KALEVALA XL. 113 ff.
[While Väinämöinen, Lemminkäinen, and Ilmarinen are sailing to Pohjola, the ship goes aground. Väinämöinen asks Lemminkäinen to find out what is the matter.]
Se on[72] lieto[313] Lemminkäinen[314]
Pyörähtihe[315] katsomahan[193],
Katsovi[193] venosen[155] alle[316], 115
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: v. xvi. 182.
‘Ei ole veno[155] kivellä[261],
Ei kivellä, ei haolla[317],
Vene[25] on hauin[318] hartioilla[70],
Ve’en[98] koiran[319] konkkaluilla[320].’ 120
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen {v. xvi. 151,
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: {182.
‘Jotaki[321] joessa[22] onpi[322],
Kun[50] lie[285] hauin[318] hartioilla[79], 125
Ve’en koiran konkkaluilla, v. l. 120.
Veä[324] miekalla[325] vetehen[98],
Katkaise[326] kala[327] kaheksi[328]!’
Se on lieto Lemminkäinen, v. l. 113.
Poika[271] veitikka[329] verevä[330] 130
Miekan[325] vyöltänsä[331] vetävi[324],
Luunpurian[332] puoleltansa[333];
Veti[324] miekalla[325] meryttä[334],
Alta[335] laian[198] laskettavi[336],
Itse vierähti[337] vetehen[98], 135
Kourin[338] aaltohon[99] kohahti[339].
Siitä[340] seppo[341] Ilmarinen[342]
Tarttui[343] tukkahan[344] urosta[345],
Nostalti[346] merestä[295] miehen[164],
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: v. xvi. 283.
‘Kaikki[347] on mieheksi[164] kyhätty[348],
Pantu[245] parran[117] kantajaksi[191],
Lisäksi[349] satalu’ulle[350],
Tuhannelle[351] täytteheksi[352].’
Miekan vyöltänsä vetävi, v. line 131.
Tupestansa[353] tuiman[354] rauan[85],
Jolla[355] kalhaisi[356] kaloa[327],
Alta[335] laian[198] läimähytti[357];
Miekka[325] murskaksi[358] mureni[359],
Eipä hauki[318] tiennytkänä[360]. 150
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen {v. xvi. 197,
Tuossa tuon sanoiksi virkki: {198.
‘Ei ole teissä[361] puolta[362] miestä[164],
Ei urosta[182] kolmannesta[363];
Kun[50] konsa[364] tulevi[120] tarve[365], 155
Miehen[164] mieltä[165] vaaitahan[366],
Silloin[367] mieli[165] melkeässä[368],
Kaikki[347] toimi[369] toisialla[370].’
Itse miekkansa[325] veälti[371],
Tempasi terävän rauan, v. xxxvi. 326.
Työnti[372] miekkansa[325] merehen[295],
Alle[316] laian[198] langetteli[373]
Kalahauin[374] hartioihin[79],
Ve’en koiran konkkaluihin. v. line 120.
Miekka[325] luottihe[375] lujahan[376], 165
Kitasihin[377] kiinnittihe[378];
Siitä[340] vanha Väinämöinen
Nostalti[346] kaloa[327] tuota[67],
Veti[324] haukia[318] ve’estä[98]:
Hauki[31] katkesi[379] kaheksi[328], 170
Pursto[380] pohjahan[381] putosi[382],
Pää[288] kavahti[383] karpahasen[384].
Jo[12] otti[385] venonen[155] juosta[386],
Pääsi[235] pursi[136] puutoksesta[387];
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 175
Luotti[388] purren[136] luotoselle[389],
Ravahutti[390] rantasehen[391],
Katselevi, kääntelevi v. xxxvi. 321.
Tuota[67] hauin[318] pääpaloa[392],
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: v. xvi. 283.
‘Ken[393] on vanhin[18] sulholoista[394],
Sepä hauki halkomahan[395],
Kala[327] viploin[396] viiltämähän[397],
Pää[298] paloiksi[322] pahkomahan[398]!’
Miehet[164] purresta[136] puhuvat[399], 185
Vaimot[189] lausui[46] laitasilta[400]:
‘Saajanpa[401] käet[81] sulimmat[402],
Sormet[263] pyytäjän[403] pyhimmät[404].’
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen
Veti[324] veitsen[405] huotrastansa[406], 190
Kyleltänsä[407] kylmän[408] rauan[85],
Jolla[355] hauin[318] halkaisevi[409],
Pahkovi[410] kalan[327] paloiksi[392],
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: v. xvi. 283.
‘Ken[393] on nuorin[411] neitosista[412], 195
Sepä hauki keittämähän
Murkinaisiksi[414] muruiksi[415],
Kalaisiksi[416] lounahiksi[417]!’
Kävi[7] neiet[38] keittämähän[413],
Kävi[7] kilvan[418] kymmenenki[419]; 200
Siitä[340] hauki[318] keitetähän[420],
Murkinoiahan[421] muruina[422],
Jäipä[423] luita[424] luotoselle[389],
Kalanluita[424] kalliolle[425].
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 205
Noita[226] tuossa[84] katselevi,
Katselevi, kääntelevi, v. xxxvi. 321.
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: v. xvi. 182.
‘Mikä tuostaki[426] tulisi[126],
Noista[427] hauin[218] hampahista[428], 210
Leveästä[429] leukaluusta[430],
Jos[102] oisi[114] sepon[341] pajassa[431],
Luona[432] taitavan[433] takojan[434],
Miehen,[164] mahtavan[435] käsissä[81]?’
Sanoi[128] seppo[134] Ilmarinen: 215
‘Ei tule[126] tyhjästä[436] mitänä[437],
Kalan[327] ruotasta[438] kalua[439],
Ei seponkana[341] pajassa,
Luona taitavan takojan, v. lines 213, 214.
