VOCABULARY.

=á ese respecto=, in that respect =acusar=, to accuse, to show =al menos=, at least =barca á motor= motor-boat =barca automóvil= motor-boat =carriles, rieles, railes=, rails =competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour[98] =condiciones=, terms =contra=, against =deprimir=, to depress =descarga=, discharge, the discharging =desgracia=, misfortune =días de estadía=, lay days =dificultad=, difficulty =elevar=, to raise, to enhance =está visto=, it is obvious =evitar=, to avoid =fletar=, to freight =mar alborotada=, heavy sea =mercado algodonero=, cotton market =mina de carbón=, colliery =*ofrecer=, to offer =oscilación=, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs =perturbar=, to disturb =sorprendente=, surprising =suma redonda=, lump sum =*volcar=, to capsize, to overturn

[Footnote 98: Neighbour, person living near: vecino.]

EXERCISE 1 (23).

Translate into English—

1. Debido á la última baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos ofrecerles una reducción de diez por ciento en los precios de esos géneros.

2. Está visto que el gobierno de aquella república no sólo no se ocupa de elevar el crédito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de perturbar el mercado bursátil (the money market).

3. Se ha repetido en ésta la oscilación que hubo en la semana pasada.

4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto á 82 y la Renta Italiana á 101, habiendo bajado más tarde aquéllos á 81 1/2 y ésta á 100.

5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subió hasta (to) 103.

6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros.

7. Esto es muy natural, aquéllo es sorprendente.

8. Yo le digo ésto: lo haré.

9. Eso me conviene.

EXERCISE 2 (24).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with at least ten lay days for discharging.

2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect.

3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursión de prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volcó).

4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of £1,000.

5. The working (la explotación) of those collieries has resulted in a loss.

6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over (aquí) to make considerable purchases.

7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of nine months against their acceptances.

8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is certain.

LESSON XIII.
(Lección décima tercera.)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Quien is used for persons only. El cual and que are used for persons and things.

EXAMPLES—

El agente á quien (or al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we have written.

¿Son aquéllas las partidas de azúcares de las cuales me habló V. ayer?
Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday?

Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember the people and things that you mentioned.

El buque cuya tripulación ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante á cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.

Que is used very often instead of quien and el cual. Que is to be preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the principal clause (preceding), and Quien or El cual only when the following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause preceding, viz., when it introduces _a new idea,[99] as—

¿Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visitó esta mañana?
Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning?

He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and prudent man.

[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule fully.]

After ser and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by quien, as—

Es él (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to me.

After a preposition translate "whom" by quien (pl., quienes)[100], and "which" by el cual (la cual, etc.).

[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.]

EXCEPTION—

After á, con, de, en, we can also translate "which" equally well by que, or el que, la que, los que, las que.[101]

[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions but rarely.]

"Which" relating to a whole sentence is lo cual or lo que (naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender).

Instead of cuyo we may use de quien, del cual, de que, del que, as—

El buque, la tripulación del cual, de que, or del que ha desembarcado:
The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante al hijo de quien, or del cual hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.

"He who" is translated by aquel que, el que,[102] also quien.

"She who" is translated by aquella que, la[102] que, also quien.

"Those who" is translated by aquellos que, los[102] que, also quienes.

[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.]

=Relative Pronouns= cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as—

El hombre á quien, or que ví: The man I saw.

Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The man to whom I spoke" (El hombre á quien hablé).

Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo á V. la casa de los Srs. Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (or de la cual, or de la que no hay otra mejor)".