Candolle 1805.
[91] Flörke 1815-1819.
[92] Davies 1813.
[93] Forster 1816.
[94] S. F. Gray 1821.
[95] Carrington 1870.
[96] See List of the Books, etc. by John Edward Gray, p. 3, 1872.
[97] Hooker 1821.
[98] Hooker 1831.
[99] Greville 1823-1827.
[100] Greville 1824.
[101] Hooker 1833.
[102] Taylor 1836.
[103] Fries 1831.
[104] Fée 1824.
[105] Flörke 1828.
[106] Wallroth 1829.
[107] Delise 1822.
[108] Chevalier 1824.
[109] Wallroth 1825.
[110] Meyer 1825.
[111] Holle 1849.
[112] Koerber 1839.
[113] Michaux 1803.
[114] Mühlenberg 1813.
[115] Torrey 1819.
[116] Halsey 1824.
[117] Tuckerman 1839.
[118] Fée 1824.
[119] Martius 1833.
[120] Montagne 1851.
[121] Hooker 1841.
[122] Schaerer 1850.
[123] Eschweiler 1824.
[124] Fée 1824.
[125] De Notaris 1846.
[126] Massalongo 1852.
[127] Norman 1852.
[128] Koerber 1855.
[129] Mudd 1861.
[130] Lindsay 1856.
[131] Leighton 1851, etc.
[132] See Hue 1899.
[133] Nylander 1854 and 1855.
[134] Tulasne 1852.
[135] Lauder Lindsay 1859.
[136] Itzigsohn 1854-1855.
[137] Speerschneider 1853.
[138] Sachs 1855.
[139] Thwaites 1849.
[140] Schwendener 1863-1868.
[141] Leighton 1851.
[142] Leighton 1854.
[143] Leighton 1856.
[144] Mudd 1865.
[145] Th. Fries 1858.
[146] Schwendener 1867.
[147] Nylander 1874.
[148] Crombie 1885.
[149] Lett 1890.
[150] Fünfstück 1898.
[151] Zahlbruckner 1903-1907.
[152] Ventenat 1794, p. 36.
[153] Cassini 1817, p. 395.
[154] Agardh 1820.
[155] Scopoli 1760, p. 79.
[156] Persoon 1794, p. 17.
[157] Sprengel 1804, p. 325.
[158] Wallroth 1825, I.
[159] Wallroth 1825, I., p. 303.
[160] Fries 1831, pp. lvi and lvii.
[161] Kützing 1843.
[162] Thwaites 1849, pp. 219 and 241.
[163] Flotow 1850.
[164] Sachs 1855.
[165] Itzigsohn 1855.
[166] Itzigsohn 1854.
[167] Hicks 1860 and 1861.
[168] Speerschneider 1853.
[169] Famintzin and Baranetzky 1867.
[170] Baranetzky 1869.
[171] Itzigsohn 1867.
[172] Bayrhoffer 1851.
[173] Tulasne 1852.
[174] Speerschneider 1854.
[175] de Bary 1866, p. 242.
[176] Schwendener 1860, p. 125.
[177] de Bary 1866, p. 291.
[178] Nylander 1870.
[179] Elfving 1903 and 1913.
[181] Minks 1878 and 1879.
[182] Müller 1878 and 1884.
[183] Zukal 1884.
[184] Darbishire 1895¹.
[185] Schwendener 1860, etc.
[186] Schwendener 1867.
[187] Schwendener 1868, p. 195.
[188] Schwendener 1869.
[189] Rees 1871.
[190] Bornet 1872.
[191] The authors quoted have been followed in their designation of the various green algae that form lichen gonidia. It is however now recognized (Wille 1913) that either Protococcus viridis Ag., Chlorella or other Protococcaceae may form the universal green coating on trees, etc., and be incorporated as lichen gonidia. Pleurococcus vulgaris Naeg. and Pleurococcus Naegeli Chod. are synonyms of Protococcus viridis. In that alga there is no pyrenoid, and no zoospores are formed.
The genus Cystococcus, according to Chodat (1913), is characterized by the presence of a pyrenoid and by reproduction with zoospores and is identical with Pleurococcus vulgaris Menegh. (non Naeg.), though Wille regards Meneghini’s species as of mixed content. Paulson and Hastings (1920) now find that Chodat’s pyrenoid is the nucleus of the cell.
[192] Woronin 1872.
[193] Archer 1873, 1874, 1875.
[194] Bornet 1873 and 1874.
[195] Treub 1873.
[196] Borzi 1875.
[197] Stahl 1877.
[198] Bonnier 1886 and 1889.
[199] Bonnier was probably experimenting with an Arthopyrenia. Verrucaria species combine with Protococcus or according to Chodat with Coccobotrys gen. nov.
[200] Nylander 1858.
[201] Fuisting 1868, p. 674.
[202] Winter 1876, p. 264.
[203] Stahl 1877.
[205] Wainio 1890, 2, p. 29.
[206] Reinke 1872, p. 108.
[207] Reinke 1873¹.
[208] Reinke 1873², p. 98.
[209] Frank 1876.
[210] de Bary 1879.
[211] Bornet 1873.
[212] Hedlund 1892.
[213] Peirce 1899.
[214] Hue 1915.
[215] Lindau 1895¹.
[216] Peirce 1899.
[217] Claassen 1914.
[218] Frank 1876.
[219] Lindau 1895.
[220] Bachmann 1913.
[221] Cunningham 1879.
[222] Ward 1884.
[223] Jennings 1895.
