FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: This bibliography is meant only to orient the reader in regard to exegetical literature. It is not complete, nor does it give editions of texts. The order follows in general that of the chapters, but the second and last paragraphs respectively must be consulted for interpretation and geography. Works that cover several fields are placed under the literature of the first. The special studies on Vedic divinities have been arranged alphabetically.]
[Footnote 2: On account of the inconvenient form in which appeared the earlier numbers of the JRAS. we cite the Old Series only by date. All references without date refer to the New Series (vol i, NS., 1864).]
[Footnote 3: On the artistic side Emil Schlagintweit's great work, Indien in Wort und Bild, contains much of interest to the student of religious paraphernalia. See also below under wild tribes.]
[Footnote 4: Roth, Morality of the Veda; Whitney, Result of Vedic Researches (JAOS. iii. 289 and 331); Whitney, History of the Vedic Texts, ib. iv. 245.]
[Footnote 5: Under this title Roth has an essay (on the
comparison of texts), KZ. xxvi. 45.]
[Footnote 6: See below. Defence of the same by the author,
WZKM. vii. 103.]
[Footnote 7: JRAS, i. 51 ff., and subsequent volumes,
Contributions to a Knowledge of the Vedic Theogony and
Mythology and Progress of the Vedic Religion toward Abstract
Conceptions of the Deity.]
[Footnote 8: It cannot be too much emphasized that Grassmann's translation should never be used for comparative purposes. At the same time, for a general understanding of the contents of the whole Rig Veda it is the only book that can be recommended. Ludwig's translation is so uncouth that without a controlling knowledge of the original it is often meaningless.]
[Footnote 9: Bloomfield, AJP. xii. 429. Compare also Regnaud, Le Mythe de Rohita. The same author has published various Vedic articles in the Rev. de l'histoire des religions, vols. xv-xxvi. Whitney's complete translation of AV. will soon appear.]
[Footnote 10: Sexual side of fire-cult; whirlwind of fire,
M[=a]tariçvan, Schwartz, KZ. xx. 202; compare Hillebrandt,
ZDMG. xxxiii. 248.]
[Footnote 11: Neisser's Vorvedisches im Veda, BB. xvii. 244,
is not a mythological study.]
[Footnote 12: Apollon here is Saparye[n.]ya, 'worshipful.' This derivation is attacked by Froehde, Apollon, BB. xix. 230 (compare Fick, ib. xviii. 138), who derives Apollon from [Greek: phellhôn], 'word,' comparing [Greek: hapellhaxein], 'conciliare,' pell being 'spell' (in Gospel, etc.), 'inter-pellare.' Thus Apollo would be 'prophet,' 'wârspello.' On vahni, Agni, compare Neisser, Vedica, BB. xviii. 301 (xix. 120, 248).]
[Footnote 13: Oldenberg, loc. cit., interprets Açvins as morning and evening stars! The epithet (of Agni and Açvins) bhura[n.]yu has been equated with Phor[=o]neus, we forget by whom.]
[Footnote 14: Oldenberg's (Die Religion des Veda) Old-Man-of-the-Mountains-Indra thus gets etymological support.]
[Footnote 15: For convenience included in this list.]
[Footnote 16: Maspiter is Mars-pater.]
[Footnote 17: Hirt equates Parjanya, Perkunas, Fjörgyn, as originally epithet of Dy[=a]ns-Zeus, with [Greek: phêgotaios], the 'Oak-god.' See also Zimmer, ZDA. vii. (19) 164.]
[Footnote 18: Müller explains Rudra as 'howler'; Leo identifies him with Wuotan; Jones with Apollo, Kuhn. KZ. iii. 335; as A. Sax. Rodor, ib. ii. 478: P. von Bradke. ZDMG. xi. 361. Oldenberg's delineation of Rudra in Die Religion des Veda is based on the Brahmanic Rudra-Çiva (see PAOS. Dec 1894).]
[Footnote 19: Kerbaker, Varuna e gli Aditya (Naples, Proceedings of the Royal Academy) is known to us only by title.]
[Footnote 20: The author justly remarks that no sociological
data can be made of Yama's wife or sister.]
[Footnote 21: Dog sees Death, sharp sight of dog causes
myth.]
