ADVERBS (Adverboj).
238. Adverbs are more widely used in Esperanto than in any other language. The root of every word, and any grammatical termination or affix, the sense of which permits this, can be made into an adverb by adding the adverbial termination E. This facility enables the Esperantist to express in one word, to an unlimited extent, what in other languages often takes two, three, or more words to express adequately. E.g., Tiamaniere = In such a manner. Matene = In the morning. Vespere = In the evening.
239. An adverb answers to a preposition accompanied by a complement.
Example.—Li parolas saĝe = "He speaks wisely," has the same signification as Li parolas kun saĝeco = He speaks with wisdom.
240. Adverbs are used to modify the meaning of verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Examples.—Li agas bone = He acts well. Tiu ĉi estas tre granda domo = This is a very large house. Li skribas treege bone = He writes extremely well.
N.B.—When an adverb seems to qualify a preposition, it really qualifies an adverbial phrase, as:—Multe antaŭ la horo = Much before the time (hour).
241. Position.—Adverbs, as a rule, immediately precede or follow the words which they modify (see par. [88]).
242. There are two classes of adverbs in Esperanto, which for the sake of distinction we will call (a) "Primary" and (b) "Grammatical."
(a). Primary adverbs are all to be found in the list of primary words in [Part V]. They have no distinctive termination.
(b). Grammatical adverbs are those which are formed by adding E to a root, grammatical termination, or affix. Some are formed by adding E to a primary word.
A list of adverbs will be found at [page 166].
243. No influence on case.—Adverbs exercise no influence on the case of nouns, adjectives, or pronouns. If such be in the accusative, it is not by the influence of the adverb. For example:—Mi amas Johanon tiel varme, kiel mian fraton = I love John as warmly as my brother. Here kiel exercises no influence on mian fraton, for both mian fraton and Johanon are governed by the verb amas. Therefore the meaning is that the speaker loves my brother and John equally warmly. Or, we can place mian fraton in the nominative, as:—Mi amas Johanon tiel varme, kiel mia frato = I love John as warmly as my brother (does). Ask yourself the question, "as my brother does what?" and the answer is "loves John." In English we are obliged to add "does" or "loves him," but in Esperanto the meaning is quite clear from the case of the noun (see also pars. [247] and [105]).
244. Adverbs formed from Prepositions.—When a preposition has no complement, noun or pronoun, the preposition then takes the adverbial termination E. For instance, in the phrase mi staras apud li (I am standing by him); apud here is a preposition because it is followed by its complement li. But if li be omitted, we must alter the sentence, as:—Li staras apude = He is standing by (near).
245. Subject not expressed.—When, in a sentence in Esperanto, there is no noun or pronoun which the adjective can qualify (as in case of verbs in the infinitive, or used impersonally), the adverb is used in Esperanto in place of the adjective.
Examples.—Mensogi estas honte (not honta) = To lie is shameful. Estas necese, ke.... = It is necessary that.... Estas bele, varme, malvarme = It is fine, warm, cold. Ne estas atendate, ke.... = It is not expected that.... If, however, a noun or pronoun is expressed, then the adjective is used, as:—La vetero (or, ĝi) estas bela, varma, malvarma = The weather (or, it) is fine, warm, cold.
245 (a). Participle-Adverbs.—In Esperanto, when the participle relates to the subject (par. [211]), but does not qualify it, then the participle takes the adverbial form. For impersonal use see par. [164] (d).
Examples.—Legante, ni lernas = In (by, when, while) reading we learn. Starante sur la supro de la monteto, li povis vidi la preĝejon = By standing on the top of the hill, he could see the church. Estante kolera, ŝi ne volis paroli al sia nevo = Being (as she was) angry, she did not wish to speak to her nephew. Malferminte la fenestron, li vidis la amason sur la strato = Having opened (or, after opening) the window, he saw the crowd in (on) the street. Ekrigardinte la libron, ŝi ĝin metis sur la tablon = Having glanced (or, after glancing) at the book, she put it on the table. Forpelite el la urbo, ili rifuĝis en la arbarego = Having been (or, after being) driven from the town, they took refuge in the forest. Batate de la lernejestro, la knabo terure kriegis = Being beaten by the schoolmaster, the boy howled terribly.
246. Adverbs of quantity, like other words signifying quantity, usually have their complement introduced by the preposition da.