[224] Fitting 1910.
[225] Bornet 1873.
[226] Bonnier 1889².
[227] Schwendener 1867.
[228] Elenkin 1902¹ and 1904¹, 1904².
[229] Elenkin 1906².
[230] Danilov 1910.
[231] Paulson and Hastings 1920.
[232] Nienburg 1917.
[233] Zukal 1891.
[234] Sutherland 1915.
[235] Beyerinck 1890.
[236] Artari 1902.
[238] Artari 1902.
[239] Treboux 1912.
[240] Chodat 1913.
[241] See Paulson and Hastings 1920.
[242] Keeble 1910.
[243] Reinke 1872.
[244] Dufrenoy 1918.
[245] Artari 1899.
[246] Etard and Bouilhac 1898.
[247] Radais 1900.
[248] Artari 1901.
[249] Chodat 1913.
[250] Treboux 1905.
[251] Marshall Ward 1884.
[252] Uhlir 1915.
[253] Tobler 1911.
[254] Zopf 1907.
[255] Chambers 1912.
[256] Chodat 1913.
[257] See note Paulson and Hastings, p. 28.
[258] Chodat 1913.
[259] Gargeaune 1911.
[260] Servettaz 1913.
[262] Wettstein 1915.
[263] Meyer 1825.
[264] Holle 1849.
[265] Tulasne 1852.
[266] Bonnier 1889².
[267] Term coined by Lindau (1899) to describe the pseudo-cellular tissue of lichens and fungi now referred to as “plectenchyma.”
[268] Wainio 1897.
[269] Möller 1887.
[270] Tobler 1909.
[271] Wahrlich 1893.
[272] Baur 1898.
[273] Darbishire 1899.
[274] Kienitz-Gerloff 1902.
[275] Meyer 1902.
[276] Salter 1902.
[277] Nylander (1866) gave the term “gonimia” to the blue-green algae of the Phycolichens, retaining the term “gonidia” for the bright-green algae of the Archilichens: the distinction is not now maintained.
[278] For further details [see also the chapter on Classification].
[280] Krempelhuber 1873.
[281] Chodat 1913.
[282] Paulson and Hastings 1920.
[283] Paulson in litt.
[284] Acton 1909.
[285] Bialosuknia 1909.
[286] Hue 1905.
[287] Deckenbach 1893.
[288] In a comparative study of leaf algae from Ceylon and Barbadoes, N. Thomas (1913) came to the conclusion that Marshall Ward’s alga in its early stages is the same as Phyllactidium tropicum Moebius; and that the Barbadoes alga with which she was working represented the older stages, it being then subcuticular in habit, forming rhizoids, barren and sterile aerial hairs and subcuticular zoosporangia.
[289] De Toni 1889.
[290] Bornet 1873.
[291] Fünfstück 1899.
[292] Hedlund 1892.
[293] Zukal 1895, p. 19.
[294] Moebius 1888.
[295] Frank 1876, p. 158.
[296] Stahl 1877.
[297] Neubner 1893.
[298] Krabbe 1891.
[299] Forssell 1885.
[300] Hue 1910.
[301] Harmand 1913, p. 1050.
[302] Forssell 1886.
[303] See Chap. VII.
[304] Lindau 1895.
[305] Darbishire 1897.
[306] Nienburg 1917.
[307] Bonnier 1888 and 1889².
[308] Bonnier 1889.
[309] Forssell 1884, p. 34.
[310] Zahlbruckner 1902.
[311] Lindau 1899.
[312] Reinke 1895.
[313] Zukal 1895, p. 562.
[314] Zahlbruckner 1907.
[315] Hue 1899.
[316] Wainio has adopted this term for growing hyphae 1897, p. 33.
[317] Tulasne 1852.
[318] Zukal 1895.
[319] Zukal 1895.
[320] Schwendener 1866.
[321] Schwendener 1863.
[322] Hue 1906.
[324] Malinowski 1911.
[325] Steiner 1881.
[326] Fünfstück 1899.
[327] Bachmann 1913.
[329] Friedrich 1906.
[330] Bachmann 1907.
[331] Bachmann 1904.
[332] Bachmann 1904.
[333] Stahlecker 1906.
[334] Lang 1903.
[335] Fünfstück 1899.
[336] Darbishire 1897.
[337] Frank 1876.
[338] Bornet 1873, p. 81.
[339] Lindau 1895.
[340] Bitter 1899.
[342] Friedrich 1906.
[345] Schwendener 1860, 1863 and 1868.
[346] Zukal 1895, p. 1305.
[347] Hue 1906.
[348] Heber Howe 1912.
[349] Hue 1911.
[350] Schwendener 1863, p. 180.
[351] Darbishire 1897.
[352] Rosendahl 1907.
[355] Rosendahl 1907.
[356] Meyer 1902.
[358] Nylander 1858.
[359] Hue 1898.
[360] Rosendahl 1907.
[361] Darbishire 1912.
[362] Porter 1919.
[363] Darbishire 1897.
[364] Schwendener 1860.
[365] Rosendahl 1907.
[366] Meyer 1902.
[367] Reinke 1895, p. 186.
[368] Bitter 1901.
[369] Sernander 1901.
[370] Parfitt in Leighton 1871, p. 470.
[371] Galløe 1915.
[372] Bitter 1899.
[373] Sturgis 1890.
[375] Darbishire 1898.
[376] Darbishire 1895.
[377] Brandt 1906.
[378] Hue 1906.
[379] Haberlandt 1896.
