PREPOSITIONS.
The following is a list of the 34 simple prepositions, showing the paragraphs under which remarks and examples of their use will be found:—
| Par. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Al | To, towards | [259 (1)]. |
| Anstataŭ | Instead of | [259 (2)]. |
| Antaŭ | Before, in front of | [259 (3)]. |
| Apud | Beside, close by | [259 (4)]. |
| Ĉe | At, with | [259 (5)]. |
| Ĉirkaŭ | About, around | [259 (6)]. |
| Da | Of | [259 (7)]. |
| De | Of, from, by | [259 (8)]. |
| Dum | During | [259 (9)]. |
| Ekster | Outside | [259 (10)]. |
| El | Out of | [259 (11)]. |
| En | In | [259 (12)]. |
| Ĝis | Till, as far as | [259 (13)]. |
| Inter | Between | [259 (14)]. |
| Je | (Indefinite) | [259 (15)]. |
| Kontraŭ | Against, opposite | [259 (16)]. |
| Krom | Besides, except | [259 (17)]. |
| Kun | With | [259 (18)]. |
| Laŭ | According to | [259 (19)]. |
| Malgraŭ | Notwithstanding | [259 (20)]. |
| Per | By means of | [259 (21)]. |
| Po | At the rate of | [259 (22)]. |
| Por | In order to, for | [259 (23)]. |
| Post | After, behind | [259 (24)]. |
| Preter | Beyond, past | [259 (25)]. |
| Pri | Concerning, of, about | [259 (26)]. |
| Pro | Because of, for | [259 (27)]. |
| Sen | Without | [259 (28)]. |
| Sub | Under | [259 (30)]. |
| Super | Above, over | [259 (31)]. |
| Sur | On | [259 (32)]. |
| Tra | Through | [259 (33)]. |
| Trans | Across | [259 (34)]. |
PREPOSITIONS (Prepozicioj).
249. Prepositions express the relation between words, showing how some thing, action, or quality stands in relation to some other thing, action, or quality.
Examples.—La riveroj fluas al la oceano = Rivers flow towards the ocean. Li manĝas antaŭ la tagmezo = He eats before midday. Nia domo staras ekster la arbetaro = Our house stands outside the plantation.
250. Every preposition, but one, in Esperanto has a fixed and definite signification, and great care must be taken to use the preposition which gives the meaning we wish to convey. A careful examination of the list of prepositions in par. [259] will show the errors we should make by translating the English preposition into its apparent corresponding one in Esperanto.
251. The preposition je is the only one in Esperanto without a definite meaning. It should be used only when we have to employ a preposition and are uncertain which we ought to select. We can, however, omit the preposition, and put its complement (noun or pronoun) in the accusative case, provided no ambiguity is likely to arise through the presence of other accusatives in the sentence, as:—Li ĝojas je tio, or, Li ĝojas tion = He rejoices at (or, over) that. There is no Esperanto preposition which gives exactly the English meaning of "at" or "over" in this sense. We might, perhaps, say that these words are part of the verb "to rejoice at," or, "to rejoice over." The nearest Esperanto preposition would be pri or pro = about, or, because of, and we could say Li ĝojas pro tio = He rejoices because of that (see Rule 14, par. [94]).
(a). Je, with the nominative, is generally used before the complement of the adjectives "deep, high, long, thick, wide," but the accusative without a preposition is equally correct.
Examples.—Profunda (alta, longa) je kvin futoj (or, kvin futojn) = Five feet deep (high, long). La rivero estas larĝa je kvindek metroj (or, larĝa kvindek metrojn) = The river is fifty metres wide. We could, however, say, La rivero havas kvindek metrojn da larĝo (or, da larĝeco).
252. Adverb for preposition.—An adverb is often used instead of a preposition and its complement (par. [248] (c)).
Examples.—Li parolas saĝe = He speaks with wisdom, instead of, Li parolas kun saĝeco. Li estis frapata perfortege = He was being struck with great violence, instead of, Li estis frapata kun perfortego.
253. Preposition omitted.—Not only the preposition Je (par. [251]), but also other prepositions, are frequently omitted in Esperanto where we use them in English; but in such case (as stated in par. [68]) their complements must be in the accusative to show the omission. Care, however, must be taken that the omission does not make the phrase ambiguous.
Examples.—Li venos la mardon proksiman (or, en la mardo proksima) = He will come next Tuesday. Mi iros Madridon (or, al Madrido) morgaŭ = I shall go to Madrid to-morrow. Mi lin vidis la dekan (or, en la deka) de Julio = I saw him on the 10th of July. Ni restis en la veturilo du horojn (or, dum du horoj) = We remained two hours in the carriage.
(a). Prepositions are also always omitted between two substantives, when the word nomata = named could be understood (par. [106] (d)), as:—
La urbo (nomata) Parizo = The city of (named) Paris. La monato Septembro = The month of September. Li uzadas la lingvon internacian (nomatan) Esperanto = He uses the international language Esperanto.
(b). The preposition el = of, out of, is sometimes omitted in such an expression as:—
Tri miaj parencoj = Three of my relatives (or, three relations of mine).
254. Prepositions as prefixes.—Prepositions are frequently used as prefixes, and when the compound word is a verb, the preposition is often repeated before the indirect complement of the verb.
Examples.—Mi eliris el la korto = I went out of the courtyard. Li eniris en la ĉambron = He entered (into) the room. La birdo deflugis de la arbo = The bird flew from the tree. Li eliris el la domo = He went out of the house. Or we could say, Li iris el la domo, omitting the joined preposition.
255. Prepositions and case.—In contrast to prepositions in English, which govern the accusative case, all prepositions in Esperanto govern the nominative case. If the complement of a preposition is in the accusative case, this is owing not to the preposition, but to the rule that the accusative is used to show the direction or place towards which movement (physical or otherwise) is made (par. [67]).
256. Preposition and the accusative of direction.—As already stated in par. [67], the accusative is used when direction (physical or otherwise) is implied towards something. But if the word towards which such movement is implied is the complement of a preposition, then such word is in the nominative or accusative, in accordance with the following rules:—
(a). If the preposition denotes of itself movement, its complement will be in the nominative, in accordance with Rule 8 that prepositions govern that case.
(b). If the preposition does not of itself denote movement, then movement is shown by placing its complement in the accusative (par. [67]).
257. Prepositions denoting movement.—The following two prepositions denote movement, and consequently their complement is never in the accusative:—Al = To, towards. Ĝis = Up to, as far as.