Miehen mahtavan käsissä.’
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen
Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: v. xvi. 283.
‘Näistäpä[130] toki tulisi[126]
Kalanluinen[424] kanteloinen[440],
Kun[50] oisi[114] osoajata[441], 225
Soiton[442] luisen[424] laatiata[443].’
Kun[50] ei toista[10] tullutkana[175],
Ei ollut osoajata[441],
Soiton luisen laatiata, v. line 226.
Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 230
Itse loihe[444] laatiaksi[443],
Tekiäksi[445] teentelihe[446];
Laati[153] soiton[442] hauinluisen[424],
Suoritti[447] ilon[448] ikuisen[449].
Kust’[450] on koppa[451] kanteletta[452]? 235
Hauin[318] suuren[453] leukaluusta[430];
Kust’[450] on naulat[454] kanteletta[452]?
Ne on hauin[318] hampahista[428];
Kusta[450] kielet[454] kanteletta[452]?
Hivuksista[455] Hiien[456] ruunan[457]. 240
Jo oli soitto[442] suorittuna[458],
Valmihina[459] kanteloinen[440],
Soitto[442] suuri[453] hauinluinen[421],
Kantelo[440] kalaneväinen[460].
THE INVENTION OF THE HARP.
The gay Lemminkäinen
Turned himself to see,
Looked under the boat, 115
Spoke a word, thus spoke:
‘The boat is not on a stone,
Not on a stone, not on timber,
The boat is on the neck of a pike,
On the hip bones of a water dog.’ 120
The prudent old Väinämöinen,
Spoke a word, thus said:
‘There are all sorts of things in a river,
Timber, pikes:
If it be on the neck of a pike, 125
On the hips of a water-dog,
Smite with the sword into the water,
Cut the fish in two.’
The gay Lemminkäinen,
The bright lively youth, 130
Draws the sword from his girdle,
The bone biter from his side;
Struck the sea with the sword,
Stirs under the side (of the ship).
Himself rolled into the water, 135
Fell splash into the billow hands foremost.
Then the smith Ilmarinen,
Clung on to the hair of the hero,
Raised the man from the sea.
Himself spoke this in words: 140
‘Every-one is formed to be a man,
Made to be a bearer of a beard,
To be a supplement to the number of a hundred,
To complete a thousand[23].’
He draws the sword from his girdle, 145
The cruel iron from his sheath,
With which he smote the fish,
Struck below the side (of the ship).
The sword broke into pieces,
The pike did not even perceive. 150
Prudent old Väinämöinen
On this spoke this in words:
‘There is not in you half a man,
Not the third part of a hero,
When need comes, 155
The mind of a man is wanted,
Then (your) mind fails,
All (your) sense is away.’
He himself drew his sword,
Seized the sharp iron 160
Struck his sword into the sea,
Smote below the side (of the ship)
On-to the neck of the pike fish,
On to the hip bones of the water dog.
The sword was driven home into the firm (flesh), 165
Fixed in the gills;
Then old Väinämöinen
Brought up that fish,
Drew the pike from the water;
The pike fell in two; 170
The tail dropped to the bottom of the sea,
The head rolled into the boat.
Now the boat began to run,
The vessel got free from the impediment.
Prudent old Väinämöinen 175
Brought the vessel near to shore,
Drove her on to the strand,
Looked at and turned
That head-piece of the pike.
Himself spoke this in words: 180
‘Who is the oldest of the youths,
(Let him come) to cut up the pike,
Divide the fish into pieces,
Split the head into bits.’
The men speak from the ship, 185
The women cry from the shore:
‘The hands of the catcher are the purest,
The fingers of the seeker are the holiest.’
The prudent old Väinämöinen
Drew a knife from his sheath, 190
The cold iron from his side,
With which he cuts up the pike,
Splits the fish into pieces.
Himself spoke this in words:—
‘Who is the youngest of the women, 195
(Let her come) to cook the pike,
Into morsels for dinner,
Into a fish midday meal.’
The women went to cook,
Ten went in rivalry; 200
Then the pike is cooked,
Pieces for dinner;
The bones remained on the shore,
The fish bones on the edge of the sea.
The prudent old Väinämöinen 205
Looked at them there,
Looked, turned,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘What might come from this,
From these teeth of the pike, 210
From the broad jaw bone,
If it were in the smithy of a smith,
With a clever forger,
In the hands of a cunning man?’
Said the smith Ilmarinen:— 215
‘There comes not anything from nothingness,
No instrument from the mouth of a fish,
Not even in the smithy of a smith,
With a clever forger,
In the hands of a cunning man.’ 220
Prudent old Väinämöinen
Himself spoke this in words:
‘Yet from these might come
A fish-bone harp,
Were there but an artist, 225
A maker of bone playing-instruments.’
When there came no other,
(When there) was not any artist,
(No) maker of bone playing-instruments,
Prudent old Väinämöinen 230
Himself became a maker,
Appeared as a fabricator:
Made an instrument of pike-bone,
Made ready an eternal joy.
Of what is the body of the harp? 235
Of the jaw-bone of the great pike.
Of what are the pegs of the harp?
They are the teeth of the pike.
Of what are the strings of the harp?
Of the hairs of the courser of Hiisi. 240
Now the instrument was prepared,
The harp made ready,
A great instrument of pike-bone,
A harp of fish-fins.
[1] 3rd sing. imperf. of lähteä (rule [40]); lähti is also found. The lit. meaning of this word is to set out, but it is used sometimes with an object to mean to go after, to fetch.
[2] Ablative sing. of tuoni, death. Mana is a synonym.
[3] Part. plur. of sana, word (rule [7]), obj. of läksi.
[4] Ablative sing. of Manala, abode of death (v. p. [47] for the suffix).