[380] Schulte 1904.
[382] Lutz 1894.
[383] Peirce 1898.
[384] Zopf 1903.
[385] Lindau 1895.
[386] Brandt 1906.
[387] Porter 1916.
[388] Darbishire 1898.
[389] Wainio 1880.
[390] Krabbe 1891.
[391] Wainio 1897.
[392] Wainio 1880.
[393] Krabbe 1891.
[394] Krabbe 1891.
[395] Baur 1904.
[396] Wainio 1880.
[397] Chodat 1913.
[398] Wainio 1897.
[399] Baur 1904.
[400] Wainio 1897.
[401] Wainio 1897.
[402] Lindsay 1859, p. 171.
[403] Wainio 1897.
[404] Wainio 1897, p. 9.
[405] Wainio 1880.
[406] Krabbe 1891.
[407] Necker 1871.
[408] Persoon 1794.
[409] Acharius 1803.
[410] Wallroth 1829, p. 61.
[411] Tulasne 1852.
[412] Koerber 1855.
[413] Reinke 1894.
[414] Sättler 1914.
[415] Nienburg 1908.
[417] Wainio 1897.
[418] Baur 1904.
[419] Wolff 1905.
[420] Aigret 1901.
[421] Wainio 1897.
[422] Wainio 1890, p. 67.
[423] Reinke 1895.
[424] Nylander 1858, p. 63.
[425] Acharius 1810, p. 12.
[426] Haller 1768, p. 85.
[427] Schreber 1791, p. 768.
[428] Meyer 1825, p. 148.
[429] Delise 1822.
[430] Nylander 1858, p. 14.
[431] Nylander 1860, p. 333.
[432] Schwendener 1863, p. 169.
[433] Wainio 1890, I. p. 183.
[434] Schwendener 1863, p. 169.
[435] Stizenberger 1895.
[436] Zukal 1895, p. 1355.
[437] Wainio 1909.
[438] Schwendener 1863, p. 169.
[439] Jatta 1889, p. 48.
[440] Zukal 1895, p. 1357.
[441] Rosendahl 1907.
[442] Zukal 1895.
[443] Reinke 1895, p. 183.
[444] Darbishire 1901.
[445] Brandt 1906.
[446] Bitter 1899.
[447] Nylander 1874².
[448] Bitter 1901².
[449] Zukal 1895, p. 1348.
[450] Acharius 1803.
[451] Hue 1904 and 1910.
[452] Flörke 1815, IV. p. 15.
[453] Wallroth 1825, p. 678.
[454] Th. M. Fries 1858.
[455] Forssell 1884.
[456] Leighton 1869.
[457] Nylander 1878.
[458] Schneider 1897.
[459] Hue 1910.
[460] Hue 1910.
[461] Tuckerman 1875.
[462] Schneider 1897, p. 58.
[463] Nylander 1869.
[464] Bornet 1873, p. 72.
[465] Forssell 1885, p. 24.
[466] Riddle 1910.
[467] Babikoff 1878.
[468] Th. M. Fries 1866.
[469] Winter 1877.
[470] Schneider 1897.
[471] Etard and Bouilhac 1898.
[472] Hue 1910.
[473] Sernander 1907.
[474] Bitter 1904.
[475] Bitter 1904.
[476] Linkola 1913.
[477] Acharius, 1798, p. xix, and 1810, pp. 8 and 10.
[478] Malpighi, 1686, p. 50, pl. 27, fig. 106.
[479] Micheli 1729, pp. 73, 74.
[480] Linnaeus 1737, p. 325.
[481] Hedwig 1798.
[482] Sprengel 1807, Letter XXIII.
[483] Wallroth 1825, I. p. 595.
[484] Koerber 1841.
[485] Schwendener 1860.
[486] Meyer 1825, p. 170.
[487] Krabbe 1891.
[488] Bitter 1901.
[489] Schwendener 1860, p. 137.
[490] Wainio 1897, p. 32.
[491] Reinke 1895, p. 380.
[492] Bitter 1901.
[493] Lesdain 1910.
[494] Schwendener 1860.
[495] Nilson 1903.
[496] Darbishire 1897.
[497] Bitter 1901, p. 191.
[498] Krabbe 1891.
[499] Darbishire 1907.
[500] Tobler 1911², 11.
[501] Bitter 1901².
[502] Lindau 1895.
[503] Nilson 1903.
[504] Bitter 1904.
[505] Acharius 1798, pp. 2, 87.
[506] Fries 1825.
[507] Hooker 1833.
[508] Taylor 1836.
[509] Rosendahl 1907.
[510] Bitter 1899.
[511] Nilson 1903.
[512] Kajanus (Nilson) 1911.
[513] Zopf 1903.
[514] Zopf 1905².
[515] Bitter 1899.
[516] Swartz 1788.
[517] Gmelin 1791.
[518] Woodward 1797.
[519] Fries 1825.
[520] Nylander 1855.
[521] Mattirolo 1881.
[522] Johow 1884.
[523] Wainio 1890.
[524] Möller 1893.
[525] Malpighi 1686.
[526] Tournefort 1694.
[527] Morison 1699.
[528] Micheli 1729.
[529] Micheli, Pls. 52 and 56.
[530] Dillenius 1741.
[531] Linnaeus 1737.
[532] Necker 1771, p. 257.
[533] Scopoli 1772.
[534] Koelreuter 1777.
[535] Hoffmann 1784.
[536] Hedwig 1784.
[537] Acharius 1810.
[538] Hornschuch 1821.