As regards the others, the following are those in general use, whose complement takes the accusative of direction when motion towards something is implied:—Antaŭ = Before. Ĉirkaŭ = Around, about. En = In. Kontraŭ = Against. Sub = Under. Super = Over. Sur = On, upon. Tra = Through. Trans = Across.
Examples.—Li staris momente antaŭ la spegulo, kaj tuj poste venis antaŭ la reĝon = He stood for a moment before the looking-glass, and then came before (into the presence of) the king. La infano dancis en la korto, kaj poste kuris en la ĝardenon = The child danced in (not into) the courtyard, and then ran into (not in) the garden. Ĵetu tion sub la tablon = Throw that under the table. Ĵetu la ŝtonon super la muron = Throw the stone over the wall. Mi prenas sur min tiun ĉi aferon = I take upon myself this business (moral movement, therefore accusative, since sur does not of itself show movement). La knabo vadis trans la riveron kaj trans ĝi trovis aliajn knabojn = The boy waded across the river, and, on the other side of it, found other boys.
258. Prepositional expressions.—Adverbs are not unfrequently followed by prepositions, thus forming prepositional expressions which take the nominative case, like simple prepositions.
Examples.—Meze de la kampo = In the middle of the field. Funde de kesto = At the bottom of a box. Flanke de la malliberulo = At the side of the prisoner. Proksime de la preĝejo = Near the church. Dekstre de la vojo = On the right of the road. Supre de la muro = At the top of the wall. Dank’ al lia konsilo = Thanks to his advice. Li venis kune kun sia frato = He came together (along) with his brother.
Li estas for de tie ĉi = He is away from here. Oni plantis arbon proksime de la puto = They planted a tree near the well. Metu vian manon for de mia kolo! = Take your hand off (away from) my neck.
(a). A few adverbs, used as prepositional expressions, are sometimes followed by a suitable preposition and sometimes not; in the latter case the complement is in the accusative, to show the omission (par. [253]).
Examples.—Koncerne tiun aferon (or, Koncerne je tiu afero) = Concerning that matter. Konforme tion (or, Konforme al, kun or, je tio) = In conformity with that. Rilate lian karakteron (or, Rilate al lia karaktero) = With regard to (relative to, as regards, referring to) his character (par. [247])
N.B.—These phrases are alternatives for simple prepositions. We might, in some cases, use pri for koncerne je or rilate al, and laŭ for konforme al.
(b). Two prepositions sometimes are used.
Examples.—"Eniru!" ekkriegis voĉo de en la pordo = "Come in!" shouted a voice from within (inside) the door. Li rampis de sub la sofo = He crept from under the sofa. La ŝtono havis la alton (or, altecon) de ĉirkaŭ ok centimetroj kaj la larĝon (or, larĝecon) de ĉirkaŭ kvin centimetroj = The stone had the height of about eight centimetres and the width of about five centimetres. El sub la tirkestaro la muso kuris sub la liton = Out from under the chest of drawers the mouse ran under the bed. Ne rapidu foriri de antaŭ li = Do not hasten to leave his presence (go away from before him).
259. The relation of prepositions to their complement.—English grammarians divide prepositions into various classes, but in Esperanto, with the exception of those mentioned in par. [257], denoting motion and rest, there are but two classes to which we need pay special attention, viz., those which relate to both place and time; and of these, two
only, viz., antaŭ = before, and post = after, require care in making their meaning clear.
In the following remarks on prepositions the examples given of their use are placed under the various classes that their English rendering would assign to them; but we must bear in mind that, in accordance with Rule 14, every Esperanto preposition, except je, has a defined and constant meaning (par. [250]). This defined meaning is given at the head of each preposition. The meanings given in the classes are only the various English renderings that can be given to the preposition (see English prepositions, pars. [260], [261]).
REMARKS ON THE PREPOSITIONS.
259 (1). Al = To, towards.
Denotes approximation or addition.
Approximation = To, towards.
Examples.—Li venis al ni = He came to (or towards) us. Mi iras al Parizo, or, Mi iras Parizon = I am going to Paris. If al be omitted, Parizon must be in the accusative of direction. Ni ne vidas, ĉar la lumo estas kaŝata al ni per la kurtenoj = We do not see, because the light is hidden from (towards) us by the curtains.
N.B.—Kaŝata al, not de, which, after a passive participle, means "by"; but independently of this, al is logically used after kaŝi, in the sense of "to hide from"; as:—Sed pro kio kaŝi al li vian amon? = But why conceal from him your love?
Addition = To.
Examples.—Mi donis akvon al la birdoj = I gave water to the birds. La rozo apartenas al Teodoro = The rose belongs to Theodore. Donu vestaĵon al la malriĉuloj = Give clothing to the poor.
N.B.—With some verbs al is often used with the complement in the nominative, when in English we omit the preposition, as:—Li konsilis al mi fari tion = He advised me to do that. Ordonu al li (or, Ordonu lin), ke li ne faru tion = Order him not to do that.
Al is also sometimes used with personal pronouns in a possessive sense, as:—Li lavis al si la manojn, or, Li lavis siajn manojn = He washed his hands (see par. [134]).
As a prefix, al signifies "to," "towards," as:—Alveni = To come to, arrive. Alpreni = To take to, adopt. Alpaŝi = To step towards, approach.
259 (2). Anstataŭ = Instead of.
One of the prepositions that may be used before the Infinitive (see remarks on Infinitive, pars. [177], [179]).
Substitution = Instead of, for, in place of, as a substitute for, in room of.
Examples.—Anstataŭ li, oni sendis lian fraton = Instead of him, they sent his brother. Anstataŭ kafo li donis al mi teon = Instead of coffee he gave me tea. Anstataŭ eliri, li restis en la domo = Instead of going out, he remained in the house. Anstataŭ unu el la oficistoj = In place of one of the officials.
Although, in the first two examples given in the preceding paragraph, anstataŭ, being a preposition, is followed by the nominative, nevertheless, the accusative is often used in such cases when its use helps to remove ambiguity; the accusative being due to the omission of a verb understood. Compare: Petro batis Paŭlon anstataŭ Vilhelmo = Peter beat Paul instead of William doing so, with Petro batis Paŭlon anstataŭ (bati) Vilhelmon, Peter beat Paul instead of (beating) William.
As a root-word, Anstataŭi = To replace (intrans.). Anstataŭigi = To replace (trans.), to substitute. Anstataŭulo = A proxy (person instead of).
259 (3). Antaŭ = Before, in front of.
Denotes place or time. May take accusative of direction.
Place = Before, in front of.
