VOCABULARY.
=acero=, steel =antes=, before—in point of time =asunto= (not =sujeto=), the subject-matter =Bolsa=, the Exchange =calcular=, to calculate =celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place =compañía anónima=, limited company =*concebir=, to conceive =conjunción=, conjunction =desfavorable=, unfavourable =donde=, where =emisión=, issue, of loans, etc. =emplearse=, to be employed, to be used =espalda=, shoulder (back) =explicar= to explain =explanar= to explain =falta de aceptación=, non-acceptance =falta de pago=, non-payment =la frase=, the phrase, sentence =ganancias y pérdidas=, profits and losses =el gerente=, the manager =*gobernar=, to govern =*haber=, there to be[75] =hay=, there is[75] =hay=, there are =el hecho=, the fact =la ley=, the law =llamar=, to call =más adelante=, later on =la mente=, the mind =los negocios=, the business =Pascua=, Easter =posición=, position =proyecto=, scheme, plan =pues, entonces=, then =regresar=, to come or go back =*saber=, to know =la semana pasada=, last week =sírvase V=., please =tenga la bondad de=, please =tratar=, to try =*valer=, to be worth =valor=, courage =*volver=, to turn, to go back, to turn back
[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha" in the Pres. Indicative.]
EXERCISE 1 (15).
Translate into English—
1. ¿Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal?
2. No, Señor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so).
3. ¿Dónde lo empleamos pues?
4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones.
5. ¿Y cómo sabemos que después de éstos se debe emplear el verbo (must be used) en subjuntivo?
6. Porque entonces la acción del verbo es representada[76] sólo como concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho.
7. ¿Nos explicará V. esta regla otra vez más adelante?
8. Sí. No hago más que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto.
9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios principian á sufrir.
10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but) habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones.
11. ¿Cuándo regresará el gerente del Banco?
12. Estará de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince.
13. Debe asistir á (attend) la reunión de Directores que se celebrará en Londres á primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month).
14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks) animación.
15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the grain).
16. ¿Cómo han salido Vs. de aquella especulación en las minas de cobre (copper mines)?
17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relación semestral (half-yearly report) de la compañía hace constar (shows) una situación muy desfavorable y no habrá dividendo este año.
18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el año próximo.
19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so).
[Footnote 76: Or se representa.]
EXERCISE 2 (16).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week.
2. They calculated their profits and losses.
3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter.
4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producirá) any bad impression.
5. He called him to his house.
6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir …).
7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting.
8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme).
9. I shall call at (pasaré por) the exchange.
10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron).
11. The "Shannon" will call at (hará escala en) Cádiz.
12. They will make a call (pedirán una cuota) of £1 per share.
13. This steel is worth much less than that.
14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying.
15. This limited company is worth (posee) £50,000.
16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado).
17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for non-payment.
18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets of the world (mundo).
19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario).
20. Kindly take due note (debida or buena nota) of our signature at foot (firma al pie).
21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en vano).
22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried.
[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive.
LESSON IX.
(Lección novena.)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS (contd.).
Pronouns in the Disjunctive form occupy the same position in the sentence as they do in English.
Pronouns in the Conjunctive form precede the verb, as—
Él los compró: He bought them.
Yo le mostraré á V. mi libro mayor y mi diario: I shall show you my ledger and journal or day-book.
Mi cajero les pagará lo que les debo: My cashier will pay you what I owe you.
Nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas: He showed us his invoice book.
Me cedió los valores y efectos en cartera: He made over to me his stock of securities and bills.
El corredor le vió en la agencia de los vapores: The broker saw him at the steamship agent's.
EXCEPTIONS—
1. When a sentence begins with a verb, especially if the sentence is a long one, the Conjunctive pronoun may follow the verb, except when this is in the Subjunctive Mood, as—
Bonificóle esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente: He credited him the amount in A/c current in order not to lose his customer.
N.B.—Students should not indulge in this liberty until they have acquired practice in the language. In conversation this change seldom occurs. When the change is used the Subject Pronoun is generally left understood.
2. When the verb is in the Infinitive Mood, Gerund, or Imperative Mood,[78] the Conjunctive Pronoun must follow, and is joined to the verb to form one word: as—
Lo mejor con estos géneros es venderlos en subasta:
The best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction.
Abandonándole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto:
By giving up the profit to him, we shall end the matter.
Refiéralos V. á los armadores: Refer them to the shipowners.
Hágannos Vs. esta bonificación: Make us this allowance.
Cárguenos en cuenta este renglón: Debit this line to our account.
Abónenle la suma que reclama: Credit him with the amount he claims.
[Footnote 78: By Imperative Mood, we mean Imperative Mood Affirmative. In Spanish there is no imperative mood negative, its place being taken by the Present Subjunctive, as—
Háblale tú: Speak to him.
No le hables tú: Do not speak to him.]
If two Conjunctive pronouns meet, contrary to the English general rule, the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun standing as direct object,[79] as—
Ellos nos lo garantizan: They guarantee it to us.
If these two pronouns are both in the 3rd person, the indirect object is changed into =Se=, as—
Nosotros se lo vendimos: We sold it to him.
V. se lo mandó (á ella)[80]: You sent it to her.
Nosotros se lo aconsejamos (á ellos)[80]: We gave them that advice.
Yo se lo digo (á V.)[80]: I tell it to you.
[Footnote 79: Combinations of me and te are very rare, and then te precedes whether direct or indirect object, the context clearly showing the meaning. In such cases it is better, however, to use a disjunctive form, for the indirect object, as—
Él te da á mí: He gives thee to me.
Él me da á tí: He gives me to thee.]
[Footnote 80: Á él, á ella, á V., etc., may be added for clearness, when otherwise ambiguity might occur.]