[539] Wallroth 1825.
[540] Meyer 1825.
[541] Sprengel 1804.
[542] Luyken 1809.
[543] Persoon 1801.
[545] Wainio 1890.
[546] Tulasne 1852.
[547] Fuisting 1868.
[548] Stahl 1877.
[549] Borzi 1878.
[550] Baur 1898.
[551] Fünfstück (1902) suggests that the lichen worked at by Baur is Collema cheileum Ach.
[552] Krabbe 1883.
[553] Mäule 1891.
[554] F. Bachmann 1912.
[555] This species of Collema has been described as Collemodes Bachmannianum by Bruce Fink 1918.
[556] F. Bachmann 1913.
[557] Wainio I. 1890.
[558] Wolff 1905.
[559] Stahl 1877.
[560] Forssell 1885².
[561] Zukal 1887, p. 42.
[562] Borzi 1878.
[563] Lindau 1888.
[564] Mäule 1891.
[565] Darbishire 1900.
[566] Baur 1904.
[567] Lindau 1888.
[568] Darbishire 1900.
[570] Nienburg 1908.
[571] Wainio I. 1890.
[572] Darbishire 1900.
[573] Baur 1901.
[574] Baur 1904.
[575] Nienburg 1908.
[576] Harper 1900.
[577] Guilliermond 1904, p. 60.
[578] Baur 1899.
[579] Sturgis 1890.
[580] Nienburg 1908.
[581] Schwendener 1864.
[582] Wahlberg 1902.
[583] Baur 1904.
[584] Brown 1911.
[585] Moreau 1916.
[586] Lindau 1888.
[587] Fünfstück 1884.
[588] Baur 1904.
[589] Nienburg 1908.
[590] Rosendahl 1907.
[591] Lindau 1888.
[592] Baur 1904.
[593] Wolff 1905.
[594] Fünfstück 1902.
[595] Krabbe 1882.
[596] Baur 1901.
[597] Fünfstück 1902.
[598] Darbishire 1897.
[600] Wolff 1905.
[601] See Chap. VII.
[602] Krabbe 1883 and 1891.
[603] Baur 1904.
[604] Sättler 1914.
[605] See Chap. VII.
[606] Fuisting 1868.
[607] Stahl 1877.
[608] Baur 1904.
[609] Baur 1901.
[610] Krabbe 1882.
[611] Forssell 1883.
[612] Wainio 1890, p. x.
[613] Neubner 1893.
[614] Fünfstück 1884.
[615] Darbishire 1913.
[616] Moreau 1915.
[617] Sturgis 1890.
[618] Metzger 1903.
[619] Baur 1904.
[620] Moreau 1916.
[621] Krabbe 1882.
[622] Lindau 1899.
[623] Wolff 1905.
[624] Rosendahl 1907.
[625] Bitter 1901².
[626] Baur 1904.
[627] Nienburg 1908.
[628] Krabbe 1882.
[629] Schulte 1904.
[630] Wainio 1890.
[631] Schikorra 1909.
[632] Harper 1900.
[633] Fraser 1907.
[634] Thaxter 1912.
[635] Faull 1911.
[636] Dawson 1900.
[637] Brooks 1910.
[638] Blackman and Welsford 1912.
[639] Lindau 1899.
[640] Van Tieghem 1891.
[641] Zukal 1895.
[642] Wainio 1890.
[643] Steiner 1901.
[645] F. Bachmann 1913.
[646] Cutting 1909.
[647] Darbishire 1900.
[648] Baur 1904.
[650] Stahl 1877.
[651] Baur 1898.
[652] F. Bachmann 1912 and 1913.
[653] Darbishire 1900.
[654] Fitzpatrick 1918.
[655] Harper 1900.
[656] Fünfstück 1902.
[657] Schwendener 1864.
[658] Hue 1906.
[659] Lindau 1899.
[660] Hedwig 1784.
[661] Acharius 1803.
[662] Sprengel 1807.
[663] Luyken 1809.
[664] Eschweiler 1824.
[665] Fée 1824.
[666] Mohl 1833.
[667] Dangeard 1894.
[668] Baur 1904.
[669] Nienburg 1908.
[670] Maire 1903.
[671] Bachmann 1913.
[672] Mohl 1833.
[673] Zukal 1895.
[674] Fée 1824.
[675] Meyer 1825.
[676] Holle 1849.
[677] Tulasne 1852.
[678] De Bary 1866-1867.
[679] Haberlandt 1887.
[680] Zopf 1905.
[681] Massalongo 1852.
[682] Koerber 1855.
[683] Wainio 1. 1890, p. 113.
[684] Harper 1899.
[685] Hue 1911².
[686] Tulasne 1852.
[687] Bornet 1873.
[688] Bonnier 1889².
[689] Maire 1905.
[690] Neubner 1893.
[691] Brefeld 1889.
[693] Bornet 1873.
[694] Bornet’s observations have not been repeated, and it is possible that he may have been dealing with a parasitic hyphomycetous fungus.
[695] Steiner 1901.
[696] Müller 1881.
[697] Wainio 1890, II. p. 27.
[698] Fée 1873.
[699] Müller 1890.
[700] Tulasne 1851.
[701] Dillenius 1741.
[702] Hedwig 1784 and 1789.
[703] Acharius 1810.
[704] Fries 1831.
[705] Wallroth 1825.
[706] Schaerer 1823-1842.
[707] Flotow 1850.
[708] Itzigsohn 1850.
[709] Tulasne 1851.