Examples.—Multe da homoj = Many men. Nur malmulte da virinoj = Only a few women. Kiom da ĉevaloj vi havas? = How many horses have you? Multe pli da bovaĵo, ol (da) ŝafaĵo = Much more beef than mutton. Malpli da pano, ol (da) vino = Less bread than wine. Tro da kuiristoj malbonigas la buljonon = Too many cooks spoil the broth. Ne estas sufiĉe da supo = There is not sufficient soup.
246. (a). Expressions such as "more and more," "at most," etc., are thus rendered:—
Pli-malpli, pli aŭ malpli, plie aŭ malplie = More or less.
Plie = In addition, besides, moreover. Malplie = Less and less.[18]
Pleje = At (the) most, mostly. Malpleje = At (the) least, least.[18]
Troe = In excess, too many.
Footnote:
[18] These usages are seldom employed.
Examples.—Unu pomo plie aŭ malplie ne gravas = One apple more or less does not signify. Plie, mi devas diri al vi, ke.... = Moreover, I must tell you that.... Ni estos kvin pleje haj ili sep malpleje = We shall be five at most and they seven at least. En la kesto mi trovis du librojn troe = In the box I found two books too many (in excess).
247. Adverbs and the accusative case.—Adverbs exercise no influence on case (see par. [243]), but used adverbially, participles of active verbs are followed by the accusative if used without a preposition (see par. [66] (b)).
After such adverbs as konforme, rilate, escepte, spite, etc., it is optional either to use the accusative or to add a suitable preposition with the complement in the nominative, as konforme al, kun, or je; rilate al; escepte de (or, kun la escepto de = with the exception of); spite de (see par. [258] (a)).
248. Comparatives and superlatives.—These are marked in the same way as adjectives (see pars. [112]–114).
Examples.—Pli rapide, ol bone = More quickly than well. Malpli forte, ol kutime = Weaker (less strong) than customary. Tiel dolĉe, kiel eble (or, kiel eble plej dolĉe) = As sweetly as possible. Ŝi kantas la plej bone el ĉiuj = She sings best of all. Li agis tre saĝe = He acted very wisely.
248 (a). Adverbs and adjectives.—Be careful not to use the adjective for the adverb.
Examples.—Li kuras rapide = He runs rapidly. Parolu pli laŭte (not laŭta) = Speak louder (more loudly). Ŝi vidis lin piediranta pli malrapide, ol kutime = She saw him walking (that he was (is) walking) more slowly than usual.
N.B.—Note that piediranta is predicative (see par. [209] (b)).
LIST OF ADVERBS.
248 (b). The following list of adverbs contains all those found amongst the primary words and some formed from them, also a number of useful grammatical adverbs.
Adiaŭ = Adieu, farewell, good-bye.
Example.—Li diris al ŝi adiaŭ, kaj foriris = He said good-bye to her, and departed.
Afrankite = Post-paid.
Ajn = Ever. Ajn is generally used after the correlative words beginning with K, as kia, kiam, etc. (see table of correlative words, par. [147]). It then answers to words ending in "ever," but, unlike English, it is never joined to the preceding word (par. [145]).
Examples.—Kia ajn = Whatever kind of. Kiam ajn = Whenever, whensoever. Kie ajn = Wherever, wheresoever. Kiel ajn = However. Kies ajn = Whosesoever. Kio ajn = Whatever, whatsoever. Kiom ajn = However much. Kiu ajn = Whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever.
Aliloke = Elsewhere.
Alivorte = In other words.
Almenaŭ = At least.
Example.—Donu al mi almenaŭ la duonon de tiu biskvito = Give me at least the half of that biscuit.
Alvenante, Alveninte = On arrival.
Ambaŭ = Both, one and the other (pronoun).
Examples.—Ili ambaŭ kuris al la stacidomo = They both ran to the station.
Ankaŭ = Also, too.
Examples.—Li ankaŭ ĝin faris = He, too, did it. Nek mi ankaŭ = Nor I either (also).
Ankoraŭ = Yet, still. (See remarks on Jam).
Examples.—Ĉu li estas ankoraŭ tie ĉi? = Is he still here? Mi ankoraŭ ne vidis lin = I have not seen him yet.
Antaŭe = Formerly, previously, beforehand, in front.
Aparte = Aside, apart, separately, specially.
Apenaŭ = Hardly, scarcely.
Example.—Mi apenaŭ pensas tion = I hardly think that (or, so).