[5] Part. plur. of mahti, power, obj. of läksi; for suffix loi, v. p. [225].
[6] For constr. v. p. [188]; astua, 1st infin., to step; taputtelevi, 3rd pers. sing. pres. (p. [228]) of taputella, to tread heavily or firmly.
[7] 3rd sing. imperf. of käydä (rule [5], p. [9]), to go or traverse.
[8] Accusative sing. of wiikko, week, denoting duration (v. p. [137]).
[9] These three words are formed with the suffix kko (p. [47]) from the words witsa, small tree or shoot; tuomi, bird-cherry, Swedish hägg; and kataja, juniper.
[10] Accusative sing. of toinen (p. [35]).
[11] Accusative sing. of kolmas (p. [35]).
[12] Adv. now or already.
[13] 3rd. sing. imperf. of näkyä, neut. form of nähdä, to see (p. [109]).
[14] Nominative sing. of stem saari, an island.
[15] Nominative sing. a hill.
[16] 3rd sing. pres. of kuumottaa, to loom or be seen indistinctly.
[17] This is a constant epithet of Wäinämöinen, meaning literally firm, and then used to denote a kind of steady prudence, which is a natural characteristic of the Finns, and (like Scotch canniness) untranslatable, though more frivolous nations might render it by stolid.
[18] Adj. old, also a constant epithet.
[19] 1st infin.; for constr. v. p. [188].
[20] 3rd sing. imperf. of huikahuttaa. Like the last word this is onomatopœic.
[21] Genitive sing. of Tuonela, place of Tuoni (v. p. [47]).
[22] Inessive sing. of joki, a river (rule [28]).
[23] Inessive sing. of alanne, lowland or depth (stem alantehe).
[24] 2nd sing. imper. of tuoda (p. [80]).
[25] Part. sing. of vene, a boat; stem venehe (cf. terve, p. [39]), obj. of tuo.
[26] = tyttö, diminutive, nom. sing.
[27] = lauttaa (p. [225]), part. sing. of lautta, ship.
[28] Nominative sing. of stem lapsi, child.
[29] Preposition with gen. (v. p. [217]) across.
[30] Genitive sing. of salmi, creek, depending on yli (p. [217]).
[31] = saadakseni, longer form of 1st infin. of root saa (here used intransitively) with suffix of 1st pers. pron. For constr. v. p. [185].
[32] Postposition (p. [204]) governing the genitive joen.
[33] Longer form of päästä (root pääse) with suffix of 1st pers.
[34] Nominative sing. dimin. adj. from lyhyt (p. [48]).
[35] Nominative sing. low, dwarfish.
[36] Nominative sing. a maiden.
[37] Genitive plur. of poukku, dirty linen.
[38] = pesijä, washer, v. p. [196].
[39] Genitive plur. of räväs (stem räpähä), rag.
[40] Nominative sing. a beater; cf. räimätä, to beat.
[41] Inessive sing. of musta, black.
[42] Inessive sing. of compound noun alusvesi (p. [34]).
[43] 3rd sing. imperf. (the form varies between virkki and virkkoi) from virkkaa, to speak.
[44] Instr. plur. of tuo, thus.
[45] 3rd sing. imperf. of nimetä, literally to name.
[46] 3rd sing. imperf. of lausua, to call.
[47] 3rd sing. imperf. of pakista, to talk or speak.
[48] Adv. thence; abl. of tämä, this; täällä, täältä are written with two ä’s when used adverbially.
[49] = tuotaneen, concessive passive of tuoda, to bear. The final n of the passive is omitted. For constr. v. pp. [177] and [182].
[50] = kun, when.
[51] Nominative sing. a cause.
[52] Conditional passive of sanoa, to speak (= sanottaneen).
[53] = mikä.
[54] 3rd sing. imperf. of saattaa, causative form of saada (p. [110]), to cause to come or bring; for form v. rule [7].
[55] Prep. with the abessive (p. [203]): used also as adverb. Apparently genitive of ilma, air, but connection of meaning is obscure.
[56] = taudin, gen. sing. of tauti, disease, constr. with tappamatta (p. [184]).
[57] Abessive of the 3rd infin. of tappaa, to kill (p. [193]).
[58] Abessive of 3rd infin. of ottaa, to take.
[59] Genitive sing. of oiva, right or proper.
[60] Genitive sing. of surma, fate; a right fate is a natural death. For constr. v. p. [184].
[61] Genitive sing. of muu, other; another fate means one other than a natural death.
[62] Abessive of 3rd infin. of musertaa, to break.
[64] 3rd sing. imperf. from tuottaa, causal of tuoda, to bear.
[65] Ablative plur. of maa, land, with affix of 1st person.
[66] 3rd sing. imperf. from vedellä, formed from vetää, to carry.
[67] Accusative sing. of pron. tuo, with adverbial suffix pa.
[68] Transl. plur. of sana after virkki, spoke this into words (p. [158]).
[69] 1st sing. pres. of keksiä, to find or detect.
[70] Accusative sing. of kielastaja (from kieli, tongue). One who is ready with his tongue, hence a liar. The Finns are a silent race.
[71] kun, if, with adv. suffix pa.
[72] On, a particle of emphasis, not the verb substantive.
[73] 3rd sing. conditional of tuoda, to bring.
[74] 3rd sing. conditional of siirtellä, deriv. verb from siirtää.
[75] Inessive of 2nd infin. of tulla, to come, with pron. affix of 3rd person.
[76] Adjectival form from Manala (v. p. [46]).
[77] Inessive of matka, a journey.
[78] Nominative sing. a hat. For the constr. of nominative absolute v. p. [134].
[79] Adessive plur. of hartia, neck or shoulders.
[80] Nominative plur. of kinnas, a glove, stem kintaha (p. [38]).
[81] = kädessä, inessive of käsi, a hand (stem käte), for use v. p. [141].
