VOCABULARY.

=amargo=, bitter =armador de buques=, shipowner =arreglar=, to arrange =el bien=, the good =buque, barco, navio=, boat =cauto=, cautious =*conocer=, to know through the senses, to be acquainted with =deuda=, debt =doloroso=, painful =endosar=, to endorse =enseñar=, to teach, to show =esperar=, to expect, to hope, to wait =estadísticas=, statistics =falta=, want, absence of =flojo=, slack =fundar=, to found =gratitud=, gratitude =*hacer mención=, to mention =herida=, wound, sting =informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with =llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled =*negar=, to deny =periódico=, newspaper =premio=, reward, prize, premium =robar=, to rob, to steal =simpático=, pleasant, winsome, taking =*tener empeño=, to be earnest, anxious about anything

EXERCISE 1 (25).

Translate into English—

1. El hombre que me habló no es el á quien hemos escrito.

2. Hé aquí (here is) el libro que me enseñó esta regla.

3. He escrito al hombre que nos endosó la letra.

4. He comprado el periódico que contiene aquellas estadísticas.

5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (or el cual) parece hombre muy simpático.

6. El corredor, quien (or el cual) tiene mucho empeño en concluir la transacción, me vino á ver otra vez (again) esta mañana.

7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado á la explotación de las minas, es intangible (cannot be touched).

8. El hombre á quien (or al cual) me refiero es armador de buques.

9. El negociante de quien (or del cual) le hablaba es integérrimo (most upright).

10. El asunto á que me refería (or de que trataba).

11. La pluma con que escribía y con la cual (or con la que) puede escribir V.

12. La mina en que (or en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas.

13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba.

14. Los géneros para los cuales se dió (was given) la orden.

15. ¿Es él quien lo quiere y á cuyo hijo (or al hijo de quien) V. conoce?

EXERCISE 2 (26).

Translate into Spanish—

1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is obvious.

2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (subj.)) have not experienced how (cuán) painful is the sting of ingratitude.

3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their reward, then they will not be disappointed.

4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists.

5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat.

6. The little (pequeña) house I paid for.

7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit.

8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a lawyer.

9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica) the want of their remittances.

10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious.

11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a Scotchman.

12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido or un conocimiento).

LESSON XIV.
(Lección décima cuarta.)

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with an accent—

¿Quién,-es? (who, whom?)
¿Cuál,-es? (which?)
¿Qué? (what?)
¿Cúyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?)
¿De quién,-es[103]? (whose?)
¿Cuánto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?)

[Footnote 103: "De quién" is more usual than "Cúyo" in interrogations.]

Cuál when interrogative is used without the definite article which must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. Quién, interrogative, is never an adjective.

EXAMPLES—

¿Quién vino a verme? Who came to see me?

¿Cuál arreglo le gusta á V. más? Which arrangement do you prefer?

¿Cúyo es este lápiz? Whose is this pencil? or Whose
¿Cúyo lápiz es este? pencil is this?
¿De quién es este lápiz?

¿De quién recibió V. la consignación de madera? From whom did you receive the consignment of timber?

¿A quiénes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for information?

¿Cuánto me cobrará V.? How much will you charge me?

Cuál (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as—

¿Cuáles son sus intenciones? What are your intentions?

Qué is used in exclamatory sentences—"what a", as—

¡Qué lástima! What a pity!
¡Qué bonitos paños! What nice suitings![104]

[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "qué" translates the English "how":—¡Qué bonito! how nice!]

An emphatic tan or más may be inserted, thus—

¡Qué paño tan bonito! What a very nice suiting!
¡Qué hombre más rico! What a very rich man!

Cuál is used in exclamatory clauses instead of cómo (how), as—

¡Cuál le han reducido las desgracias! How (or to what a state) misfortunes have reduced him! ¡Cuál la ví! How (or in what a state) did I see her!

Cuánto is also used in exclamations, as—

¡Cuánto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your kindness!

Cual without article and without accent is used for "as," as—

Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked.

Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still possess," are translated "Me escribió una carta, cuya carta aun tengo."

Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form).

Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense.

Imperative Mood. (This mood is used to command or beg.)

[Footnote 105: The Imperative Mood has only a separate form for the 2nd pers. sing. and plu. It has no 1st pers. sing. and the 1st pers. pl. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. are taken from the Pres. Subj.

The 2nd pers. pl. is derived from the Infinitive Mood by changing the final r into d—no exception.

The 2nd pers. sing. is the same as the 3rd pers. sing. of the Pres.
Indicative, with a few exceptions (among which are Haber, Tener, Ser).]

[Footnote 106: Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in modern Spanish, except in Héme, héte, héle, aquí, etc. (here I am, here thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases.

N.B.—In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj. negative being used instead, as—

=Hablar=. No hables (do not (thou) speak).
No habléis (do not (you) speak).]