[Footnote 22: Other less important examples of etymological ingenuity are Scherer, Brahman as flamen ([Greek: Brhagkos], Bragi, see Kaegi, Rig Veda, note 82); abhrad[=i]t[=a] as Aphrodite, Sonne, KZ. x. 415; Ahaly[=a] as Achilleus, Weber, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1887; Id[=a] as Iris (Windischmann), Poseidon, potídas, i[=d.]aspati (Fick, KZ. xxi. 462); but in KZ. i. 459 Poseidon is patye davan. On the form compare BB. viii. 80; x. 237; KZ. xxx. 570. Prellwitz, BB. ix. 327, agrees with Fick and Pott as to i[d.]as representing [Greek: oidma] and compares [prosklhôtios]. Garga is Gorgo, Kern, JRAS. iv. 431; P[=a]jasya is Pegasos, etc, KZ. i. 416, xxix. 222; Parvata is Pelasgos, Burda, KZ. xxi. 470; but compare Stier, ib. xi. 229, where Pelasgoi are 'cranes'; and Pische, ib. xx. 369, where they are [Greek: parhrhhasioi]. Sabheya is Yavi[s.][t.]ha (not Hephaistos, as says Kuhn), Müller, ib. xviii. 212; and v[r.]trahan is not Bellerophon (as says Pott), ib. iv. 416, v. 140 (bellero is varvara). Çarád is Ceres, Müller, ib. xviii. 211; svav[=a]n is [Greek: enas], Autrecht, ZDMG. xiii 499; svar 'sing' in Silenus, Siren: Buddhaguru in Pythagoras, etc. Helena is Saram[=a], and Hermes 1s S[=a]rameya. Müller, Chips, ii. 138, note. Compare for further clever guesses Cox's Aryan Mythology, Müller's Lectures, Second Series, and Biographies of Words.]
[Footnote 23: Compare Deussen, Geschichte der Philosophie,
i. 105. On Vedic and Sanskrit Riddles, loc. cit.; also
Haug, Vedische Räthselfragen (also Brahma und die
Brahmanen); Führer, ZDMG. xxxix. 99.]
[Footnote 24: There is an essay on this subject by Kern,
Ind. Theorieen over de Standenverdeeling, which we have not
seen.]
[Footnote 25: Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1858, 1859, and 1894, respectively. The Wurfel-Orakel (and Schiefner) is published also in Ind. Streifen, i. 274. The essay on Omina and Portenta contains translations of parts of the Sha[d.]vi[.m]ça Br[=a]hma[n.]a, of the S[=a]ma Veda, and of the K[=a]uçika (AV.) S[=u]tra.]
[Footnote 26: (Whitney) Burgess, S[=u]ryasiddh[=a]nta, JAOS. vi; JRAS. 1863, p. 345; Whitney, ib. i. 316; Lunar Zodiac, Or. Ling. St., ii. 341; Kern, translation of BS., JRAS. iv-vii; IS. x, xiv, xv; Weber, Ueber altir[=a]nische Sternnamen, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1888; see also Whitney, JAOS. viii. 1, 382; Burgess, ib. 309; Weber, IS. ix. 424, x. 213; Whitney vs. Ludwig, PAOS., 1885. On the twelve intercalated days, 'Twelfth Night,' see Weber, IS. v. 437 (Çabal[=i]-homa), xvii. 224.]
[Footnote 27: The statement is here made that the Vedic religion knows nothing of idols; but see the other cited works which seem to disprove this.]
[Footnote 28: The 'Fifteen Puzzle' is Indic (IA. x. 89, xi. 83).]
[Footnote 29: Triton und Euphemos, oder Die Argonauten in Libyen, by Water, in 1849, treats of the holy seven in a ridiculous way. Not less ridiculous is the author's attempt to explain everything by the Moon-Cult, thus anticipating modern vagaries.]
[Footnote 30: A curious though useless classic is Anquetil du Perron's Oupnekhat, 1801, the first European version of the Upanishads (through the Persian).]
[Footnote 31: Whitney, AJP. vii. 1, xi. 407; Jacob, IA. xv.
279; Whitney Trans. Phil. Ass. xxi. 88; Böhtlingk, Bericht
d. k. Sächs. Gesellschaft, 1890, and separately.]