[710] Tulasne 1852.
[711] Lindsay 1859 and 1872.
[712] Forssell 1885.
[713] Nienburg 1908.
[714] Möller 1887.
[715] Sturgis 1890.
[716] Nylander 1858, pp. 34, 35.
[717] Nylander, Crombie and others apply the term “sterigma” to the whole spermatiophore. In the more usual restricted sense, it refers only to the short process from which the spermatium is abstricted.
[718] Glück 1899.
[719] Steiner 1901.
[720] Gibelli 1866.
[721] Tulasne 1852.
[722] Nylander 1858.
[723] Corda 1839.
[724] Allescher 1901-3.
[725] Keiszler 1911.
[726] Nylander 1858, p. 37.
[727] Möller 1887.
[728] Istvanffi 1895.
[729] Möller 1888.
[730] Hedlund 1892.
[731] Tulasne 1852.
[732] Müller 1885.
[733] Lindsay 1859 and 1872.
[734] Laubert 1911.
[735] Blackman 1904.
[736] Istvanffi 1895.
[737] Plowright 1889.
[738] Sappin-Trouffy 1896.
[739] Brefeld 1891.
[740] De Bary 1866, p. 7.
[741] Gilson 1893.
[742] Winterstein 1893.
[743] Gilson 1894.
[744] The chemical formula of chitin is given as C₆₀H₁₀₀N₈O₃₈, that of chitosan as C₁₄H₂₆N₂O₁₀.
[745] Escombe 1896.
[746] Wisselingh 1898.
[747] Wester 1909.
[748] Berzelius 1813.
[749] Guérin-Varry 1834.
[750] Mulder 1838.
[751] Berg 1873.
[752] Beilstein ex Errera 1882, p. 16 (note).
[753] Escombe 1896.
[754] Wiesner 1900.
[755] Lacour 1880.
[756] Wisselingh 1898.
[757] Stüde 1864.
[758] Czapek 1905, I. p. 515.
[759] Ulander 1905.
[760] Müller 1905.
[761] Stüde 1864.
[762] Wisselingh 1898.
[763] Schellenberg 1896.
[764] Escombe 1896.
[765] Wester 1909.
[766] Czapek 1905, I. p. 515.
[767] Moreau 1916.
[768] Errera 1882.
[769] Schwendener 1862, p. 231.
[770] De Bary 1866-1867, p. 211.
[771] Gautier 1899.
[772] Herissey 1898.
[773] Czapek 1905, II. p. 257.
[774] Ronceray 1904.
[775] Zopf in Schenk 1890, p. 448.
[776] Knop 1872.
[777] Zopf 1907.
[778] Hamlet and Plowright 1877.
[779] Braconnot 1825.
[780] Zopf 1907.
[781] Errera 1893.
[782] Euler 1908, p. 7.
[783] Rosendahl 1907.
[784] Knop 1872.
[785] Kratzmann 1913.
[786] Zukal 1895, p. 1311.
[787] Kerner and Oliver 1894, p. 235.
[788] Steiner 1881.
[789] Zukal 1884.
[790] Zukal 1886.
[791] Hulth 1891.
[792] Bachmann 1892.
[793] Fünfstück 1895.
[794] Fünfstück 1899.
[795] Bachmann 1904¹.
[796] Lang 1906.
[797] Lang 1906, p. 171.
[798] Bachmann 1892.
[799] Bachmann 1904¹.
[800] Bachmann 1904².
[801] Fünfstück 1895.
[802] Zukal 1895, p. 1372.
[803] Rosendahl 1907.
[804] Zukal 1895.
[805] Fünfstück 1896.
[806] Fünfstück 1899.
[807] Lang 1906.
[808] Beijerinck 1904.
[809] Wehmer 1891.
[810] Stahel 1911.
[812] Pfeffer 1877.
[813] Pfaff 1826.
[814] Herberger 1830.
[815] Knop and Schnederman 1846.
[816] Hesse 1904.
[817] Zopf 1907, p. 179.
[818] Zopf 1907.
[819] Senft 1907.
[820] Tobler 1909.
[821] Keegan 1907.
[822] Schwarz 1880, p. 264.
[823] Schwendener 1863, p. 180.
[824] Fünfstück 1902.
[825] Heber Howe 1913.
[826] Knowles 1913.
[827] West, W. 1905.
[828] Lettau 1914.
[829] Lettau 1914.
[830] Parietin differs chemically from chrysophanic acid of Rheum, etc.
[831] Stenhouse and Groves 1877.
[832] Volkard 1894.
[833] Nylander 1866.
[834] Jumelle 1892.
[835] Sievers 1908.
[836] Zukal 1895.
[837] Beckmann 1907.
[838] Herre 1911².
[839] Sievers 1908.
[840] Jumelle 1892.
[841] Schrenk 1898.
[842] Bonnier 1889².
[843] West 1905.
[844] Sandstede 1904.
[845] Friedrich 1906.
[846] Lindau 1895².
[848] Uloth 1861.
[849] Zopf 1903.
[850] Zopf 1907.
[851] Ohlert 1871.
[853] Uloth 1861.
[854] Egeling 1881.
[855] Buchet 1890.
[856] Bachmann 1904.
[857] Bachmann 1911.
[858] Lang 1903.
[859] Stahlecker 1906.
[860] Bitter 1899.
[861] Zukal 1879.
[862] Kihlman 1890.
[863] Jumelle 1892.
[864] Zopf 1890, p. 489.
[865] Jumelle 1892.
[866] Weir 1919.