Baldaŭ = Soon.
Example.—Mi esperas, ke li venos baldaŭ = I hope he will (may) come soon.
Bis = Once more, again, encore.
Example.—Bis! = Encore!
Bonstate = In good condition.
Certe = Certainly.
Ĉi = The nearest (tio = that, tio ĉi or ĉi tio = this), (tiu = that, the former, tiu ĉi or ĉi tiu = this, the latter), (tie = there, tie ĉi or ĉi tie = here), (tien = thither, tien ĉi = hither), (ĉio = all, ĉio ĉi = all this) (par. [143]).
Examples.—Restu ĉi tie = Remain here. Venu ĉi tien = Come hither.
Ĉial = For all reasons, for every reason (par. [150]).
Example.—Ĉial tio estas la plej bona = For every reason that is the best.
Ĉiam = Always, ever (par. [151]).
Example.—Li venas ĉiam, kiam oni ne bezonas lin = He always comes when one does not want him.
Ĉiame = Perpetually, continually.
Example.—La infano ploras ĉiame (or, senĉese) = The child cries perpetually.
Ĉie = Everywhere (par. [152]).
Examples.—Ĉie mi lin vidas = Everywhere I see him. Li iras ĉien = He goes everywhere.
Ĉiel = In every (manner) way, all ways (par. [153]).
Example.—Tiu estas ĉiel la plej bona sidejo = That is in every way the best seat.
Ĉiom = All of it, the whole, all, every quantity (par. [156]).
Example.—Prenu iom, ne ĉiom = Take some, not the whole.
Ĉirkaŭe = Round about.
Ĉiufoje kiam, or, ĉiun fojon kiam, or, kiam ajn = whenever.
Ĉiujare = Yearly, annually, every year.
Ĉiumonate = Monthly, every month.
Ĉiusemajne = Weekly, every (each) week.
Ĉiutage = Daily. Laŭtage = By the day. Tage = By day. Nokte = By night.
Ĉu = Whether. An interrogative adverb used at the beginning of a direct question; it has no English equivalent. Ĉu simply shows that the sentence is interrogative, and therefore, to translate it, we must look to the tense of the verb and to the subject, so as to preface the interrogation with "do," "does," "did," "have," "has," "is," "will," "shall," "was," "were," "should," "would," "can," etc. etc.
Examples.—Ĉu vi komprenis? = Did you understand? Ĉu Johano skribas? = Is John writing? Ĉu vi povas fari tion? = Can you do that? (see remarks on Interrogation, par. [58]).
Ĉu = whether (or if in the sense of whether) (a conjunction) is used in indirect questions, when we generally use "if."
Examples.—Diru al mi, ĉu li venos = Tell me if (whether) he will come. Diru al mi, se li venos = Tell me if he comes.
Ĉu ... Ĉu = Whether ... whether.
Example.—Ĉu li venos, ĉu li ne venos, Paŭlo foriros = Whether he comes (will come) (or) whether he does not (will not come), Paul will depart.
Dekstre = On the right. Maldekstren = To the left.
Denove = Afresh, again, once again.
Due = Secondly, in the second place.
Dum = While, whilst, as (also a preposition and conjunction).
Dume = Meanwhile.
Eble = Possibly, perhaps.
Eĉ = Even.
Examples.—Li eĉ pensis, ke.... = He even thought that.... Eĉ la infanoj insultis min = Even the children abused me.
Efektive = In fact, really, as a matter of fact.
Ekstere = Outwardly. Interne = inwardly, internally, within, inside.
Entute = On the whole, as a whole.
Facile = Easily. Malfacile = With difficulty.
Fine = In conclusion, lastly.
For = Away, forth.
Example.—For de ĉi tie fripono! = Get thee hence (away), rascal!
Forme = In shape, in form.
Galope = At a gallop.
Grandnombre = In great numbers.
Ĝisdate = Up to date. Ĝisnune = Up to now, hitherto. Ĝisplue = Until further notice.
Ĝissate = Till satiety (is reached).
Ĝustatempe = Opportunely, to time.
Hieraŭ = Yesterday.
Examples.--Mi lin vidis hieraŭ = I saw him yesterday. Antaŭhieraŭ = The day before yesterday.
Hieraŭ matene = Yesterday morning.
Hodiaŭ = To-day.
Example.—Li alvenos hodiaŭ = He will arrive to-day.
Hodiaŭ vespere = This (to-day) evening.