[Footnote 32: Compare Windischmann, Sancara, 1833; Ecstein,
IS. ii. 369; and Bruining-Bijdrage tot de Kennis van den
Ved[=a]nta, 1871.]
[Footnote 33: Compare two native expositions, JRAS. x. 33
(Vedantic conception of brahma), and WZKM. ii. 95
(Çankara's advaita philosophy); also Müller, Three
Lectures.]
[Footnote 34: Compare Ballantyne's Hindu Philosophy,
Williams' Indian Wisdom, Brahmanism and Hinduism, Religious
Thought and Life, and also the excellent chapters in Weber's
Lectures (above), and in Schroeder's Literatur und Cultur.
Of Deussen's Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie one half
volume has appeared.]
[Footnote 35: Haug has an article on the M[=a]it. Sa[.m]h.
with the same title, Brahma und Die Brahmanen.]
[Footnote 36: House-ritual: [=A]çval[=a]yana, Gobhila,
Ç[=a][.n]kh[=a]yana, P[=a]raskara, Kh[=a]dira,
Hira[n.]yakeçin, [=A]pastamba. Law: [=A]pastamba,
G[=a]utama, Vasistha, B[=a]udh[=a]yana, Y[=a]jñavalkya,
Vishnu, N[=a]rada, Brihaspati, Manu. The last is also
translated by Loiseleur, Jones, Burnell and Hopkins (besides
Bühler, SBE., above).]
[Footnote 37: Ueber die heiligen Schriften, translated into
English by Smyth in the Indian Antiquary, 1893.]
[Footnote 38: Feer, JA. 1888 (xii), p. 209. Leumann has
published in the same German series the Aupap[=a]tika
S[=u]tra, but as yet only the text (1883) has appeared.]
[Footnote 39: Of the many manuals we recommend especially those of Rhys Davids for ontology (also J[=a]takis. First Part) and Oldenberg (now in second edition). For Northern Buddhism Köppen's Religion is still excellent, although it is vitiated by the point of view taken by the author, who regards Buddha as an emancipator, a political innovator, etc. Davids has two recent articles on Buddhist sects, JRAS. xxiii. 409; xxiv. 1 (see abo below).]
[Footnote 40: L. von Schroeder, Worte der Wahrheit. On the word Dhammapada, Franke ZDMG. xlvi. 734.]
[Footnote 41: Also Oldenberg, D[=i]pava[.m]sa, with text.]
[Footnote 42: For Nirv[=a]na and its date all the manuals may be consulted. See also D'Alwis, Nirv[=a]na (with translation); Edkins, JRAS. xiii. 59, Congress, 1880, p. 195; Childers, Dictionary, JRAS. v. 219, 289, vii. 49, etc.; Fergusson, ib. iv. 81 (Indic Chronology); Müller, Origin of Religion, p. 130, note, and Introduction to Buddhaghosha, and to Dhammapada (above). We incline to accept 471 to 483 as the extreme limits of the date of Buddha's death (Kern, 380; Davids, 412).]
[Footnote 43: On Hsing (671) see Beal, IA. x. 109, 194; Müller, India. 'Fà-Hien's travels are now published by Legge, 'Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms.' There are other editions. See also Sykes, JRAS. 1841, p. 248; Beal, ib. xix. 191.]
[Footnote 44: On Japanese Buddhism there have been published some texts by Japanese scholars (ed. Müller, Aryán Series of Anecdota Oxoniensia). See JRAS. xii. 153.]
[Footnote 45: Chalmers, J[=a]takas (ed. Cowell, vol. 1) is announced. Compare JRAS. xxiv. 423. On Barlaam u. Joasaph see now the exhaustive essay of Kuhn, Abh. d.k. Bayerisch. Ak. 1894 (with all literature).]
[Footnote 46: By the same, Avad[=a]naçataka, Mus. Guimet, xviii (JA. 1879, xiv). The Da[t.]havamça, Melloné, Ann. du MG. vii.]