Examples.—Oni metis antaŭ mi manĝilaron = They put before me a table service. Morgaŭ mi petos permeson veni antaŭ viajn reĝajn okulojn = To-morrow I shall beg permission to come before your royal presence (kingly eyes). Antaŭ nia militistaro staris pafilegoj = In front of our army were (stood) cannon.
Time = Before, ago.
Examples.—Antaŭ ne longe = Not long ago. Antaŭ kelkaj semajnoj = Some (a few) weeks ago.
N.B.—Since antaŭ and also post are frequently used both in the sense of "time" and "place," care must be taken to word a phrase so that no ambiguity may arise. In sentences like the following, antaŭ ol or antaŭ kiam should be used when time is implied. Examples.—La gefianĉoj renkontiĝis antaŭ la gepatroj = The betrothed met before the parents (= place, viz., in the presence of the parents). La gefianĉoj renkontiĝis antaŭ ol (or, antaŭ kiam) la gepatroj alvenis = The betrothed met before the parents arrived (= time, viz., before the parents arrived). Johano venis antaŭ la juĝiston, sed Jozefo estis elirinta el la juĝejo antaŭ ol Johano alvenis = John came before the judge, but Joseph had left the court before John’s arrival.
As a prefix, Antaŭdiri = To foretell. Antaŭiri = to precede.
259 (4). Apud = Beside, close by.
Place = By, near, near to, close by.
Examples.—La batalo apud Farsalo ŝanĝis multajn aferojn en Romo = The battle near Pharsalia changed many things in Rome. Li estas apud la pordo = He is near the door. Li staris apud Johano = He stood by John. Mi vespermanĝos ĉe tiu tablo apud la fenestro = I shall dine at that table close by the window.
As a root-word or prefix, we have:—Apudeco = Contiguity. Apudesti = To be present, or near.
259 (5). Ĉe = At, with.
Marks the situation of a thing or action. Denotes coincidence, either of place, time, or connection.
Place = At, with, to, on.
Examples.—Li estas ĉe ni = He is with us (at our house). Ni estis ĉe via patro = We were at your father’s. Ŝi estas ĉe la pordo = She is at the door. Ĉe la alia flanko de la strato = On the other side of the street. Mi gastas ĉe miaj amikoj, Gesinjoroj Smith = I am staying with (am a guest at) my friends, Mr. and Mrs. Smith).
Time = At, on.
Example.—Ĉe nia alveno la hundo bojis = At (on) our arrival the dog barked.
Connection = In, to, with, on.
Examples.—Brakon ĉe (or, en) brako = Arm in arm. Koron ĉe koro = Heart to heart. Mi kredas, ke ĉe ĉiu vorto, kiun vi diras.... = I believe that with every word you say.... Ĉe la komparativo oni uzas la konjunkcion "ol" = With the comparative the conjunction "ol" is used. Por elpagi mian konton ĉe vi, mi sendas.... = To settle my account with you, I send.... Ĉe tia vetero, vi estos baldaŭ resanigita = With such weather, you will soon be restored to health. Ĉe tio = On that.
As a prefix, Ĉeesti = To be present. Inter la ĉeestantoj ni rimarkis.... = Amongst those present we observed....
259 (6). Ĉirkaŭ = About, around.[19]
Denotes place, time, manner, quantity.
Place = About, around, round.
Examples.—Je ĉirkaŭ tri paŝoj = At about three paces. La hundoj ludis kaj saltis ĉirkaŭ ŝi = The dogs played and jumped around her.
Time = About.
Example.—La koncerto daŭris ĉirkaŭ tri horojn (or, dum ĉirkaŭ tri horoj) = The concert lasted about three hours.
Manner = Round.
Example.—Li premis sian edzinon ĉirkaŭ la talio = He squeezed his wife round the waist.
Quantity = About.
Example.—Mi volas aĉeti ĉirkaŭ kvar funtojn = I wish to buy about four pounds.
As a prefix or root-word, ĉirkaŭ has the signification of "encircling," as:—Ĉirkaŭfrazo = Periphrase, circumlocution. Ĉirkaŭpreni = To embrace. Ĉirkaŭi, ĉirkaŭigi = To surround.
Footnote:
[19] It will be seen from the examples that the preposition ĉirkaŭ may be followed by the accusative of direction: Jakobo metis sakon ĉirkaŭ siajn lumbojn (Rabistoj, 52, 2); La virino ĵetis ambaŭ brakojn ĉirkaŭ la kolon de la knabino (Marta, p. 8); Ĵetante siajn brakojn ĉirkaŭ lian kolon (Faraono, II, 57).
259 (7). Da = Of.
Used only after words denoting quantity, measure, weight, number, etc. Between two words, da shows that the first word measures the second.
Quantity = Of.
Examples.—Granda nombro da ideoj = A great number of ideas. Dudeko da homoj = A score of people. Funto da teo = A pound of tea. Sur la arbo sin trovis multo (or, multe) da birdoj = On the tree were (found themselves) many (of) birds.
Often de and da may be equally correct. Funto da teo emphasizes the quantity required (funto); funto de teo emphasizes the thing required (teo).
Do not use da before definite words like la, tiu, numbers, or pronouns. Funto de la teo, de tiu teo, de mia teo, de ĝi. Note the difference between "He ate a piece of bread" and "He ate a piece of the (particular) bread." The former is Li manĝis pecon da pano, and the latter Li manĝis pecon de la pano, de tiu pano.
N.B.—Glaso da vino = A glass of wine. Glaso de (or, por) vino, or, vinglaso = A wineglass. Alportu al mi tetason, kaj elverŝu por mi tason da teo = Bring me a teacup, and pour me out a cup of tea.
Note.—Particular attention should be paid to the prepositions da, de, and el, all of which are often translated by the English preposition "of." Note the following examples:—
Da.—Cento da pomoj = A hundred (of) apples. Dekduo da kuleroj = A dozen (of) spoons. Miliono da loĝantoj = A million (of) inhabitants. Kvar metroj da ŝtofo = Four metres of material. Ducent kilometroj da longo = Two hundred kilometres in (of) length.
De.—Tri estas duono de ses = Three is half of six. Ok estas kvar kvinonoj de dek = Eight is four-fifths of ten. La domo de mia frato = The house of my brother, or, My brother’s house. Doktoro de juro = A doctor of laws.
El.—Ĉiu el la infanoj = Each of the children. Unu el ni = One of us. Ni faru uzon el tio = Let us make use of that. Domo konstruita el ŝtono = A house built of stone. La plej bela floro el la ĝardeno = The most beautiful flower of the garden.