Ial = For some (any) reason, or cause (par. [150]).
Example.—Ial li venis Londonon = For some reason he came to London.
Iam = At some (any) time, once, ever (par. [151]).
Examples.—Venu iam morgaŭ = Come some time to-morrow. Ĉu vi iam renkontis lin? = Did you ever meet him?
Ie = Somewhere, (anywhere) (par. [152]).
Examples.—Mi ne povas ĝin trovi ie en la ĉambro = I cannot find it anywhere in the room. Ĝi estas ie = It is somewhere. Ĉu vi metis ĝin ien? = Did you put it anywhere?
Iel = Somehow, in some way, in some manner, anyhow, (in any way) (par. [153]).
Examples.—Iel li sukcesas en ĉio = Somehow he succeeds in everything. Respondu iel = Answer in some manner.
Iom = Somewhat, some quantity, a little, some (par. [156]).
Examples.—La vetero estas iom pli varma = The weather is somewhat (a little) warmer. Jen estas cigaroj, ĉu vi deziras iom? = Here are cigars, do you want some?
Iomete = A very little, in a very slight degree, at all.
Example.—Ĝi estis iomete pli granda, ol kulo = It was slightly larger than a gnat.
Intence = Intentionally, on purpose.
Ja = In fact, indeed.
Examples.—Li ja alvenos morgaŭ = He in fact will arrive to-morrow. Ja may be used to express the emphatic English use of "do," "did," as:—Mi ja volas, ke li estu tie ĉi = I do wish he were here (par. [217]).
Jam = Already, as yet, by now, now.
Examples.—Vi jam diris tion = You said (have said) that already. Ĉu vi jam trovis vian horloĝon? = Have you as yet found your watch? Mi ĝin ankoraŭ ne serĉis = I have not yet looked for it. La knabo jam ne ridas = The boy does not laugh now (no longer laughs).
N.B.—Compare jam with ankoraŭ. Jam shows that the circumstances are changed; ankoraŭ, that
there is no change. Ex.:—La infano jam dormas = The child is now sleeping (it was not sleeping before). La infano ankoraŭ dormas = The child is still sleeping.
Jen = Behold, here. Jene = As follows.
Examples.—Jen estas tio, kion vi bezonas = Here is what (that which) you want. Jen estas la libroj = Here are the books.
Jes = Yes, it is so (par. [63]). Jese = Affirmatively.
Examples.—Jes, vi estas prava = Yes, you are right. Mi vin certigas, ke jes = I assure you that it is so.
Ju pli ... des pli = The more ... the more (par. [112]).
Example.—Ju pli mi lin konas, des pli mi lin amas = The more I know him, the more I love him.
Ju pli ... des malpli = The more ... the less.
Example.—Ju pli mi lin vidas, des malpli li plaĉas al mi = The more I see him, the less he pleases me.
Ju malpli ... des malpli = The less ... the less.
Example.—Ju malpli mi dormas, des malpli mi sentas la bezonon dormi = The less I sleep, the less I feel the need (to sleep) of sleeping.
Ju malpli ... des pli = The less ... the more.
Example.—Ju malpli mi trinkas, des pli mi manĝas = The less I drink, the more I eat.
Ĵus = Just, at the (past) moment, just now.
Examples.—Mi ĵus vidis ŝin = I have just seen her. Mi ĵus diris al vi lian nomon = I have just told you his name. Lia ĵusa parolo = The speech he has just made.
Kaŝe or sekrete = In secret.
Kelkafoje or kelkfoje = Sometimes. Iafoje = At times. Multfoje = Many times.
Kia ajn = Whatever (kind of) (par. [145]).
Example.—Mi aĉetos de vi tiun libron, kia ajn ĝi estos = I will buy from you that book whatever it may (shall) be.
Kial = Why, wherefore (par. [150]).
Example.—Kial vi silentis? = Why were you silent?
Kiam = When, at what time (par. [151]).
Example.—Kiam li alvenos? = When will he arrive?
Kiam ajn = Whenever, whensoever (par. [145]).
Example.—Sendu lin al mi, kiam ajn li venos = Send him to me whenever he comes (shall come).
Kie = Where, in what place (par. [152]).
Examples.—Kie kreskas tiuj floroj? = Where do those flowers grow? Diru al mi, kie li estas = Tell me where he is. Kien (accusative) = Whither. Kien vi iras? = Whither (or, where) are you going? De kie li venis? = Whence did he come?