[Footnote 47: Triratna and triçula. The articles following are by Murray-Aynsley (Asiatic Symbolism), on svastika, trees, serpents, evil eye, etc. On the evil eye and the poison-girl, vi[s.]akany[=a], see now the interesting essay of Hertz (Abh. d. Bayern. Akad, 1894), who connects the superstition with the religious practice described above, p. 505, note 2.]
[Footnote 48: For older essays see also Schönberg, ZDMG. vii. 101 (rock-temples); JAS. Beng. xxv. 222 (Khandgiri temples); Yule, JAS. Beng., 1857, Ancient Buddhistic Remains (on the Irawady): Sykes, Miniature Caityas in Buddhist topes, JRAS. 1854, pp. 37, 227.]
[Footnote 49: Çiva is here falsely interpreted as Herakles,
p. 39. Compare too Weber, IS. ii. 409, and his
Ahaly[=a]-Achilleus, Berl. Ak. 1887. The original Greek is
edited by Schwanbeck. On Darius' conquest see Marshman, i.
p. 10.]
[Footnote 50: Sixth or eighth century, developed with
Buddhistic or Greek influence.]
[Footnote 51: An example of the survival of the Hindu cult
in the Çr[=a]uta ritual is given by Weber, IS. v. 437,
Çabal[=i]-homa.]
[Footnote 52: Weber on Skanda, IS. iii. 478.]
[Footnote 53: Compare also Malcolm, AR. xi (1812), 197; ZKM. v. 1, Die Religion und der Staat der Sikh.]
[Footnote 54: The Dalast[=a]n or School of Manners, translated from the Persian, with notes by Shea and Troy, 1843.]
[Footnote 55: Williams' Hinduism and the third chapter of
Wilkins' Modern Hinduism contain a list of the modern
festivals. Grierson, Peasant Life, describes Beh[=a]r.]
[Footnote 56: M[=o]ns and Koles, JRAS. x, 234. Lards,
Congress, 1874, by Drew; 1880, by Leitner.]
[Footnote 57: Snake-nation in America, Shoshone, Clark,
Sign-language, p. 337; snake-symbol of life, Schoolcraft, i.
375.]
[Footnote 58: Totemism repudiated, Kennedy, on N[=a]gas,
JRAS. xxiii. 480.]
[Footnote 59: The Indian Antiquary contains a vast fund of
folk-lore stones of more or less religious importance. See
Barth's note, Rev. xxix. 55, for the Orientalist.]
[Footnote 60: Early accounts of Burmah will be found in Buchanan's Religion and Literature of the Burmas, AR. vi. 163; of the R[=a]jmahal tribes, T. Shaw, ib. iv. 45; of the inhabitants of the Garrow Hills, Eliot, ib. iii. 17; of the Kookies, MacRae (or McRae), ib. vii. 183; of Nepal (temples, etc.), ib. ii. 307. An account of the Tibeto-Burman tribes by Damant will be found in JRAS. xii. 228.]
[Footnote 61: Compare a suggestive paper by the same author,
IF. iv, p. 36 (1894), on Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der
Indogermanen (linguistic, but historically important).]
[Footnote 62: Volga as 'Pâ, Ranha, Ras[=a], Kuhn, KZ. xxviii
214; the Sarasvat[=i] and the lost river, Oldham, JRAS. xxv.
49.]
[Footnote 63: Another curiosity will be found in JRAS.,
1854, p. 199, where Curzon claims that the Aryan Hindus are
autochthonous.]
[Footnote 64: Leitner, Greek Influence on India, Congress,
1880, p. 113. On the Drama see above, pp. 2 and 438.]
[Footnote 65: Further, Westergaard, Ueber den ältesten Zeitraum der Indischen Geschichte; Fergusson, JRAS. xii. 259; Fleet, samvat for Çaka-era, JRAS., 1884, p. lxxi; Gupta, IA. xv. 189, and xvi. 141; (B[=e]r[=u]n[=i]), ib. xvii. 243, 359; also Kielhorn, Vikrama, IA. xix. 24 ff.; xxii. III; Bühler, WZKM. v. 215. Methods and Tables for Computing Hindu Dates, Jacobi, IA. xvii. 145; and Epigraphia ind. I. 430. Last literature on date of Rig Veda, above, p. 5, and add now Oldenberg, ZDMG. xlviii. 629. Further references, above, pp. 436, 571, notes.]
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