259 (8). De = Of, from, by.
De denotes origin, possession, place, time, cause, agency, and disconnection or abstraction. It serves to form the genitive or possessive case. These are all variations of the one primary idea: origin.
De is not used in speaking of places, etc., when English uses the preposition "of," where nomata = named might be inserted between two substantives.
Examples.—La urbo Londono = The City of London. La monato Julio = The month of July (par. [106] (d)).
Care must be taken not to confuse de with da.
Possession = Of.
Examples.—La libro de Petro = The book of Peter, or, Peter’s book. La domo de mia kara patro = My dear father’s house.
Origin or Dependence = Of, on, from.
Examples.—Ĝi dependas de la nombro de vortoj = It depends on the number of words. Tio venis de (or, el) lia unua eraro = That came from his first error. Li
estas doktoro de medicino = He is a doctor of medicine. Li venis de (or, el) Parizo kaj nun iras al Berlino = He came from Paris and is now going to Berlin. Kaj Dio diris: "Kolektiĝu la akvo de sub la ĉielo en unu lokon" = And God said: "Let the waters (water) (from) under the heaven be gathered together (collect itself) into one place."
Place = From, of, to.
Examples.—For de tie ĉi, fripono! = Away from here, rascal! Li forestas de tie ĉi = He is away from here. Li staris meze de la malamikoj = He stood in the midst of the enemy. Proksime de la domo staris arbo = Near (to) the house stood a tree. Ne malproksime de la dometo staris preĝejo = Not far from the cottage was (stood) a church.
Time = From, since, for.
Examples.—De tiu tempo = From (since) that time. De la kreo de la mondo = Since the creation of the world. De tri semajnoj mi estas malsana = For three weeks I have been (am) ill.
Cause = From, of, with.
Examples.—Li eksaltis de surprizo = He started (jumped) with surprise. Li mortis de febro = He died of (from) fever. Kaŭze de tio = Because of (due to) (owing to) that.
Agency = By (after a passive verb, to show the agent). To show the means per is used.
Examples.—Mi estas amata de mia patro = I am loved by my father. La domo konstruita de mia patro estas kovrita per ardezoj = The house built by my father is covered with slates.
Disconnection or Abstraction = From.
Example.—Apartigu la pajlon de la fojno = Separate the straw from the hay.
As a prefix, de signifies "off," "from," as:—Li deprenis la libron de la breto (or, li prenis la libron for de sur la breto) = He took the book off the shelf. Li demetis la ĉapelon = He took off his (the) hat.
259 (9). Dum = During.
Dum, whether used as a preposition or conjunction, always relates to duration of time (see note below).
Time = During.
Examples.—Dum la tuta tago (or, La tutan tagon) li restis sola = During the whole day he remained alone, or, He remained alone the whole day. Dum (or, En la daŭro de) kelkaj monatoj, ŝi ne eliradis el sia ĉambro = During (for the space of, for) some months she did not leave (go out of) her room. Li dormis dum la tuta koncerto, or, Li dormis la tutan koncerton = He was sleeping during the whole (all through the) concert. Dum ilia konsiliĝo (or, Dum ili konsiliĝis) mi restis en la apuda ĉambro = During their consultation (or, whilst they were consulting) I remained in the adjoining room.
Note.—Dum, although frequently used as a conjunction by Dr. Zamenhof, is rarely, if ever, used by him as a preposition. For our preposition "during" he generally uses the accusative of duration, or the prepositional expression en la daŭro de, or simply en, or turns the phrase by employing an adverbial present participle.
259 (10). Ekster = Outside.
Place = Outside. Ekster is the opposite of en = in.
Examples.—Li iris en la domon, sed mi restis ekster ĝi = He went into the house, but I remained outside it. Li loĝas ekster la urbo = He lives outside the town.
Connection or Disconnection. Ekster is sometimes used as a synonym of krom (par. [259 (17)]).
Examples.—Ekster tiuj ĉi leĝoj, ekzistas aliaj = Outside (besides, or, in addition to) these laws others exist. Ekster tiuj ĉi leĝoj ne ekzistas aliaj = Outside (beside, or, apart from) these laws others do not exist.
As a root-word or prefix, we have:—Eksteraĵo = The exterior, outside. Eksterlande = Abroad.
259 (11). El = Out of.
El is the opposite of en = in, but only when movement in and out is implied.
Care must be taken not to confuse el with da or de, both of which also signify "of," that English preposition with so many meanings. El means essentially "out of," denoting that the noun specified is a portion of something, or is made of some particular material, or issues from something (see par. [259 (7)]).
Origin or Dependence = Of, with, from.
Examples.—Mi estas la plej riĉa el ĉiuj = I am the richest of all. Unu el ni estos elektata = One of us will be chosen. Li faris uzon el ĉio = He made use of everything. Mi faros uzon el la okazo = I shall take (make use of) the opportunity. Kion ni faros el hundo? = What shall we do with (make out of) a dog? El la dirita regulo sekvas, ke ... = From the said rule, it follows that ... Mi ricevis leteron el Parizo = I received a letter from Paris.
Disconnection = Out of, from.
Examples.—Tri musoj elsaltis el la tirkesto = Three mice jumped out of the drawer. Mi eliris el la domo ĝuste kiam li eniris en la veturilon = I went out of the house just as (when) he entered the carriage. La violono falis el la violonujo = The violin fell out of the violin case. El sub la lito = Out of (out from under) the bed.
As a prefix, el signifies "out," and also denotes something done thoroughly well or completely, as:—Elpensi = To think out, to invent. Elfosi = To dig out. Elirejo = An exit, way out. Ellabori = To work out thoroughly, to achieve, elaborate. Eltrinki = To drink up. Ellerni = To master, to learn thoroughly (to study).
259 (12). En = In, into.
May take after it the accusative of movement, and has then the meaning of "into."
Place = In, into, within, at.
Examples.—Li estas en la ĝardeno = He is in the garden. Li iris en la ĝardenon = He went into the garden. Mi loĝas en Parizo = I live in Paris. La birdo flugas en la ĉambro (ĝi estas en la ĉambro, kaj flugas en ĝi) = The bird is flying within the room (it is in the room, and is flying in it). La birdo flugas en la ĉambron (ĝi estis ekster la ĉambro, kaj nun flugas en ĝin) = The bird is flying into the room (it was outside the room, and now is flying into it). Helpu min porti tiujn ĉi kestojn en mian fiakron = Help me to carry these trunks to (into) my cab. Li iris en la domon, sed mi mem restis ester ĝi = He went into the house, but I myself remained outside of it. La ĉefa vorto staras en la fino = The chief word stands at the end.