Kie ajn = Wherever, wheresoever (par. [145]).
Examples.—Kie ajn li estas, li estas ŝatata = Wherever he is, he is liked. Kien ajn = Whithersoever. Oni lin estimus, kien ajn li irus = He would be esteemed whithersoever he went (should go). De kie ajn ĝi venis, ĝi estas tre bela katido = Whencesoever (from wherever) it came, it is a very fine kitten.
Kiel = How, in what manner, like (in comparison = ... as).
Examples.—Kiel vi fartas? = How do you do? (how are you, or, fare you?) Mi havas ian ideon kiel ĝin fari = I have some idea how to do it. Tiel longe kiel = As long as. Se vi estus kiel mi = If you were (should be) like me. Kiel eble plej bone = As well as possible (as possibly, most well). Kiel bona vi estas! = How good you are! (par. [153]).
Kiel ajn = However, in whatever manner (par. [145]).
Example.—Kiel ajn vi ĝin faros, faru ĝin bone = In whatever way you (will) do it, do it well.
Kiom = How much, as much as, as far as (par. [156]).
Examples.—Kiom kostas tio? = How much does that cost? Kiom mi scias = As far as I know. Kiom li povos = As much as he can (will be able).
Kiom ajn = However (many) much, whatever quantity.
Examples.—Mi ĝin aĉetos, kiom ajn ĝi kostos = I shall buy it, however much it may (will) cost. Kiom ajn da teo estas tie, tiom sufiĉas = Whatever quantity of tea is there, it (that quantity) is sufficient (par. [145]).
Kompare = Comparatively, in comparison.
Kompate = Compassionately, mercifully. Senkompate = Pitilessly.
Kompreneble = Of course.
Kondiĉe = Conditionally, on condition.
Konforme = Conformably, in accordance.
Konsekvence = Consistently.
Konsente = By consent.
Kontente = Contentedly. Malkontente = Discontentedly.
Kontentige = Satisfactorily, in a satisfactory manner.
Kontraŭe = On the contrary, opposite to, vice versâ.
Kredeble = Likely, probably.
Kune = Together, jointly. Kune kun = Together with, along with. Malkune = Separately.
Kvazaŭ = As if, as though, as it were (also conjunction).
Examples.—Li staris, kvazaŭ li vidas fantomon = He stood as though he saw (sees) a phantom. Li parolis, kvazaŭ li vidis ŝin = He spoke as if he had seen her.
Laŭlarĝe = In breadth, broadways, transversely.
Laŭlonge = In length, lengthwise.
Laŭvole = At option, at will.
Laŭte = Loudly, in a loud voice. Mallaŭte = Softly, in a soft voice.
Lerte = Cleverly. Mallerte = Awkwardly.
Longe = Long, for a long time. Mallonge = Briefly, in short. Antaŭ ne longe = Recently, not long ago, a short time ago. De longe = Long ago, long since, for a long time.
Male = On the contrary, contrarily.
Malpleje = Least, at least.
Examples.—Li malpleje donis = He gave least. Ni estos tri mapleje = We shall be three at least (see pleje).
Malpli = Less (for comparatives) (par. [112]).
Example.—Georgo estas malpli forta, ol Johano = George is less strong than John.
Malproksime = Afar, away, far off, in the distance.
Matene = In the morning. Vespere = In the evening.
Mem = Self, selves, very (pronoun) (par. [127]).
Examples.—Mi mem iros = I shall go myself. Eĉ la virinoj mem laboris sur la kampoj = Even the women themselves (or, the very women) were working in the fields. Ĉe la pordo mem = At the very door (door itself).
Morgaŭ = To-morrow.
Examples.—Mi iros tien morgaŭ = I shall go there to-morrow. Li alvenos postmorgaŭ = He will arrive the day after to-morrow.
Multe pli multe da ... = Many (much) more of ... Nemulte = Not much, not many. Malmulte = Little, few.
Ne = No, not, nay.
Examples.—Ĉu vi deziras kafon? = Do you wish for coffee? Ne, mi jam havas = No, I have (some) already (see remarks on negation, par. [59]).
Ne tute = Not entirely, not altogether, not quite.
Example.—Li ne estis tute malprava pri tio, kion li diris = He was not altogether wrong in what he said.
Nenial = For no cause (reason) (par. [150]).