[82] 2nd sing. imper. of sanoa, to speak.
[83] Part. sing. of tosi, truth (stem tote, v. p. [34]).
[84] Inessive of tuo, there or thereupon.
[85] Nominative sing. (gen. raudan, rauan), iron.
[86] = minun, me.
[87] Nominative sing. of stem teräkse, steel.
[88] 3rd sing. imperf. of tempoa, cf. temmata.
[89] Elative sing. of tuo, from this.
[90] 1st sing. pres. of tuntea.
[91] 3rd sing. conditional of saada, meaning here to convey (cf. reflex. saapua). N.B. Pres. cond. used here with past signif.
[92] Instr. plur. of veri (stem vere), blood.
[93] Nominative plur. of vaate (stem vaattehe), garment.
[94] 3rd pers. sing. cond. (though with plur. subject) of valua, to drip.
[95] Instr. plur. of hurme, gore (stem hurmehe).
[96] 3rd sing. (for plural) cond. of hurahdella.
[97] Nom. sing. (gen. kerran) time; for use of nom. v. p. [137]. In l. 224 the accusative is used in same constr.
[98] Nominative sing. of stem vete, p. [34].
[99] Nominative sing. (gen. aallon), billow.
[100] 1st pers. sing. pres. of ymmärtää, p. [93].
[101] Accusative sing. of valehtelia (or valhetelija), a liar, v. No. [129].
[102] Conj. if.
[103] Nominative sing. with affix of 2nd person.
[104] 3rd pers. sing. (for plur.) of herahdella, identical with hurahdella above.
[105] Part. plur. of tarkka, exact.
[106] Part. plur. of stem tote (nom. tosia), truth.
[107] Adv. once more.
[108] Accusative sing. of kerta, cf. No. [97].
[109] 3rd sing. pres. of kielestaa, v. No. [70].
[110] Nominative sing. of tule, fire.
[111] Nominative sing.; has two meanings, (1) white or bright, (2) flame; so here.
[112] = arvaan, 1st sing. pres. of arvata, to think or perceive, conjugated like luvata.
[113] Adj. from valkea (p. [47]), the flaming one, i.e. fire.
[114] = olisi, here used for olisivat.
[115] Nominative plur. of kutri, a lock.
[116] = kärventyneenä, essive sing. of past part, act of kärventyä, neuter form of kärventää, to burn.
[117] Nominative parta, beard (gen. parran), with adverbial affix ki.
[118] Instrum. plur. of paha, bad, used adverbially (p. [161]).
[119] Nominative sing. past part. act. of palaa, to burn (intrans.).
[120] An interjection.
[121] = sinä.
[122] = tahdot, 2nd pers. sing. pres. of tahtoa, to wish.
[123] Part. plur. of walhe, a lie (the cases and derivatives of this word are written either walhe or waleh).
[124] Part. plur. of viimeinen (stem sen), last, often employed in indeclinable form viime.
[125] Adv. fr. pron. stem mi.
[126] 2nd sing. imperf. of tulla, to come.
[127] Abessive of 3rd infin. of murentaa, to crush or break.
[128] Instr. of vähä, little, used adverbially.
[129] 1st sing. imperf. of valehdella, with suffix ki.
[130] Adv. yet.
[131] = minä.
[132] = todet, accusative plur. of stem tote, nominative tosi, truth.
[133] 1st sing. imperf. of tehdä, stem teke.
[134] = tiedolla, adessive sing. of tieto, knowledge, used instrumentally, v. p. [152].
[135] = laadin, 1st pers. imperf. of laatia, to fashion.
[136] Part. sing. of pursi (stem purte), ship; part. is used because action was not completed, v. p. [127].
[137] Adessive of 3rd infin. of laulaa, to sing (p. [193]).
[138] 1st sing. imperf. of same verb (p. [85]).
[139] Accusative sing. of päivä, day (p. [137]).
[140] Instr. plur. of se, used adverbially.
[141] Adessive sing. of kolmas (p. [35]); the essive would be more usual as a definite date is mentioned (p. [150]).
[142] 3rd sing. imperf. of rikkoa, to break (v. p. [227]).
[143] Nominative sing. sledge (p. [33]).
[144] Ablative plur. of runo, verse (p. [154]).
[145] Nominative sing. of stem jalakse (fr. jala, foot), the foot or end of a sledge.
[146] 3rd sing. imperf. from taittua, to bend, reflex. form of taittaa (p. [109]).
[147] Ablative plur. of lause (stem lausehe).
[148] = oraa, part. sing, of ora, a gimlet.
[149] Part. sing. of vääntiä, an auger.
[150] Accusative sing. of rekonen, dim. fr. reke, a sledge.
[151] = rakentaa (p. [93]) 1st infin. with affix of 1st person (p. [187]).
[152] Accusative sing. compound word formed from laulu, song, and korja, a basket sledge (Swedish korgsläde).
[153] v. No. [135], 1st infin. with suffix of 1st person.
[154] Adv. now.
[155] Part. sing. of venoinen, dim. of vene, boat.
[156] 2nd sing. imperf. of laittaa, to make ready.
[157] = minulle.
[158] kyllä, adv. much; originally a subst. meaning plenty.
[159] Nominative sing. of tuonettare, from stem tuone, with affix ttare (p. [46]).
[160] 3rd sing. pres. of torua, to chide.
[161] 3rd sing. pres. of riidella (stem riitele), to quarrel or be angry.
[162] Nominative sing., a fool.
[163] Part. sing, with affix of 2nd pers. of stem hulluute, folly, derived from hullu (p. [47]); for use of part, after oi, v. p. [136].
[164] Nominative sing. of stem miehe.
[165] Gen. sing. of mieli, with affix of 2nd pers. sing.