[867] Wainio 1897, p. 16.
[868] Nienburg 1908.
[869] Metzger 1903.
[870] Bitter 1899.
[871] Wiesner 1895.
[872] Bitter 1901, p. 465.
[873] Fink 1909.
[874] Galløe 1908.
[875] Zukal 1896.
[876] Bitter 1901.
[877] Maheu 1906.
[878] Wiesner 1895.
[879] R. Paulson, ined.
[880] Krempelhuber 1861.
[881] Zukal 1896, p. 111.
[882] Zukal 1896.
[883] Hedlund 1892, p. 22.
[884] Zopf 1893.
[885] Zopf 1907.
[886] Zopf 1892.
[887] Knop 1872.
[888] Bachmann 1890.
[889] A similar reaction with nitric acid is produced on the blue hypothalline hyphae of Placynthium nigrum.
[890] Knowles 1915.
[891] Rosendahl 1907.
[892] John 1819.
[893] Grimbel 1856.
[894] Molisch 1892.
[895] Nilson 1907.
[896] Meyer 1825, p. 44.
[897] Lindsay 1856.
[898] Berkeley 1857.
[899] Weddell 1869.
[900] Phillips 1878.
[901] Scott Elliot 1907.
[902] Vallot 1896.
[903] Bitter 1901.
[904] Heere 1904.
[905] Krabbe 1891, p. 131.
[906] Reinke 1894, p. 18.
[907] Bonnier, see p. 29.
[908] Darbishire, see p. 148.
[909] Tobler, see p. 148.
[910] Stahl 1877, p. 34.
[911] Paulson 1918.
[912] Paulson and Thompson 1913.
[913] Fink 1917.
[914] Baur 1901.
[915] Miyoshi 1901.
[916] Darbishire 1897, p. 657.
[917] Beckmann 1907.
[918] Bitter 1899.
[919] Peirce 1898.
[920] Schrenk 1898.
[921] Elenkin 1901.
[922] See Chap. X.
[923] Mereschkovsky 1918.
[924] Meyer 1825, p. 44.
[925] Paulson and Somerville Hastings 1914.
[926] Crombie 1872.
[928] Dufrenoy 1918.
[929] Arnold 1874.
[930] Kupfer 1894.
[932] Malme 1895.
[933] Bitter 1899.
[934] Hofmann 1906.
[935] Almquist 1880.
[936] Bitter 1899.
[938] Arnold 1874.
[939] Nylander 1852.
[940] Hue 1915.
[941] Th. Fries 1874, p. 343.
[942] Tobler 1911².
[943] Lindsay 1869².
[944] Winter 1877.
[945] Abrothallus has been included in the lichen genus Buellia.
[946] Tulasne 1852.
[947] Lindsay 1856.
[948] Crombie 1894.
[949] Kotte 1910.
[950] Zopf 1896.
[951] Zopf 1898, p. 249.
[952] Tobler 1911².
[954] Elenkin 1901².
[955] Stahl 1904.
[956] Lindsay 1859, 1869, 1871.
[957] Zopf 1896.
[958] Zopf 1898.
[959] Moreau 1916³.
[960] Vouaux 1912, etc.
[961] Bitter 1904.
[962] Zukal 1893.
[963] Lister 1911.
[964] Zopf 1897.
[965] Zukal 1896, p. 258.
[966] Zukal 1896, p. 255.
[967] Cunningham 1879.
[968] Friedrich 1906, p. 401.
[970] Gleditsch 1775, p. 31.
[971] Lindau 1895, p. 53.
[972] Dufrenoy 1881.
[973] Porter 1917.
[974] Friedrich 1906.
[975] Waite 1893.
[976] Lesdain 1912.
[977] Zopf 1907.
[978] Lesdain 1910.
[979] Zukal 1896, p. 258.
[982] Zahlbruckner 1903.
[983] Steiner 1896.
[984] Müller-Argau 1880.
[985] Wainio 1890, p. xxiii.
[986] Lloyd 1917.
[987] Rehm 1890.
[988] Reinke 1894.
[990] Wainio 1890.
[991] Müller-Argau 1862.
[992] Rehm 1890.
[993] Rehm 1890.
[994] Tobler 1911², p. 407.
[995] Lightfoot 1777, p. 965.
[996] See Chap. III.
[997] Forssell 1885.
[998] Hue 1911¹.
[1000] Zahlbruckner 1907.
[1001] Reinke 1895.
[1003] Reinke 1895.
[1004] Neubner 1893.
[1005] Reinke 1895, p. 110.
[1006] Wainio 1890.
[1007] See Chap. III.
[1008] Wainio 1897.
[1009] See Chap. III.
[1010] Sättler 1914.
[1012] Darbishire 1912.
[1015] Dr Church (1920) has published a new conception of the origin of lichens. [See postscript at the end of the volume, p. 421.]
[1016] Tournefort 1694.
[1017] Morison 1699.
[1018] Dillenius 1741.
[1019] Linnaeus 1753.
[1020] Acharius 1803.
[1021] Acharius 1810.
[1022] Acharius 1814.
[1023] Wallroth 1825.
[1024] Meyer 1825.
[1025] Nylander 1854.
[1026] Reinke 1894, ’95, ’96.
[1027] Darbishire and Fischer-Benzon 1901.
[1028] Wainio 1887, ’94, ’97.
[1029] Wainio 1890.
[1030] Zahlbruckner 1907.
[1031] Massee 1887.
[1032] Fischer 1890.
[1033] Linnaeus 1753.
