VOCABULARY.

=agitarse=, to agitate (n.) =algo=, something, anything (interrog.) =amenaza=, threat =anticipación=, anticipation =anticipar=, to anticipate =anticipo=, advance =arduo=, arduous, difficult =baja=, decline =bajo cubierta=, underdeck =botones=, buttons =callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying =camaradas=, comrades =cepillo=, brush =cinta=, ribbon =cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short =damascos=, damasks =definitivo=, definite =descuidar=, to neglect =ejecutar=, to execute =encaje de cortinas=, curtain lace =espantarse=, to be frightened =estiva=, stowage =*imponer=, to impose =impuesto=, imposed =lienzo adamascado=, diaper =pasas=, raisins =patronos=, masters, employers of workmen =prisa=, haste, hurry =*producir=, to produce =produje=, I produced =produjeron=, they produced =razón= (=á razón de=), at the rate of =reglamento=, regulations =sobre cubierta=, on deck =sobre estadías=, demurrage =sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself =tonelada=, ton =*traer=, to bring, to carry =traje=, I brought, I carried =tranquilo=, quiet =uvas=, grapes =vista= (=á la=), at sight

EXERCISE 1 (37).

Translate into English—

1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los Patronos.

2. No se avergüenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado la huelga hace quince días y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se agitan por el día de trabajo de ocho horas.

3. Este problema se va haciendo cada día mas arduo.

4. Voy á escribir una carta y después me iré.

5. ¿Porqué ríe V.?

6. Se ríe de mí sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo sé bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice.

7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de paños.

8. Nunca he visto á un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo.

9. Quédese V. aquí, estése tranquilo y no piense á nada, su primo se acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos á un acuerdo común y definitivo.

10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecución de sus órdenes á la mayor brevedad (as soon as possible).

11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habría debido callar.

12. Después de haber principiado á hablar muy bien se cortó y no pudo hallar palabras para continuar.

EXERCISE 2 (38).

Translate into Spanish—

1. You have anticipated my wishes.

2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se prevé).

3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza) of large orders.

4. To pay in anticipation.

5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, or agradeciéndoles de antemano) we remain.

6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market.

7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at sight.

8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde).

9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados á cabo).

10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins, 600 under and 200 on deck.

11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days left (quedándole), so that (así que) we do not think we shall have to pay demurrage.

12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton.

13. The advance on account (á cuenta) of freight is £120.

14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (¿Estará todo en orden?)

15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers, ribbons, buttons, and brushes.

LESSON XX.
(Lección vigésima.)

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

Impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the 3rd pers. sing, of all the tenses.[129]

[Footnote 129: They are so called because they have no person or thing as their subject.]

The principal =Impersonal Verbs= are—

Llover-llueve (to rain, it rains)
Granizar (to hail)
Helar-hiela (to freeze, it freezes)
Lloviznar (to drizzle)
Nevar-nieva (to snow, it snows)
Relampaguear (to lighten)
Tronar-truena (to thunder, it thunders)
Alborear (to dawn)
Amanecer (to dawn)
Anochecer (to grow dark)

The subject (generally understood) of Impersonal verbs is ello. Sometimes we find the words Dios or el día expressed as subjects, as—

Amanecerá Dios y veremos: Let us wait for the morning and then we shall see.

Amaneció el día: The day dawned.

Amanecer and anochecer may be used as personal verbs, as—

Amanecimos en Madrid y anochecimos en Guadalajara: We were in Madrid at daybreak and at nightfall in Guadalajara.

Tú anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo: You passed the night well, but you had a bad morning.

Many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally, as—

Bastar (to suffice).
Convenir (to suit).
Parecer (to appear).
Faltar[130] (to be wanting).
Hacer falta (to be wanted).
Suceder[131] (to happen).

[Footnote 130: As a personal verb, it means also "to fail.">[

[Footnote 131: As a personal verb, it means also "to succeed.">[

EXAMPLES—

Basta ganar la vida: It is enough to earn a living.

No conviene explotar esta mina: It does not pay to exploit this mine.

No parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo: It does not seem right that they should take advantage in this way.

Falta hacer algunos arreglos: Some arrangements are still wanting.

Sucedió que se declaró en quiebra: It happened that he filed his petition in bankruptcy.

In the sentences:

Me bastan diez libras: £10 are enough for me.
Me parecen justas sus razones: His reasons seem to me to be right.
Le sucedieron muchas desgracias: Many misfortunes happened to him.

the verb is =personal=, and this accounts for its being in the plural. In "me bastan diez libras," "diez libras" is the subject.

The verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement, as—

(Ello) es necesario: It is necessary.

Of Haber and Hacer as impersonal verbs, we have treated in Lesson
VIII and Lesson XVI.

We add here that Hacer is used impersonally before certain nouns to denote the state of the weather or of the temperature, as—

Hace calor, frío, lluvia, viento, sol, etc.: It is warm, cold, rainy, windy, sunny, etc.

Valer used impersonally = "to be better," as—

Más vale así: It is better so.

Expressions like "¿Qué se dirá?" or "¿qué dirán?" (What will people say?) may also be called impersonal uses of the verb.

[Footnote 132: Only 6 verbs in Spanish do not end in o in the 1st pers. sing., pres. indic., viz., Doy (I give), Soy (I am), Estoy (I am), Voy (I see), He (I have), Sé (I know).]