[166] Part. sing. of stem vähyyte (after oi), formed like hulluus, above, from vähä, little.
[167] Abessive sing. of syy, cause; tauitta (from tauti) is same case.
[168] Allative sing. (after tulet) from maja, a habitation.
[169] Nominative of stem parempa, comp. of hyvä, good.
[170] For constr. v. p. [138].
[171] 1st infin. and root to return, conjugated like luvata.
[172] Adessive plur. of oma, own.
[173] Adessive plur. of maa, land.
[174] Adv. and adj. much.
[175] Part. plur. of stem tullehe (nominative sing. tullut, p. [40]), 2nd part. act. of tulla, to come.
[176] Adv. much.
[177] v. [175]; this is corresponding form from palata, to return.
[178] Nominative sing., an old woman.
[179] Ablative sing. tie, a way.
[180] = kääntyköön, 3rd sing. opt. of kääntyä, reflex. form of kääntää, to turn.
[181] Nominative of compar. of paha, bad (p. [42]), with adv. affix kana. N.B. As ei is indic. and not imper. the line must mean ‘the meanest man will not.’
[182] Nominative sing. stem uroho (p. [38]).
[183] Nominative of compar. of untelo, sleepy or dull, from untua, to be sleepy.
[184] 3rd sing. imperf. of viedä (rule [4]).
[185] saatella, päästellä are derivative forms from saada, päästä (p. [111]).
[186] Abessive of 3rd infin. of kuolla, to die.
[187] Nominative sing. good.
[188] Nominative sing. (gen. emännän), mistress or hostess.
[189] Adessive sing. of tuoppi. The inessive would seem more natural.
[190] Part. sing. of olut, beer, stem olue; cf. kevät, p. [39]; for part. v. p. [135].
[191] 3rd sing. of kantaa, to bear.
[192] Adessive sing. of kaksikorvainen, formed of kaksi, two; korva, ear, with adj. ending inen, two-eared or two-handled.
[193] 2nd sing. imperf. of juoda, to drink.
[194] 3rd sing. imperf. of katsoa, to look.
[195] Prep. governing partitive tuoppiansa (p. [204]).
[196] Nominative plur. of sammakko, frog.
[197] 3rd sing. (for plural) imperf. of kutea.
[198] Adessive sing. of sisä, interior (cf. p. [214]).
[199] = madot, nominative plur. of mato, worm.
[200] = laidoilla, adessive plur. of laita, side.
[201] = mateli (which perhaps should be read), imperf. of madella (sing. for plur.), to creep (connected mato).
[202] Accusative plur. of malja, a cup.
[203] Illative of 3rd infin. of lakkia. For the construction of this and of juomahan, v. p. [192].
[204] 3rd pers. plur. pres. of juopua (p. [111]).
[205] Nominative plur. of juoja (p. [45]).
[206] Genitive sing. of kannu, a cup, or can.
[207] Nominative plur. of appaja, formed from appaa, to eat or drink greedily.
[208] 3rd plur. pres. of stem katota, 1st infin. kadota, conjugated like koota (p. [104]).
[209] Part. of mitä, used adverbially, why.
[210] Part. of kuka, here used like mikä.
[211] Allative plur. (after tulit) of tupa, house.
[212] Adv. before.
[213] Abessive of 3rd infin. of tahtoa, to wish. There is here a confusion of two ideas, without the will of Tuoni and before the bidding of Tuoni.
[214] Ablative plur. of maa, land.
[215] Abessive of 3rd infin. of kutsua, to call.
[216] Inessive of 2nd infin. of veistää, to cut, from veitsi, a knife, v. p. [189].
[217] Part. sing. of uusi (stem uute), new; part. because action was not complete.
[218] Inessive of 2nd infin. of puuhata, like luvata.
[219] 1st pers. sing. of uupua, to fall asleep, to lose; cf. No. [243].
[220] Part. of kolme, three, followed by part. sing. of sana (p. [172]).
[221] = peräpää, lit. end-head, i.e. extreme part.
[222] Inessive of 2nd infin. of päätellä, derived from päättää, to finish.
[223] = kokkaa, part. sing. of kokka, prow.
[224] Inessive of 2nd infin. of kohottaa, transitive form of kohota, to swell or rise.
[225] 1st sing. imperf. neg. of saada, with adv. affix kana.
[226] Part. plur. of tuo used after negative.
[227] Ablative plur. of ilma, air. maailma (earth, air) means universe, and the present expression, in which the two elements are declined, has much the same force.
[228] Nominative sing. 2nd part. active of tavata (root tapata), conjugated like luvata; en must be understood with this participle.
[229] 3rd sing. imperf. of pitää (here impersonal, oportere).
[230] Illative of 3rd infin. of saada. N.B. This infin. does not depend on piti, but denotes the purpose of the action; v. p. [192].
[231] Part. plur. of ongelmo (derived from onki), a crooked saying, a riddle.
[232] Illative of 3rd infin. of oppia, to learn.
[233] 3rd. sing. pres. neg. of antaa, to give (p. [69]).
[234] Negative form (understand ei) of jaella, derived from jakaa, to divide or distribute.
[235] 2nd pers. sing. concessive negative of päästä (like nousta).
[236] Essive of se.
[237] Essive sing. of ilmoinen, derived from ilma (the open space or air) and apparently meaning long.
[238] Essive of ikä, life. For temporal meaning of essive, v. p. [157]. The whole expression apparently means in this long life, i.e. as long as you live.
[239] Illative plur. of koti, home, with affix of 2nd pers. pron.
[240] Illative of 3rd infin. of kulkea, to go.
[241] Allative plur. of maa, land, with affix of 2nd pers.
[242] Illative of 3rd infin. of madella.
[243] 3rd sing. imperf. of uuvuttaa, to tire or throw to sleep.