Example.—Nenial li ĉesis skribi al mi = For no reason he ceased writing to me.
Neniam = Never (par. [151]).
Example.—Mi neniam vidis lin = I never saw him.
Nenie = Nowhere, in no place (par. [152]).
Examples.—Nenie oni povis trovi mian hundon = Nowhere could they find my dog. Mi iras nenien speciale = I am going nowhere in particular.
Neniel = Nohow, by no means, in no way (par. [153]).
Example.—Li neniel povis kompreni ŝin = He could in no way (not at all) understand her.
Neniom = None, nothing, nothing at all, no quantity (par. [156]).
Example.—Li havas neniom = He has none at all.
Nepre = Unfailingly, surely, infallibly, without fail.
Example.—Tiu libro nepre apartenas al mi = That book certainly belongs to me.
Norden = Northwards, to the north. Suden = Southwards, to the south. Orienten = Eastwards, to the east. Okcidenten = Westwards. Okcidente = In the west.
Nun = Now.
Examples.—Mi nun foriras = I am now going out. Mi ne povas lin vidi nun = I cannot see him now.
Nune = At present.
Example.—Mi estas okupata nune = I am busy at present.
Nuntempe = Now-a-days, at the present time.
Nur = Only (but, in the sense of only), merely.
Example.—Li havas nur du ĉevalojn = He has but (only) two horses. N.B.—Care should be taken to place nur in such a position in a sentence so as to convey the required meaning of the phrase. It is best generally to place it before the word to which it specially refers (see par. [88]).
Pace = In peace, peacefully.
Page = In payment. Senpage = Gratuitously.
Parkere = By heart.
Parole = Verbally, by word of mouth. Skribe = In writing.
Example.—Li tion komunikis al mi parole kaj skribe = He communicated that to me verbally and in writing.
Pasie = With passion, passionately. Kolere, angrily.
Pere = Indirectly. Senpere = In a direct way, direct.
Persone = Personally, in person.
Piedire = On foot.
Example.—Mi trapasis la arbaron piedire = I traversed the wood on foot.
(la) Plej = (the) Most (for superlatives), most (par. [113]).
Examples.—La plej bela el ĉiuj = The finest of all. Vi agis plej saĝe, farante tion = You acted most wisely in doing that.
Pleje = Most, mostly, mainly, at most.
Examples.—Ŝi donis pleje = She gave most. Pleje (or, plejofte) mi forgesas, ke ... = Mostly (frequently) I forget that ... Ni estos kvin pleje = We shall be five at most (see malpleje).
Plezure = With pleasure.
Pli = More (for comparatives), rather (par. [112]).
Examples.—Li ne vivos pli ol unu tagon = He will not live more than one day. Pli kaj pli mi ŝin amas = More and more I love her. Mi pli volis labori, ol ludi = I preferred to work than to play.
Plie = Further, moreover.
Plivole = Preferably, rather (par. [112]).
Plu = Further, farther, more. Ne ... plu = No longer.
Examples.—Mi ne faros unu paŝon plu = I shall not go (make) one step further. Li ne plu faros tion = He will not do that any longer (more), or, He will no longer do that.
Plue = Furthermore.
Poduone = By half, by halves.
Poste = Afterwards, after, then.
Precipe = Especially, particularly.
Prefere = Preferably, rather.
Preskaŭ = Almost, nearly, well-nigh.
Examples.—Li preskaŭ falis = He nearly fell. Ni preskaŭ pensas, ke ... = We almost think that ...
Pripensinte = On reflection.
Proksime = Near. Malproksime = Far off.
Proksimume = Approximately.
Prunte = On loan.
Example.—Mi prenis (donis) la monon prunte = I took (gave) the money on loan.
Rapide = Rapidly, quickly, apace. Malrapide = Slowly, tardily.
Rapidire = With speed, by express. Malrapidire = By slow train.
Rave = Enchantingly, delightfully.
Ree = Again, in return.
Rekte = Straightforwardly, direct. Malrekte = Aslant.
Renversite = Topsy-turvy, upset.
Returne = Back. Returnen = Backwards.
Ŝajne = Seemingly.
Samtempe = At the same time, simultaneously.
Sekve = Consequently, therefore. Intersekve = Consecutively, successively.
Sendube = No doubt; without doubt, doubtless.
Senintermanke = Continuously, without intermission.
Skribe = In writing.