Time = In, on, at, during.
Examples.—En printempo floroj aperas = In (during) spring flowers appear. En la tago = On the day. En la unua tempo = At the outset (first time), at first. Mi finos la tasketon en dek tagoj, se mi laboros en ĉiu tago po ok horoj = I shall finish the job (little task) in 10 days if I work 8 hours a day (lit., if I shall work in each day at the rate of 8 hours).
Origin or Dependence = Of, into.
Examples.—Apartamento konsistanta en (or, el)[20] unu manĝoĉambro, unu salono, kaj tri dormoĉambroj = A flat (apartment), consisting of one dining-room, one drawing-room, and three bedrooms. Aleksandro ŝanĝiĝis en polvon = Alexander was turned into dust.
Footnote:
[20] El is preferable. En cannot be correctly used here.
Connection = In.
Example.—Manon en mano = Hand in hand.
259 (13). Ĝis = Till, as far as.
Place = To, down to, up to, as far as.
Examples.—Ni akompanis ilin ĝis ilia domo = We accompanied them as far as (to) their house. Iru ĝis la rivero = Go to (down to, as far as) the river.
Time = Till, until, to.
Examples.—De sabato ĝis mardo = From Saturday till (to) Tuesday. Ni devas atendi ĝis Junio = We must wait till June. Ĉu ne estus pli bone atendi ĝis ni havos la hundon? = Would it not be better to wait till we have the dog? Ĝi povas kuŝi ok ĝis naŭ jarojn = It can lie eight to nine years.
N.B.—Jarojn is the accusative of duration (par. [68] (b)), for ĝis has here no influence over it, being simply an item in the phrase; but if a preposition be placed before ok, then the preposition will influence its complement "jaroj," which will be in the nominative; as:—Ĝi povas kuŝi dum (or, je) ok ĝis naŭ jaroj = It can lie during eight (up) to nine years.
259 (14). Inter = Between, among.
Inter differs from en, in that en implies that something is actually in, or within, something else, while inter implies that something is between, or among, some other things.
Place = Between, among.
Example.—Inter Rusujo kaj Francujo estas Germanujo = Between Russia and France is Germany.
Time = Between.
Example.—Inter la deka kaj dek-unua matene, mi renkontis mian amikon = Between 10 and 11 o’clock in the morning I met my friend.
Manner = Among, amongst.
Example.—Ili dividis inter si dek du pomojn = They divided amongst themselves twelve apples.
As a prefix, inter has much the same meaning as in English, as:—Intermeti = To interpose. Intermiksi = To intermingle. Interkonsenti = To agree mutually.
259 (15). Je.
The preposition je has no fixed meaning. It is used only when we have to employ a preposition and we do not know which one the sense requires.
We can, however, use the accusative case in place of it (Rule 14, pars. [251], [253]).
The following are a few of the examples in which it has been used:—
Cause = At, over, of.
Example.—Mi enuas je la hejmo, or, Mi enuas la hejmon = I am weary (tired) of home.
Manner = By, on.
Examples.—Li tenis lin je la maniko per unu mano, kaj per la alia li batis lin sur la vizaĝon (or, li frapis al li la vizaĝon) = He held him by (at) the sleeve with one hand, and with the other he struck him on the face (struck to him the face). Mi gratulas vian princan moŝton je (or, pri) la reveno Danujon = I congratulate your Royal (Princely) Highness on (regarding) your (the) return to Denmark.
Time = At, on.
Examples.—Je la kvara horo = At 4 o’clock. Je la lasta fojo (or, La lastan fojon) mi vidis lin ĉe vi = On the last occasion (last time) I saw him with you.
Measure = Of, by.
Example.—Longa je dek futoj, or, Longa dek futojn = Ten feet long.
259 (16). Kontraŭ = Against, opposite.
Never used in the sense of "by the side of." May take the accusative of direction.
Place = Towards, overlooking, against, facing, opposite.
Example.—La fenestro kontraŭ la strato = The window overlooking (towards) the street.
Opposition = To, against, from.
Examples.—Vizaĝon kontraŭ vizaĝo = Face to face. Kontraŭ min mem, sin turnis mia ruzo = Against
myself my cunning turned (itself) (Hamlet, V, 2). Kien ili iras? Kontraŭ Polujon = Whither are they going? Against Poland (Hamlet, IV, 4). Mi sidis sur ŝtono, kie mi estis ŝirmata kontraŭ la orienta vento = I was sitting on a stone where I was sheltered from (against) the east wind. Li batalis kontraŭ la grekoj = He fought with (= against) the Greeks.
As a prefix, kontraŭ denotes opposition, as:—Kontraŭdiri = To contradict. Kontraŭmeti = To oppose.
259 (17). Krom = Not including, putting aside, apart from. One of the prepositions that may be used before the Infinitive (par. [177]).
Separation, Exclusion = Besides, except, save, but.
Examples.—Li estas bona, kaj, krom tio, riĉa = He is good, and, besides that, rich. Krom Esperanto, mi scias la lingvon germanan = Besides Esperanto, I know the German language. Mi estas anglo, kaj mi scias nenian lingvon krom mia propra = I am an Englishman, and I know no language except (but, besides, save) my own (see remarks on ekster (par. [259 (11)]).
259 (18). Kun = With.
Never used as "with" in the sense of the instrument or means by which something is done (see per, par. [259 (22)]).
Connection = With, to.
Examples.—Li paroladis kun sia amiko = He was conversing with his friend. Li fianĉiĝis kun Fraŭlino Berta = He became engaged to Miss Bertha. Resti kun leono estas danĝere = To stay with a lion is dangerous. Li promenadis kun sia amiko, kiam mi lin renkontis = He was walking with his friend when I met him.
Manner = With, of.
Examples.—Li parolas kun granda saĝeco = He speaks with great wisdom. Li estas homo kun gusto = He is a man of (with) taste. Li estis atendata kun
granda senpacienco = He was expected with great impatience.
As a root-word or prefix, Kunigi = To connect. Kunulo = A companion. Kunveni = To come together, to assemble.
259 (19). Laŭ = According to.
Manner = According to, from, in, in accordance with.
Examples.—Li agis laŭ sia opinio = He acted according to his own opinion. Tiu vazo estas farita laŭ modelo el (or, en) nia muzeo = That vase has been made according to (from) a model out of (in) our museum. Li parolas laŭ saĝa maniero = He speaks in a wise manner. Ili ĝin faris laŭvice = They did it in turn. La pli juna filino estis la plena portreto de sia patro laŭ sia boneco = The younger daughter was the complete portrait of her father in (according to) her goodness.