[244] = uneen, illative sing. of uni, sleep; the illative is used on account of the idea of change of state in uuvutti.
[245] 3rd sing. imp. of panna (like tulla), to put.
[246] 1st infin. of root makata (like lupata), to sleep. The expression panna maata is generally used in an intransitive sense, to go to bed.
[247] Acc. sing. of matkalainen, a traveller, deriv. from matka, journey.
[248] Allative sing. (on account of motion in lying down unto) of compound noun composed of talja and vuode, both meaning skin, or fur.
[249] 3rd sing. pres. of makaella, derivative verb from maata.
[250] Part. sing. of uni.
[251] Derivative verb from ottaa, to take.
[251a] 3rd sing. imperf. of valvoa, to watch. The expression is a proverb, and means he slept with one eye open.
[251b] Nominative sing. of compound adj. formed of käykkä, prominent, and leuka, chin.
[251c] Genitive sing. of compound substantive formed of rauta, iron, and rihma, thread.
[251d] Noun of agency formed with affix ja from kehrätä, to spin.
[251e] Genitive plur. of vaskilanka, compound of vaski, brass, and lanka, twine.
[252] Noun of agency from valaa, to pour or make by casting.
[253] Accusative sing. of satainen, hundred-fold, here meaning complicated or large.
[254] Accusative sing. of nuotta, a large net.
[255] Accusative sing. of tuhantinen; v. satainen, above.
[256] 3rd sing. imperf. of tuuritella, to knit (from tuurittaa).
[257] Essive sing. of yö, night (p. [157]).
[258] Essive sing. of yksi.
[259] Essive sing. of kesäinen, adj. from kesä, summer; kesäisenä, contracted to kesäisnä.
[261] Adessive sing. of compound subst. formed of vesi, water, and kivi, stone.
[262] Nominative sing. an old man.
[263] Nominative sing. compound of kolme, three (N.B. in compounds the e becomes i), and sormi, a finger.
[264] Genitive plur. of rautaverkko, compound of rauta, iron, and verkko, a net.
[265] Noun of agency from kutoa, to weave.
[266] Genitive sing. of vaskinuotta; v. Nos. [251] and [254].
[267] Noun of agency from valmistaa, to make ready.
[268] 3rd sing. imperf. of kutoa.
[269] 3rd sing. imperf. of tuikutella.
[270] Essive of sama, the same.
[271] Nominative sing. (gen. pojan), a boy.
[272] Compound adj. koukku, a hook, sormi, a finger.
[273] Compound adj. rauta, iron, näppi, finger tip.
[274] 3rd sing. imperf. of vetää, to draw or spread.
[275] Elative sing. of joki, river; alatse, läpi, poikki, yli, sometimes take the elative instead of partitive in the Kalevala.
[276] sekä ... jotta = both ... and, but the third jotta introduces a final sentence with the verb in the indicative, not in the subjunctive, as is more usual.
[277] Illative sing. of vita, crosswise.
[278] Negative pres. of päästää, to let go.
[279] Negative pres. of selvittää, to liberate (from selvä, free or clear).
[280] Essive of kuu, moon.
[281] Genitive sing. of kulta, gold.
[282] Essive of walkea, bright. The meaning of these three words is clearly as long as the moon shines, but their exact relation to each other is a little obscure. Kullan is apparently an attributive genitive belonging to kuun, and the essive is to be taken in a temporal sense. Literally, in the moon of gold shining. Cf. XLIX. 116. Päivä-kullan paistamahan.
[283] Elative plur. of koti, home.
[284] Elative plur. of ikimaja, compound of iki, always, and maja, dwelling.
[285] Compound concessive of tulla; lie = lienee. For use of the concessive in questions, v. p. [177].
[286] Nominative sing. with affix of 1st person.
[287] Compound of hätä, straits or danger, and päivä, day.
[288] Allative sing. of pää, head.
[289] Adessive plur. of majanne (stem -tehe) formed from maja (p. [47]), a poor dwelling.
[290] Genitive of pika, swiftness, used adverbially.
[291] Translative sing. of muu, other; for use of the case here and in toiseksi after verbs denoting change (v. p. [158]).
[292] 3rd pers. sing, imperf. (v. p. [109]) of muutella, derived from muuttaa, to make other (muu), or change.
[293] Genitive of rutto, rapid, used adverbially.
[294] 3rd sing. imperf. of ruveta, to begin or become.
[295] 3rd sing. imperf. of mennä, to go.
[296] Illative of meri, sea.
[297] Essive of sarva (or saarva), an otter. For the case of this and mustana, etc., v. p. [157].
[298] Illative sing. of saraikko, formed from sara, sedge; cf. No. [9].
[299] 3rd sing. imperf. of matoa, to creep.
[300] Essive sing. of rautainen, iron.
[301] Essive of kyinen (stem se) adj. from kyy, a viper.
[302] Essive of käärme (stem käärmehe), a serpent.
[303] Preposition with elat. v. No. [280].
[304] Part. plur. of verkko, net; cf. No. [5].
[305] Adessive of aamu, morning (p. [150]).
[306] = varhain, adv. early.
[307] = sadan, accusative of sata, hundred.
[308] 3rd sing. pres. of saa.
[309] Part. plur. of taimen (stem taimene), a kind of fish (salmo fario or trutta, Lönnrot).
[311] Emon is gen. of emo (= emä), mother; alvehia, part. plur. of alve (stem alpehe, a young fish). The phrase seems to mean fry that follow their mother.
[312] Part. cases of Väinämöinen and Uvantolainen, after negative verb.
[313] Nominative sing. adj. originally muddy; thence soft or light; explained as meaning here kevytmielinen, light-minded.
