VOCABULARY.

=acabar de=, to have just =accesorio=, accessory =activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities =antiguo=, old, ancient =avería=, particular, particular average =balance=, balance, balance sheet =bastar=, to suffice, to be enough =biela=, connecting rod =caldera=, boiler =cilindros=, cylinders =citar=, to quote, to mention a passage =*convenir=, to agree, to suit =cotizar=, to quote prices =cuenta de ganancias y pérdidas=, profit and loss account =dejar=, to leave, to let =disposición (á su)=, (at your) disposal =durar=, to last =el engranaje=, the gearing =entregar=, to deliver =equipo=, equipment =es decir, ó sea= viz., namely =á saber= viz., namely =franco de porte=, carriage paid =grifo=, cock (machinery) =hasta la fecha=, (made up) to date =huelga=, strike =imprevisto=, unforseen =á la izquierda=, to the left =llegar á ser=, to become, to contrive to be =*mantenerse=, to be maintained =máquina=, machine, engine =mercerizar=, to mercerize =para con=, towards =transporte seguido=, carriage forward =porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward =presentar=, to present =proveer=, to provide =provisto (proveído)=, provided =semejante=, similar =*sentir=, to be sorry, to feel =sin embargo=, however =soportes, coginetes=, bearings =tornillos=, screws =transporte pagado=, carriage paid =tubos=, tubes =válvula=, valve =el volante=, the fly-wheel =y pico= (=veinte y pico=, etc.), odd, (twenty odd, etc.)

EXERCISE 1 (33).

Translate into English—

1. La marca (the make) de estas máquinas y calderas es una de las más antiguas.

2. Son fabricadas en Inglaterra por los Srs. Fulano y Cía.

3. Están aquí para su inspección y están todas provistas de sus accesorios: cilindros, volantes, bielas, soportes, engranajes, válvulas y tornillos.

4. ¿No se fabrican también en Francia máquinas semejantes?

5. Sí, Señor, estas á la izquierda son francesas y son buenas máquinas.

6. Es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que están en primera línea en la industria mundial.

7. Los Srs. Fulano y Cía. han llegado á ser los primeros entre los constructores que han comprendido que se podían entregar máquinas excelentes á un precio relativamente bajo.

8. Para no citar más que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa basta decir que son suyas las 1,000 máquinas y pico que se han exportado últimamente para Italia y la Argentina.

9. Soy feliz de saberlo.

10. Son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que son pobres é infelices.

11. Compraré diez fardos de Estampados Mercerizados si me los deja V. á 5-3/16 d. por yarda.

12. Está bien; ¡está convenido!

EXERCISE 2 (34).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We have just received your Price List, but we are sorry to say your prices are too dear.

2. The cylinders and boilers are now ready.

3. Every engine is sent out with its complete equipment, viz., tubes, valves, cocks, etc.

4. The Directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before (para presentar á) the company at the next ordinary general meeting.

5. It will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account made up to date.

6. There will also be a report on the position and transactions of the company.

7. It is your action which has done us more harm (daño) than anything else (cualquier otra cosa[120]).

8. It is we (somos nosotros) who are tired of our agreement (convenio).

9. The goods are at your disposal.

10. We think the shares will be inactive (flojas).

11. The demand for steel, iron and copper was very steady (firme) but it is probable that it will not last.

12. Are you rich? No, I am poor but I am happy.

13. Our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other unforeseen circumstances.

14. The four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid, but the boilers and (y sus) accessories you will receive (los recibirán) carriage forward.

15. The whole (todo) will be insured with particular average.

[Footnote 120: Or: =que nada más=.]

LESSON XVIII.
(Lección décima octava.)

TRANSITIVE VERBS.

A verb is Transitive when its action passes from the subject of the action to the object.

=Transitive Verbs= are divided into—

=1. Active= (when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent of the action), as—

Renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios: We renew our offers of services.

=2. Passive= (when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of the action, viz., when it suffers the action instead of doing it), as—

Los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su último escrito: His offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter.

The Passive voice in Spanish is formed with the verb ser as above, or by using the =active voice= with the pronoun se, as—

Se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios: His offers, etc.

Active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same person or thing, as—

Nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses: We flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests.

Reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal, as—

Nos comprendemos: We understand each other.

Nos escribimos muy frecuentemente: We write to each other very frequently.

"Uno á otro" and "los unos á los otros" may be added for greater clearness, as—

Procuramos convencernos (á nosotros mismos). We try to convince ourselves (each other).

Procuramos convencernos (el uno al otro). We try to convince ourselves (each other).

The direct object of a transitive verb,[121] if a proper name of a person or place, must be preceded by á, as—

Vimos al Señor Guillermo: We saw Mr. William.
Visitamos á Francia[122]: We visited France.

[Footnote 121: With the exception of "Tener.">[

[Footnote 122: But not geographical names preceded by the article, as:
Avistamos La Habana (we sighted Havana).]

Á is also generally used before any noun =indicating= a person,[123] as—

Empleamos á este corresponsal: We employ this correspondent.

[Footnote 123: This part of the rule is not very strict, as we find it sometimes omitted before persons, and at others used before names of things, as: El hecho precedió á la palabra (the action preceded the word).]

But á should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion, or when the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time, as—

Enviamos nuestro dependiente: We send our clerk.

Recomendamos el Sr. Pérez á nuestro fabricante: We recommend Mr. Pérez to our manufacturer.

Á is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a particular individual, but to =any= individual of a certain class, as—

Busco criado: I am looking for a servant.

Juan no quiere socios en su empresa: John does not want any partners in his undertaking.

Verbs whose root ends in ll or ñ take =e= and =o= instead of ie and io, as—

[Footnote 124: The Imperf. and Fut. Subj. follow the Past Def.]

Verbs in whose conjugations i should come =unstressed= between two vowels change the unstressed i into =y=, as—

+—————————————————+ | =Creer= (to believe). | +—————————————————+ |Pres. Part., Creyendo. | |Past Def., Creyó … creyeron.| +—————————————————+

But the Imperf. Indic.: creía, creías, creía, creíamos, creíais, creían.

Verbs ending in zar change the z into =c= before =e= (because, with very few exceptions, z is not used in modern Spanish before e or i), as—

+————————————————————————————-+ | =Gozar= (to enjoy). | +————————————————————————————-+ |Pres. Subj., Goce, goces, goce, gocemos, gocéis, gocen.| |Past. Def., Gocé … | +————————————————————————————-+