Place and Direction = In, along.
Examples.—Ni foriris laŭ malsamaj direktoj (or, en diversajn flankojn) = We went away in a different direction (or, in different ways). Aleksandro iris laŭ tiu ĉi rivero ĝis li venis al la palaco = Alexander went along this river till he came to the palace.
N.B.—Laŭ is used in such expressions as:—Laŭlonge = Lengthways. Laŭlarĝe = Across, athwart.
259 (20). Malgraŭ = Notwithstanding.
Opposition = In spite of, notwithstanding, for, despite.
Examples.—Li sukcesis malgraŭ la malhelpoj = He succeeded in spite of the hindrances. Li faris sian eblon, sed malgraŭ ĉio, li ne sukcesis = He did his best (his utmost), but for all that (notwithstanding) he did not succeed (see remarks on spite, par. [259 (30)]).
259 (21). Per = By, by means of.
Cause = By, by means of, with, through.
Examples.—Ni flaras per la nazo, vidas per la okuloj, kaj aŭdas per la oreloj = We smell with the
nose, see with the eyes, and hear with the ears. Li mortigis lin per glavo = He killed him with a sword. Tion mi eksciis per mia frato = I learnt that through my brother.
Manner = With, by, in.
Per, used after a passive verb, denotes the means or instrument; de denotes the agent.
Examples.—La domo, kiu estas aĉetita de mia patro, estas kovrita per pajla tegmento = The house, which was bought by my father, is covered with thatch (a straw roof). Li tenis lin ĉe la kolo per ambaŭ manoj = He was holding him by the neck with both hands. Li iris el la urbo per (or, laŭ) flanka vojeto = He went out of the town by a by-path. Mia onklo ne mortis per natura morto = My uncle did not die (by) a natural death. Per unu vorto (or, unuvorte), la ĉambro estis tute bela = In a word, the room was quite beautiful.
As a prefix or root-word, per is not much used. Perlabori = To acquire by one’s labour, to earn. Peri = To mediate, to interpose.
259 (22). Po = At the rate of.
Po has a distributive sense, and is used generally before numerals (see par. [123]). Do not confuse po with por.
Distribution = At the rate of, in the proportion of, at.
Examples.—Mi aĉetis kvar pomojn po du pencoj = I bought four apples at the rate of twopence (each). "Por du pencoj" would mean "for twopence" (all four for twopence). Tiu ĉi libro havas sesdek paĝojn; tial, se mi legos en ĉiu tago po dek kvin paĝoj, mi finos la tutan libron en kvar tagoj = This book has 60 pages; therefore, if I (shall) read (in) each day at the rate of 15 pages, I shall finish the whole book in 4 days. Silko po 5 ŝilingoj por ulno = Silk at 5 shillings a (for a) yard (ell).
As a prefix, Poduone = By half, or, by halves. Pogrande = Wholesale.
259 (23). Por = For, for the sake (benefit) of, in order to.
One of the prepositions that may be used before the infinitive (see remarks on infinitive, par. [177]).
Purpose = In order to, to, for, at, for the purpose of, of, on.
Examples.—Mi manĝas por vivi = I eat in order to live. Por mi ĝi havas bonan guston = To me it has a pleasant (good) taste. Li sin kuracis por resaniĝi = He treated himself (took remedies) in order to recover (be restored to health). La plej bona metodo (por) akiri ĝin = The best way of getting it (in order to get it). Mi havas multon por fari = I have much to do. Por miaj kvar infanoj mi aĉetis dek du pomojn = For my four children I bought twelve apples. Litoj por du personoj = Beds for two people. Tiu ĉi ringo estas por vi = This ring is for you. Por ĉio (or, pro ĉio) ni lin dankas = We thank him for everything. Por tiu ĉi prezo = At this price. Ni devas konfesi por ŝia laŭdo, ke ... = We must confess to her praise that ... Mi ne havas tempon por fari tion = I have not time to do that. Kiam la momento por foriri alvenis, or, Kiam la momento de foriro alvenis ... = When the moment for departure arrived ... Tiu libro estas facile komprenebla por ĉiuj = That book is easily comprehensible by (for) all. Li aĉetis por unu penco da teo = He bought a pennyworth (for a penny) of tea.
259 (24). Post = After, behind.
Is a preposition of place and time. Like its English equivalent "after," care must be taken not to confuse its meaning. For instance, "He came after me" might mean (a) next in succession or behind me, (b) after my arrival, (c) in pursuit of me. In Esperanto we should say:—(a). Li venis post mi. (b) Li venis post mia alveno. (c). Li postsekvis min (see also remarks on antaŭ, which is the opposite of post (259 (3)).
Place = After, behind.
Examples.—Post la reĝo venis lia sekvantaro = After (behind) the king came his suite. "Da" post ia vorto montras, ke tiu ĉi vorto havas signifon de mezuro = "Da" after any (some) word shows that this word has the signification of measure.
Time = After, in, by, hence.
Examples.—Resendu al mi la libron (post) kiam vi estos traleginta ĝin = Send back to me the book after you have read it through. Post tri monatoj estos la edziĝo = The wedding will be three months hence (in three months). Post kvarono da horo = In a quarter of an hour. Tagon post tago = Day by day.
Manner = After, by.
Examples.—Ili sekvis unu post la alia = They followed one after another. Iom post iom ŝi pli trankviliĝis = Little by little she became more tranquil.
As a prefix, Postveni = To come after, to succeed. Posttagmezo = Afternoon. Postvivi = To survive.
259 (25). Preter = Beyond, past, by.
Differs from trans = across (beyond), in that preter shows the movement of something passing by, or alongside, something else. Trans signifies that something is on the other side of a boundary, or is crossing, or has crossed that boundary (see also tra, par. [259 (33)]).
Place = Beside, by, past.
Examples.—Mi iris preter la fenestroj de la domo = I went by (past, beside) the windows of the house. Du sinjorinoj iris preter ni, kaj transiris la straton = Two ladies passed (went) by us, and crossed the street.
Preter, as a prefix, has a similar meaning.
Examples.—Mi preteriris la fenestrojn de la domo = I passed by the windows of the house. Du sinjorinoj preteriris nin = Two ladies went by (passed) us. Mi preterlasis lin = I let him pass by (I let him beyond). Li preterlasis la okazon = He let the occasion (opportunity) pass, or, he missed the opportunity.
259 (26). Pri = Concerning.