[314] Also called Ahti and Kaukomieli. The most fascinating and adventurous of the heroes of the Kalevala, but sadly deficient in moral sense. He was much attached to female society, which led to his being killed, apparently very thoroughly, in book xiv., but in xv. his mother resuscitates him; he did not, however, learn wisdom. Books xxvi. and xxvii. recount his struggle with the people of Pohjola, with whom he was on bad terms owing to his not being invited to the marriage of Ilmarinen, and in xxix. he had to fly to Saari, whence however he was expelled (owing to his light conduct with a thousand brides and a hundred widows), and has further adventures in xxx. In the rest of the Kalevala he plays rather a secondary part.
[315] 3rd pers. sing. imperf. (p. [227]) from pyörähtää, to turn (pyörä, wheel or circle).
[316] Postposition governing venosen; the allative is used because motion is implied.
[317] Adessive sing. of hako, timber floating in water.
[318] Genitive sing. of hauki, pike.
[319] Genitive sing. of koira, dog.
[320] Adessive plur. of konkka-luu, compound noun.
[321] Part. plur. of joki, various.
[322] = on.
[323] Part. plur. of hako, v. [317].
[324] = vedä, 2nd pers. sing. imperat. of vetää, to draw.
[325] Adessive (p. [152]) sing. of miekka, sword.
[326] 2nd sing. imperf. of katkaista, to break or sever, stem katkaise.
[327] Nominative sing. a fish, direct object of katkaise (p. [128]).
[328] = kahdeksi, trans. of kaksi, two (for case, v. p. [158]).
[329] Nominative sing. adj. merry.
[330] Adj. formed from stem vere, blood, with suffix va (p. [48]), vigorous or youthful.
[331] Ablative sing. of vyö, a girdle, with affix of 3rd pers.
[332] Acc. sing. of compound subst. with first member (luu, bone) in gen. and second noun of agency, formed from purra, to bite.
[333] Ablative sing. of puoli, side, with affix of 3rd pers.
[334] Part. sing. of meryt (stem merye), dimin. of meri, sea.
[335] Preposition governing laian, though generally a postposition.
[336] 3rd sing. pres. of laskettaa (trans. form of laskea), to smite.
[337] 3rd sing. imperf. of vierähtää, deriv. verb (p. [112]) from vierrä, to roll down.
[338] Instr. plur. of koura, palm of the hand.
[339] 3rd pers. imperf. of kohahtaa, onomatopoeic verb representing noise of bubbling water.
[340] Elative sing. of se, used adverbially, then.
[341] seppo or seppä, nominative sing. a smith.
[342] The magic smith of Kalevala and forger of the Sampo; after many trials he married the maiden of Pohja (xix.), and the marriage is described in xx-xxv., but in xxxiii. she is killed. Ilmarinen then forged himself a wife of gold and silver (xxxvii.), who did not prove entirely satisfactory in all respects.
[343] 3rd sing. imperf. of tarttua, to stick or cling to.
[344] Illative sing. of tukka, hair.
[345] Part. sing. of uros, used as genitive. This use (which is hardly found in prose) is chiefly used of things which form part of something else.
[346] 3rd sing. of nostaltaa, deriv. verb from nostaa, to raise.
[347] Nominative sing. all (p. [170]).
[348] 2nd part. passive of kyhätä, to form; this word and pantu are followed by translatives to indicate the end for which a thing is made (p. [159]).
[349] Trans. sing. of lisä, an addition.
[350] Allative sing. of sataluku, hundred number (luvulle is now the usual orthography, p. [14]).
[351] Allative sing. of tuhat (stem tuhante), a thousand.
[352] Trans. sing. of täyte (stem täyttehe), a complement or supplement (täysi, full).
[353] Elative sing. of tuppi, sheath, with affix of 3rd person.
[354] Accusative sing. of tuima, fierce.
[355] Adessive (p. [152]) of joka, here used in sense and with it.
[356] = kolhaisti or kolkkaisti, 3rd sing. imperf. of kalhaista, to strike or split.
[357] 3rd sing. imperf. of läimähyttää (deriv. of läimätä), to smite.
[358] Trans. sing. of murska, a fragment (p. [158]). N.B. The word is not in the plural and is almost adverbial, piecemeal.
[359] 3rd sing. imperf. of mureta, to break (stem murene, p. [94] F and [107]).
[360] = tietänyt (p. [226], ix), 2nd part. act. of tietää, to perceive or know, with adv. affix kana.
[362] Part. sing. of puoli, half (p. [34]); for use of part. v. p. [122].
[363] Part. sing. of kolmannes (stem -ekse), a third part.
[364] Adv. when, used with kun to mean as soon as.
[365] Nominative sing. (stem tarpehe), need.
[366] = vaaditaan, passive of vaatia, to demand.
[367] Adv. then.
[368] Inessive sing. of melkeä, moderate (? Russian мелкій); for use of inessive v. p. [140], iii. The expression seems ironical, is in a very moderate state.
[369] Nominative sing. business, duty, capacity; cf. for use here ei ole hänellä tointa.
[370] Adessive of toisia, another place; cf. muualla, and our expression to be all abroad.
[371] 3rd sing. imperf. of vedältää, deriv. verb from vetää.
[372] 3rd sing. imperf. of työntää, to thrust or smite.
[373] 3rd sing. imperf. of langetella, deriv. verb from langettaa, which is the causative form of langeta, to fall.
[374] Compound of kala, fish, and hauki, pike. The usual form would be haukikala (cf. valaskala, a whale).
[375] 3rd sing. imperf. reflexive (p. [227]) of luottaa, to send through or drive, a factitive form from luoda, one of whose meanings is to cast (v. No. [496]).
[376] Illative sing. of luja, firm.
[377] Illative plur. of kitanen (stem -se, diminutive of kita), the gills of a fish.
[378] 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of kiinnittää, to fix, derived from kiinni.