[1034] Steiner 1901.
[1036] Norman 1872 and ’74.
[1037] Genera marked with an asterisk have not been found in the British Isles.
[1038] Zukal 1890.
[1039] Hue 1914.
[1040] Hue 1909.
[1041] Hue 1905.
[1042] Zahlbr., in Hedwigia, LIX. p. 301, 1917.
[1043] Riddle 1917.
[1044] Bioret 1914.
[1045] Reinke 1895.
[1046] Darbishire 1898.
[1047] Hue 1909.
[1048] Nylander 1855.
[1049] Nylander 1883.
[1050] Lorrain Smith 1906.
[1051] Neophyllis Wils. is synonymous with Gymnoderma.
[1052] Lindau 1899.
[1053] Stirton 1877, p. 164.
[1054] A. Zahlbruckner, in Oesterr. bot. Zeitschr. 1919, p. 163.
[1055] Bitter 1904².
[1056] Hue 1892.
[1057] Hue 1914.
[1058] Tuckerman 1872, p. 107.
[1060] Hue 1908.
[1062] Olivier 1907.
[1063] Th. Fries 1867.
[1064] Darbishire 1909.
[1065] Hue 1892.
[1066] Arnold 1890.
[1067] These genera are associated with Trentepohlia algae which are numerous and abundant in tropical climates, and their presence there may possibly account for these particular lichens.
[1068] Wainio 1897.
[1069] Wainio 1909.
[1070] Elenkin 1906.
[1071] Darbishire 1905.
[1072] Hue 1915.
[1073] Darbishire 1912.
[1074] Lindsay 1870.
[1075] Calkins 1896.
[1076] Hue 1898.
[1077] Fink 1903.
[1078] Wainio 1896.
[1079] Comm. Heber Howe.
[1080] Herre 1910.
[1081] Nylander 1890.
[1082] Müller 1879.
[1083] Nylander and Crombie 1884.
[1084] Babington 1855.
[1085] Stirton 1875.
[1086] Nylander 1888.
[1087] Hellbom 1896.
[1088] Wilson 1892.
[1089] Müller-Argau 1884.
[1090] Stizenberger 1888-1895.
[1091] Steiner 1895.
[1092] Flagey 1892.
[1093] Wainio 1890.
[1094] Wainio 1890, II. p. 27 (recorded under Lecidea).
[1095] Elenkin and Woronichin 1908.
[1096] Jaczewski 1904.
[1097] Steiner 1919.
[1098] Müller 1892.
[1099] Nylander 1867.
[1100] Leighton 1869.
[1101] Nylander 1900.
[1102] Nylander 1891.
[1103] Schimper 1869, p. 145.
[1104] Lindsay 1879.
[1105] Braun 1840.
[1106] Muenster 1846, p. 26.
[1107] Eltingshausen and Debey 1857.
[1108] Engelhardt 1870 (Pl. I. figs. 1 and 2).
[1109] Goeppert 1845, p. 195.
[1110] See Schimper 1869, pp. 145, etc.
[1111] Goeppert and Menge 1883, t. 1, fig. 3.
[1112] Ludwig 1859, p. 61 (t. 9, figs. 1-4), 1859-61.
[1113] Schimper in Zittel 1890.
[1114] Goeppert and Menge 1883.
[1115] Sernander 1918.
[1117] Moss 1913.
[1118] Macmillan 1894.
[1121] West 1915.
[1122] Fink 1894.
[1123] Kihlman 1890.
[1124] Nilson 1907.
[1125] Lindsay 1869.
[1126] Sättler 1914.
[1127] Peirce 1898.
[1128] Schrenk 1898.
[1129] Nylander 1866.
[1130] Hue 1898.
[1131] Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
[1132] Paulson and Thompson 1911.
[1133] Paulson and Thompson 1912.
[1134] Chodat 1912.
[1135] Fée 1824.
[1136] Fries 1831.
[1137] Krempelhuber 1861.
[1138] Arnold 1891, etc.
[1139] Fink 1902.
[1140] Watson 1909.
[1141] Paulson 1919.
[1142] Lesdain 1912.
[1143] Fink 1896, etc.
[1144] Stahl 1877.
[1145] Fink 1902, etc.
[1146] Arnold 1891.
[1147] Mayfield 1916.
[1148] Paulson and Thompson 1913.
[1149] Lesdain 1910².
[1150] Lettau 1911.
[1151] Fink 1903.
[1152] Wheldon and Wilson 1907.
[1153] Arnold 1892, p. 34.
[1154] Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
[1156] Aigret 1901.
[1157] Kieffer 1894.
[1158] Stahlecker 1906.
[1159] Link 1795.
[1160] Malinowski 1911.
[1162] Fink 1904.
[1163] Link 1789.
[1164] Watson 1918².
[1165] Wheldon and Wilson 1907.
[1166] Flagey 1901.
[1167] Bruce Fink 1902².
[1168] Forssell 1885.
[1169] Servit 1910.
[1170] Malinowski 1911.
[1171] Bachmann 1914.
[1172] West 1912.
[1173] Wheldon and Wilson 1913.
[1174] Stahlecker 1906.
[1175] Malinowski 1911.
[1176] Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
[1177] Wheldon and Wilson 1907.
[1178] Schade 1916.
[1179] Lesdain 1910.
[1180] Arnold 1858.
[1181] Richard 1877.
[1182] Darbishire 1909.
[1184] Paulson and Thompson 1913.
[1185] Wheldon and Wilson 1913.