Pri can be translated in various ways.
Reference = Concerning, respecting, regarding, as regards, with regard to, as to, as for, about, of, on.
Examples.—Pri mia lerteco, mi povas diri ... = Concerning my skill, I can say ... (In this sentence it will be observed that any of the above meanings of pri instead of "concerning" will give the exact sense.) Pri tio ne diru vorton = As to that, don’t say a word. Ne pensu pri ĝi = Do not think of (about) it. Li parolis pri la pentrarto = He spoke about (the art of) painting. Ili miregis pri (or, je) lia kolero = They were astounded at (about) his anger. Sed pri ŝia fratino, ni povas diri, ke ... = But of her sister, we can say that ... Tio estas verko pri la politiko = That is a work on politics. Vi estas prova pri tio = You are right in that.
As a prefix, Pripensi = To think about, to reflect.
See par. [258] (a) as regards the use of the prepositional expressions rilate, koncerne.
259 (27). Pro = Because of.
Pro always relates to the cause or reason for something happening or being done. Do not confuse it with por.
Cause = Because of, by reason of, on account of, for the sake of (cause), through, owing to, from, for, of.
Examples.—Li demandis ŝin, pro kio ŝi ploras = He asked her for what reason (because of what) she wept (weeps). Li min mokis pro mia kredemo = He ridiculed me owing to (for) my credulity. Li estas mortanta (or, ekmortas) pro (or, de) malsato = He is dying of (from) hunger. Ŝi agas pro ĵaluzemo = She acts from jealousy. Li ne povis piediri pro sia malforteco = He could not walk owing to (on account of, through) his weakness. Pro tio, mi ne povas akompani vin = On that account, I cannot accompany you. Li ĝin faris pro sia edzino = He did it because of his wife.
Pro is not used much as a prefix. Propeti = To intercede. Propekulo = A scapegoat.
259 (28). Sen = Without.
Sen always denotes disconnection.
Disconnection = Without, less, minus.
Examples.—Li alvenis sen sia amiko = He arrived without his friend. Sen vi, ni estus kiel sen kapo = Without you we should be as without a head. Dek sen tri estas sep = Ten less (minus) three is seven.
Sen is frequently used as a prefix, having the same meaning as our English suffix "less," as:—Sendube = Doubtless, without doubt. Sensenta = Senseless, without feeling. Sensenca = Senseless, without meaning. Senhonta = Shameless, without shame.
259 (29). Spite = In defiance of.[21]
Spite, like malgraŭ, marks opposition, but in a stronger sense. Spite means "in defiance of opposition," whilst malgraŭ has more the sense of "notwithstanding." Spite is not a preposition, but an adverb, and to translate the prepositional form "in spite of" it is usually better to use malgraŭ.
Opposition = In defiance of, defiantly.
Examples.—Spite ĉion, kion mi povis diri, li vangfrapis la infanon = In defiance of all I could say, he slapped the child’s face. Spite mian malamikon = In defiance of my enemy.
Footnote:
[21] The root spit is often used as a verb: spiti, to brave, flout, act in defiance of. Amason ne spitu (Prov. 1191). Se vi malgraŭ tio spitos min (Lev. 26, 21). From this root we get the adjective spitema (Ps. 37, 35) and the adverb spite. Hence there are often found in the literature such forms as spite al vi, spite de tio; and, consequently (with the accusative instead of the preposition), spite vin, spite tion, spite mian malamikon (par. [247]).
259 (30). Sub = Under.
Sub may be followed by the accusative of direction. It is the opposite of sur = on.
Place = Under, beneath.
Examples.—La hundo kuris sub la tablon por ekkapti la katon, kiu kuŝis sub la tablo = The dog ran under the table to seize the cat that was lying under the table. Muso estas sub la kanapo = A mouse is under the sofa.
Manner = In, on.
Examples.—Io, sub la formo de kato, transkuris la straton = Something, in the shape of a cat, ran across the street. Li iris sub la kondiĉo, ke neniu lin akompanu = He went on (under) the condition that no one should accompany him.
As a prefix, Subetaĝo = A basement (floor below). Submeti = To put under, to subdue. Subtegmento = A garret (under roof).
259 (31). Super = Over, above.
May be followed by the accusative of direction. It differs from sur, since sur generally means that something is upon or touching something else, whilst super signifies that the object is over or above something, but not in actual contact.
Place = Over, above, beyond.
Examples.—La balono estis vidata super la urbo = The balloon was seen over the town. Super mia kapo preterflugis birdo = A bird flew by, over my head. Li ĵetis ŝtonon super la muron, sed li ne havis sufiĉe da forto, kaj la ŝtono falis sur la muron = He threw a stone over the wall, but he had not sufficient (of) strength, and the stone fell upon (on to) the wall. La spirito de Dio ŝvebis super la akvo = The Spirit of God moved upon the face of (above) the waters (water). Mi konas nenion super tio = I know nothing beyond that.
Super is the root of Superi = To surpass. As a prefix, Superflui = To overflow. Superhoma = Super-human. Supervesto (or, palto) = An overcoat.
259 (32). Sur = On, upon, on to.
May be followed by the accusative of direction. See remarks on sub and super. Do not confound sur with super.
Place = On, upon (resting on, touching).
Examples.—Sur lia vizaĝo mi vidis ĝojan rideton = On his face I saw a joyful smile. Vi trovos la paperojn sur la skribtablo = You will find the papers on the writing-table. La birdo (sur)flugis sur la tegmenton = The bird flew on to the roof. Li metis la ĉapelon sur sian kapon = He put his (the) hat on his head. Li staris supre sur la monto, kaj rigardis malsupren sur la kampon = He stood above on the mountain, and looked down (below) upon the field (note the accusatives of direction, malsupren and kampon). Laŭ la komando "tri" vi ekpafos sur la arbon = At the command "three" you will shoot at (on to) the tree.
Dependence = On, to.
Examples.—Tio ĉi povas tre influi sur la sukceson de nia afero = This can have much influence on the success of our business. Sur la danan tronon mi havas rajtojn = I have rights on (to) the Danish throne.
As a prefix, Surmeti = To put on.
259 (33). Tra = Through.
Tra, trans, and preter. The following compound verbs will best show the meaning of the three prepositions:—
Preterpasi = To pass by, go beyond.
Trapasi = To pass through, to traverse.
Transpasi = To pass over, to cross over.
Example.—Trapasinte la arbaron, li preterpasis la preĝejon, kaj poste transpasis la riveron per la ponto = Having passed through (traversed) the wood, he passed by the church, and then crossed the river by the bridge.