Sovaĝe = In a wild state. Malsovaĝe = In a tame state.
Somere = In summer. Vintre = In winter.
Speciale = Specially.
Sube = Beneath, below, under, underneath.
Sufiĉe = Enough, sufficiently.
Supre = Above, up. Supren = Upwards. Malsupre = Below. De supre = From above.
Surgenue = On one’s knees, kneeling.
Surprize = By (with) surprise.
Tial = Therefore, accordingly, for that (such) reason.
Example.—Tial mi konsilas, ke vi skribu al li = For that reason (therefore, accordingly) I advise you to write to him (par. [150]).
Tiam = Then, at that time. The correlative is kiam, and tiam, kiam = then, when (or, when) (par. [151]).
Examples.—Tiam ni povos iri al la kunveno = We shall at that time be able to go to the meeting. Mi
vizitos vin (tiam), kiam mi venos Londonon = I will visit you (then) when I (shall) come to London.
Tiamaniere = In this (such a) manner, thus.
Tie = There, yonder. Tien = Thither (par. [152]).
Examples.—Ĉu iu estos tie? = Will anyone be there? Vi ne vidos iun tie. = You will not see anyone there. Ĉu vi iras tien? = Are you going thither (there)?
Tie ĉi, or, Ĉi tie = Here. Tien ĉi, or, Ĉi tien = Hither, here (par. [143]).
Examples.—Ĉu viaj fratoj estas tie ĉi? = Are your brothers here? Venu tien ĉi = Come here (hither). Ĉi tie ni vidis amasojn da viroj kaj virinoj (or, geviroj) = Here we saw crowds of men and women.
Tiel = Thus, in that way, like that, so much so. Its correlative in comparison is kiel. Tiel ... kiel = as ... as (par. [153]).
Example.—Li estas tiel forta, kiel vi = He is as strong as you.
Tiel ... ke = So ... that.
Example.—Li tiel kriegis, ke li raŭkiĝis pro tio = He shouted so, that he became hoarse through it.
Tiom = As much, as many, so much, so many. Its correlative is kiom, and tiom, kiom = as many as, as much as (par. [156]).
Examples.—Tiom estas malfacile memori = So much is difficult to remember. Li tiom laboris, kiom vi = He worked as much as you. Donu al mi tiom da pomoj, kiom da piroj = Give me as many apples as pears.
Tiom pli = So much the more.
Examples.—Tiom pli bone = So much the better. Tiom pli malbone = So much the worse.
Trae = Right through.
Tre = Very, much.
Examples.—Li estas tre dika = He is very corpulent. Mi tre estimas lin = I esteem him much.
Treege = Extremely, exceedingly.
Example.—Ŝi estas treege kolera = She is extremely angry.
Trie = Thirdly.
Triumfe = Triumphantly.
Tro = Too, too much.
Examples.—Li estas tro grasa = He is too fat. Mi lin tro amas = I love him too much.
Troe = In excess.
Example.—Dudek funtoj troe = Twenty pounds in excess.
Tuj = At once, immediately, just (at the moment to come).
Examples.—Li tuj iris hejmen = He went home immediately (at once). Tuj kantonta = just about to sing.
Tuj kiam = As soon as (immediately when).
Example.—Tuj kiam mi lin vidis, kuris al li renkonte = As soon as I saw him, I ran to meet him.
Tute = Entirely, quite, utterly, stark.
Examples.—Vi estas tute prava = You are quite right. Li estas tute freneza = He is stark mad.
Tute ne = Not at all.
Example.—Mi tute ne komprenas vin = I don’t at all understand you.
Unue = First, firstly, at first.
Verŝajne = Probably, presumably.
Vete = Emulously.
Vole = With one’s will. Kontraŭvole = Against one’s will. Memvole = Voluntarily. Senvole = Involuntarily.
Vole-nevole = Willy-nilly.
Volonte = Willingly, readily.
248 (c). From the above list we see that the adverb is often used in Esperanto in place of a preposition and its complement (par. [252]).
Examples.—Ŝi estas nigre vestita = She is dressed in black. Li donis al mi du ŝilingojn page por la libro = He gave me two shillings in payment for the book. Forme ĝi estis simila al krono = In shape it was like a crown. La libro estas angle skribita = The book is written in English. Hamleto estas tradukita Esperanten = Hamlet has been translated into Esperanto. Note that in the word Esperanten the accusative of movement is used figuratively. (par. [67]).