VOCABULARY.
=activo=, active =ahora=, now =un año=, a year =aquel, ese= (m.), that =aquella, esa= (f.), that =bayeta=, baize =célebre=, celebrated =cima=, top =criados=, men-servants =criadas=, maid-servants =el día=, the day =ejército=, army =encuadernado=, bound, (of books) =escritorio=, writing-desk =los fósforos=, the matches =Gales=, Wales =juventud=, youth, young age. =el lacre=, the sealing-wax =lectura=, reading =limpiar=, to clean =limpio=, clean =mayormente=, especially =médico=, doctor =el monte=, the mountain =la nieve=, the snow =por tanto=, therefore =puerta=, door =siempre=, always =sincero=, sincere =soldado=, soldier =terciopelo=, velvet =vela=, candle =ventana=, window
EXERCISE 1 (7).
Translate into English—
1. Pedro es médico.[33] Él es buen médico.
2. Era un célebre médico de la ciudad de París.
3. Juan está[34] cansado y yo estoy enfermo.
4. La lectura es útil[33] siempre y mayormente en la juventud.
5. Aquel tintero es[33] de V.
6. Este es un libro famoso[33] y está muy bien encuadernado.[34]
7. Mi hermano es soldado.[35]
8. Se ha alistado (he has enlisted) en el ejército inglés por cinco (five) años.
9. El Monte Snowdon está[36] en Gales.
10. La ciudad del Cairo está[36] en Egipto.
11. Las cimas de algunos montes están[37] cubiertas (covered) siempre de nieve.
12. ¿Siempre?
13. Sí, siempre.
14. Estos tinteros son limpiados todos los días (every day) por los dependientes ó por las criadas.
15. Estos tinteros están limpios ahora y siempre.
16. Aquella ventana está rota (broken).
17. Mi hermano está escribiendo.
18. Es necesario.
[Footnote 33: Quality.]
[Footnote 34: A condition.]
[Footnote 35: A quality (for the time being).]
[Footnote 36: State in locality.]
[Footnote 37: A condition.]
EXERCISE 2 (8).
Translate into Spanish—
1. Who is a good clerk?
2. My brother-in-law is a good clerk but he is tired of working (de trabajar).[38]
3. The windows and doors are clean.
4. Yes, they are cleaned every (cada) morning by the servants.
5. He is speaking to his French friend.
6. He is writing a letter to his mother.
7. They are looking for some handkerchiefs.
8. Have the merchants sold the velvet and the baize?
9. Yes, they sold them (los vendieron) yesterday (ayer); also the muslin and prints.
10. Who bought them? (las compró).
11. The Germans are a very active and hard-working (trabajador) nation, and they deserve (merecen) therefore our sincere admiration.
12. Where are the sealing-wax, the candle and the matches?
13. Here they are on the writing-desk.
14. Does the clerk understand German?
15. Yes, very well.
16. My partner and I will dine at (en) the Royal Hotel (Fonda Real).
[Footnote 38: After a preposition the verb is in the infinitive mood.]
LESSON V.
(Lección quinta.)
THE ADJECTIVE (Contd.).
=COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES=.
The =positive degree= expresses the quality without any further idea of comparison, as Feliz (happy), Rico (rich).
+—————————————————+—————————————————+ | Comparative. | Superlative Relative. | +—————————————————+—————————————————+ |Más feliz que (happier than). | El más feliz (the happiest). | |Menos feliz que (less happy than).| El menos feliz (the least happy).| |Tan rico como (as or so rich as). | | +—————————————————+—————————————————+
EXAMPLES—
Mi tío es más pobre que su hermano: My uncle is poorer than his brother.
Su mujer es menos rica que él: His wife is less rich than he.
Soy tan feliz como V.: I am as happy as you.
No es tan amable como su primo: He is not so amiable as his cousin.
Superlative Absolute.
EXAMPLES—
Muy largo: Very long. Muy corto: Very short.
Another way to form the Superlative Absolute[39] is by adding =ísimo= instead of using muy. If the adjective ends in a vowel, this is elided before adding ísimo.
[Footnote 39: More rarely used and much more emphatic.]
EXAMPLES—
Estas frutas son muy maduras: These fruits are very ripe.
Estas frutas son madurísimas: These fruits are very ripe indeed.
Estos tenderos son muy ricos: These shopkeepers are very rich.
Aquellos son riquísimos: Those (others) are very rich indeed.
Before adding ísimo, adjectives ending in
ble change it into =bil=, as Amable, amabilísimo. co " " =qu=, as Rico, riquísimo. go " " =gu=, as Largo, larguísimo.
Adjectives of more than three syllables ending in ble, adjectives ending in two vowels, or in one vowel accented, should always take =muy= and not add ísimo for the Superlative Absolute.
Besides the regular forms of the Comparative and Superlative degrees, there are the following irregular forms—
Mejor (better). Óptimo (very good or best). Peor (worse). Pésimo (very bad or worst). Mayor (larger). Máximo (very large or largest). Menor (smaller). Mínimo (very small or smallest). Superior (higher). Supremo (very high or highest). Inferior (lower). Ínfimo (very low or lowest).
+——————————————————————————————————+ | Future Tense,[40] Indic. Mood. | |——————————————————————————————————| | Hablar. | Temer. | Partir | |——————————————————————————————————| | Hablaré | Temeré | Partiré | | (I shall speak) | (I shall fear) | (I shall depart) | | Hablarás | Temerás | Partirás | | (thou wilt speak) | (thou wilt fear) | (thou wilt depart) | | Hablará | Temerá | Partirá | | (he/she will speak) | (he/she will fear) | (he/she will depart)| | Hablaremos | Temeremos | Partiremos | | (we shall speak) | (we shall fear) | (we shall depart) | | Hablaréis | Temeréis | Partiréis | | (you will speak) | (you will fear) | (you will depart) | | Hablarán | Temerán | Partirán | | (they will speak) | (they will fear) | (they will depart) | +——————————————————————————————————+
+——————————————————————————————————+ | Conditional Mood.[40] | |——————————————————————————————————| | Hablar. | Temer. | Partir | |——————————————————————————————————| | Hablaría | Temería | Partiría | | (I should speak) | (I should fear) | (I should depart) | | Hablarías | Temerías | Partirías | | (thou wouldst speak) | (thou wouldst fear) | (thou wouldst…) | | Hablaría | Temería | Partiría | | (he/she would speak) | (he/she would fear) | (he/she would…) | | Hablaríamos | Temeríamos | Partiríamos | | (we should speak) | (we should fear) | (we should depart) | | Hablaríais | Temeríais | Partiríais | | (you would speak) | (you would fear) | (you would depart) | | Hablarían | Temerían | Partirían | | (they would speak) | (they would fear) | (they would depart)| +——————————————————————————————————+
[Footnote 40: The Future Tense Indicative Mood and the Conditional Mood are formed from the Infinitive Mood by adding to the Infinitive the terminations: é, ás, á, emos, éis, án for the future; and ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían for the conditional mood.]