[1186] Weddell 1875.
[1187] Knowles 1913.
[1188] The two morphologically similar plants Ramalina cuspidata and R. scopulorum are here united under the older name R. siliquosa. The distinction between the two is based on reaction tests with potash, which give very uncertain results.
[1189] Nylander 1861.
[1190] Knowles 1915.
[1191] Wheldon and Wilson 1913.
[1192] Sandstede 1904.
[1193] Aigret 1901.
[1194] Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
[1195] Watson 1918¹.
[1196] Sandstede 1904.
[1197] McLean 1915.
[1198] Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
[1199] Wheldon and Wilson 1914.
[1200] Maheu 1887.
[1201] Leighton 1867.
[1202] Kihlman 1890.
[1203] Nilson 1907.
[1204] Darbishire 1909.
[1205] Flagey 1901.
[1206] Patouillard 1897.
[1207] Steiner 1895.
[1208] Bruce Fink 1909.
[1209] Herre 1911².
[1211] Lindsay 1856.
[1212] Macmillan 1894.
[1213] Knowles in litt.
[1214] Bruce Fink 1903.
[1215] Lettau 1911.
[1216] Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
[1217] Wheldon and Wilson 1913.
[1218] Linnaeus 1762.
[1219] Guembel 1856.
[1220] Goeppert 1860.
[1221] Salter 1856.
[1222] Bachmann 1911.
[1223] Bachmann 1913.
[1224] Braun 1917.
[1225] Treub 1888.
[1226] Brez 1791.
[1227] Persoon 1794.
[1228] Zukal 1895, p. 1317 (note).
[1229] Zukal 1895, p. 1315.
[1230] Zopf 1896.
[1231] Stahl 1904.
[1232] Hue 1915.
[1233] Zopf 1907.
[1234] Bitter 1899.
[1235] Petch 1913.
[1236] Paulson and Thompson 1913.
[1237] Michael 1884.
[1238] Zopf 1907.
[1239] Lesdain 1910.
[1240] Wheldon 1914.
[1242] Paulson and Thompson 1913.
[1243] Stone 1896.
[1244] Tutt 1900, p. 107.
[1245] Zopf 1907, p. 372.
[1246] Kihlman 1890.
[1247] Linnaeus 1762.
[1248] Johnson 1861.
[1249] Lindsay 1856.
[1250] Willemet 1787.
[1251] Keller 1866.
[1252] Proust 1906.
[1253] Johnson 1861.
[1254] Church 1880.
[1255] Brown 1898.
[1256] Hutchinson 1916.
[1257] Forskål 1875, p. 193.
[1258] Watt 1890.
[1259] Calkins 1892.
[1260] Miyoshi 1893.
[1262] Eversmann 1825.
[1263] Berkeley 1849.
[1264] Visiani 1867.
[1265] Errera 1893.
[1266] Müller-Argau 1881, p. 526.
[1268] From an examination of old figures of the Muscus cranii, Arnold (1892, p. 53) has decided that several kinds of lichens or hepatics are included in this designation.
[1269] Parkinson 1640, p. 1313.
[1270] Ray 1686, p. 117.
[1271] Amoreux 1787, p. 46.
[1272] Dillenius 1741, p. 202.
[1273] Lightfoot 1777, II. p. 846.
[1274] Dorstenius 1540.
[1275] Culpepper 1652.
[1276] Hill 1751.
[1277] Cordus 1561.
[1278] Sibbald 1684.
[1279] Ray 1686.
[1280] Linnaeus 1737.
[1281] Scopoli 1760.
[1282] Cramer 1880.
[1283] Kobert 1895.
[1284] Keegan 1905.
[1285] Henneguy 1883.
[1286] Kobert 1895.
[1287] Neubert 1893.
[1289] Gmelin 1752, p. 425.
[1290] Léorier 1825.
[1291] Stenberg 1868.
[1292] Richard 1877.
[1293] Henneguy 1883.
[1294] Wainio 1887, p. 47.
[1295] Hellbom 1886, p. 72.
[1296] Hoffmann 1787.
[1297] Westring 1792 and 1793.
[1298] Westring 1805-1809.
[1299] Zopf 1907.
[1300] Ronceray 1904.
[1301] Zopf 1907.
[1302] Zahlbruckner (1905, p. 109) quotes from Czapek a statement that orchil fermentation is brought about by an obligate aerobic bacillus.
[1303] Zopf 1907, p. 393.
[1304] Lindsay 1855.
[1305] Bohler 1835, N. 10.
[1306] Johnson 1861.
[1307] Lindsay 1855.
[1308] Linnaeus 1711.
[1309] Linnaeus 1760.
[1310] Willemet etc. 1787.
[1311] Zopf 1907.
[1312] Lindsay 1855.
[1313] Lettau 1914.
[1314] Sorby 1873.
[1315] Gerard 1597.
[1316] Amoreux 1787.
[1317] Hue 1889.
[1318] Hue 1900.
[1319] Bauhin 1650, p. 88.
[1320] Zwelser 1672.
[1321] Georgi 1779.
[1322] Amoreux 1787.
[1323] Dundonald 1801.
[1324] Henneguy 1883.
[1326] Journ. Bot. LVIII. pp. 213-9; 262-7, 1920.
[1327] Bot. Memoirs, 3, Oxford, 1919.
[1328] Church in litt.
[1329] Journ. Bot. l.c.
[1332] Chemist and Druggist, XCII. pp. 25-26, 1920; Bot. Abstracts, N. 903, p. 135, 1920.
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