[379] 3rd sing. imperf. of katketa, to break or fall asunder; cf. [326].
[380] = pyrstö, nominative sing. a tail.
[381] Illative sing. of pohja, bottom or shore.
[382] 3rd sing. imperf. of pudota (like luvata), to fall.
[383] 3rd sing. imperf. of kavahtaa, to leap forth or fall.
[384] Illative sing. of karvas (cf. oas, p. [40]), a small boat.
[385] 3rd sing. imperf. of ottaa, here used intransitively, to start or begin.
[386] 1st sing. of stem juokse (cf. syökse, p. [107]), to run or speed.
[387] Elative sing. of puutos, a hindrance (puuttaa, to hold or fasten).
[388] 3rd sing. imperf. act. of luottaa, v. [375].
[389] Allative sing. of luotonen, dimin. of luoto, island or shore.
[390] 3rd sing. imperf. of ravahuttaa, fact. form of ravahtaa, which is itself a deriv. of ravata, to move quickly; cf. ravakka, quick.
[391] Illative sing. of rantanen, dimin. of ranta, shore.
[392] Part. sing. (p. [127]) of pääpala, compound of pää, head, and pala, a piece.
[394] Elative plur. of sulho, a young man; for use of case, v. p. [143], viii.
[395] Illative of 3rd infin. of halkoa (halki), to cleave. The verb on which the infinitive depends is omitted, but some such words as ‘let him come’ must be understood.
[396] Instr. plur. of vipla (or viipale), a strip. For the nom. hauki, v. p. [128], iii (2).
[397] Illative of 3rd infin. of viiltää (fact. of viillä), to split open.
[398] Illative 3rd infin. of pahkoa, to cleave.
[399] 3rd plur. pres. of puhua, to speak (original meaning to blow).
[400] Ablative plur. of laitanen (stem -se), dimin. of laita, shore.
[401] Genitive of saaja, noun of agency, from saada, to take (p. [45]).
[402] Nominative plur. of sulin, superlative of sula, flowing, active, or dexterous.
[403] Genitive sing. of pyytäjä from pyytää, to catch; cf. No. [401].
[404] Nominative plur. of pyhin, superl. of pyhä, holy.
[405] Accusative sing. of veitsi, knife.
[406] Elative sing. of huotra, a sheath, with affix of 3rd person.
[407] Ablative sing. of kylki, side, with affix of 3rd person.
[408] Accusative sing. of kylmä, cold.
[409] 3rd sing. pres. of halkaista (halki), to split.
[410] 3rd sing. pres. of No. [398].
[411] Nominative sing. superl. of nuori, young.
[412] Elative plur. of neitonen (stem -se), dimin. of neito, woman.
[413] Illative of 3rd infin. of keittää, to cook; v. No. [395].
[414] Trans. plur. (p. [158]) of murkinainen, adj. of murkina, the midday meal.
[415] Trans. plur. of muru, fragment.
[416] Trans. plur. of kalainen, adj. formed from kala, fish.
[417] Trans. plur. of lounas, midday meal.
[418] Instr. sing. of kilpa, strife or rivalry.
[419] kymmen, ten, with affix ki.
[420] Pres. passive of keittää.
[421] = murkinoidaan, pres. passive of murkinoita from murkina, breakfast.
[422] Essive plur. from muru, a bit.
[423] 3rd sing. imperf. of jäädä, to remain, with affix pä, followed by allative (p. [156]).
[424] Part. plur. of luu, bone.
[425] Allative of kallio, rock.
[426] Elat. sing. of pron. tuo, with suffix ki.
[427] Elat. plur. of same.
[428] Elative plur. (p. [143], ix) of hammas (stem hampaha), tooth.
[429] Elative of leveä, broad.
[430] Elative of leuka-luu, jaw-bone.
[431] Inessive of paja, a smithy.
[432] Essive of luo (p. [210]), here prepos. with genitive.
[433] Genitive of 1st part. act. of taitaa, to be able or skilful.
[434] Genitive of takoja, forger, from takoa, to forge.
[435] Genitive of mahtava, powerful.
[436] Elative of tyhjä, void or emptiness.
[437] = mitään, v. p. [219] and [122].
[438] Elative sing. of ruotta, mouth (of a fish); ruota or ruoto is the usual form.
[439] Part. sing. of kalu, an instrument (p. [122]).
[440] Dimin. of kantelo = kantele, a kind of harp with five strings.
[441] = osaajaa, part. of osaaja, noun of agency, from osata, to know or be skilful.
[442] Genitive sing. of soitto, a musical instrument.
[443] Part. of laatija, noun of agency from laatia, to make. The part. is used because the sentence is practically negative.
[444] 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of luoda, to create or make.
[445] Translative (p. [158], iii) of tekijä, noun of agency, from tehdä, to make.
[446] 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of teennellä, deriv. of tehdä (stem teke), to make.
[447] 3rd sing. imperf. of suorittaa (from suora), to prepare.
[448] Accusative sing. of ilo, joy.
[449] Accusative sing. of ikuinen, from ikä, life.
[450] Elative sing. of kuka, meaning here from what (p. [144], ix).
[451] Nominative sing., the body or frame (of the harp).
[452] Part. sing. of kantele (stem -lehe), harp; for use of part. v. No. [345].
[453] Genitive sing. of suuri, great.
[454] Nominatives plur. of kieli, tongue or string, and naula, a nail.
[455] Elative plur. of hivus = hius (stem hiukse), hair.
[456] = Hiiden, genitive sing. of Hiisi, the genius of evil.
[457] Genitive sing. of ruuna, poetical word for a horse.
[458] Essive sing. of 2nd part. passive (= suoritettuna) of suorittaa.
[459] Essive sing. of valmis, ready (stem valmihi).
[460] Compound word; first member in genitive, second adj. formed from evä, a fin.