Place = Through, across.
Examples.—Li iris tra la amaso, kaj eniris en la domon = He went through the crowd and entered the house. Tra la mondo iras forta voko = Through the world goes a powerful call. Li estas tiel dika, ke li ne povas trairi tra nia mallarĝa pordo = He is so stout (thick) that he cannot go through our narrow door.
Adverb: trae = right through.
Occasionally the accusative of direction is used after tra, when this seems useful for emphasis, or to remove ambiguity.
As a prefix, Tralegi = To read through. Trapasi = To pass through, to traverse. Traguti = To percolate.
259 (34). Trans = Across; on the other side of, beyond.
May be followed by the accusative of direction.
Place = Across, beyond, on the other side of.
Examples.—La hirundo flugis trans la riveron, ĉar trans la rivero sin trovis aliaj hirundoj = The swallow flew across the river, because on the other side of (beyond) the river were (found themselves) other swallows.
As a prefix, Transiri = To go over, to cross. Transmigri = To migrate. Transvivi = To outlive, survive (a period of time).
ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS.
260. English prepositions are used with many various meanings. In fact, to express the sense of some of those in common use correctly, five or six or more Esperanto prepositions have to be used to give the different meanings of one English preposition. For instance, "by" has five different meanings in the following expressions:—"He went by the house." "He was hit by a stone." "By his advice." "Little by little." "He stood by the door."
261. The following common English prepositions are given with their Esperanto equivalents and examples of their use, viz., "At, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with."
At.
261. (a). Represented by:—
Apud, as:—La gefianĉoj staris apud la altaro = The betrothed stood at the altar.
Ĉe, as:—Ĉe ĉiu paŝo kiun ŝi faris = At every step that she took. Ŝi estas ĉe la pordo = She is at the door.
De, as:—Li estas mirigita de la lukso de la kortego = He was astonished at the lŭury of the court.
En, as:—En la unua tempo = At (in) the outset. En Parizo = At Paris. En la fino = At the end. En la kunveno = At the meeting. En la interspaco de ... = At the distance of ...
Je, as:—Je la kvara horo = At four o’clock.
Po, as:—Piroj po du pencoj por funto = Pears at (at the rate of) twopence a (for a) pound.
Por, as:—Por tiu ĉi prezo = At (for) this price.
Pri, as:—Ŝi ridetis pri (je) lia kolero = She smiled at (about) his anger.
Sur, as:—Ili pafis unu sur la alian = They fired at one another.
Accusative, as:—Ŝi mokadas lian kredemon = She jeers at his credulity.
Adverb, as:—Tuj = At once. Almenaŭ = At least. Iafoje = At times. Nune = At present, etc.
By.
261 (b). Represented by:—
Apud, as:—Mi volus stari apud la patrino = I would like to stand by mother.
Ĉe, as:—Mi tenis lin ĉe la kruro per ŝnurego = I held him by the leg with a rope.
De, as:—Li estas amata de ĉiuj siaj amikoj = He is loved by all his friends.
Laŭ, as:—Mi restadas tie ĉi laŭ la konsilo de mia kuracisto = I am remaining (staying) here by (according to) the advice of my doctor.
Per, as:—Li eliris el la urbo per flanka vojeto = He left the town by a by-path.
Post, as:—Iom post iom, ŝi pli trankviliĝis = Little by (after) little she became more tranquil.
Preter, as:—En tiu momento iris preter ni du sinjorinoj = At that moment two ladies passed by (beside) us.
Adverb, as:—Legante, ni lernas = By reading, we learn. Tage = by day. Laŭtage = By the day. Mi staris apude dum li paroladis = I stood by (near to, close by) whilst he was talking.
For.
261 (c). Represented by:—
Al, as:—Ili ekiris al Berlino (or, Berlinon) = They started for Berlin.
Anstataŭ, as:—Li skribis trion anstataŭ kvaro = He wrote a three for (instead of) a four.
De, as:—Tro baldaŭ alvenis la horo de foriro = Too soon came the hour for (of) departure. De tri semajnoj mi estas malsana = For three weeks I have been (am) ill.
Dum, as:—Dum la tuta tago li restis sola = For (during) the whole day he remained alone.
Laŭ, as:—Ŝi estas granda laŭ sia aĝo = She is big for (according to) her age.
Malgraŭ, as:—Malgraŭ ĉio li ne estis feliĉa = For (notwithstanding) all that, he was not happy.
Por, as:—Tiu ĉi monujo estas por vi = This purse is for you.
Pri, as:—Li petis lin pri helpo, or, Li petis helpon de li = He asked him for help. Vi ne devas peti pri tio, kio estas nia ŝuldo = You have not to beg for that which is our obligation.
Pro, as:—Oni laŭdis lin pro lia boneco = They praised him for (because of) his goodness. La domo estis vendita pro ŝuldoj = The house was (had been) sold for debt. Mi volas esti amata pro mi mem, ne pro mia riĉeco = I want to he loved for myself, not for my wealth.
Pro tio, ke, as:—Li riproĉis min pro tio, ke mi foriris = He reproached me for having gone away (lit., because of that that I went away).
Tra, as:—Li ne povas ĝin porti tra tia interspaco = He cannot carry it for (through) such a distance.
Accusative, as:—Li restis sola la tutan tagon = He remained alone all day long (for the whole day) (see the example under dum).
From.
261 (d). Represented by:—
Al, as:—Ni ne vidas, ĉar la lumo estas kaŝata al ni per la kurtenoj = We do not see, because the light is hidden from (towards) us by the curtains.
De, as:—Apartigu la pajlon de la fojno = Separate the straw from the hay. De tiu tempo = From that time. De lundo ĝis vendredo = From Monday to Friday.
El, as:—Mi konkludis el lia mieno, ke li estas oficiro = I concluded from (out of) his appearance that he was (is) an officer.
Kontraŭ, as:—Tie mi estis ŝirmata kontraŭ la vento = There I was sheltered from (against) the wind.
Laŭ, as:—Tiu ĉi figuro estas skulptita laŭ mia modelo = This figure is sculptured (carved) from (in accordance with) my model.
Per, as:—Tion mi eksciis per mia frato = I learnt that from (by means of) my brother.
Pro, as:—Li tremis pro (or, de) timo = He trembled from (because of) fear.
Sen, as:—Ok sen du estas ses = Two from eight (lit., eight without two) is six.
In.
261 (e). Represented by:—
Ĉe, as:—Tio donas helpon ĉe la lernado de la vortoj = That gives help in the learning of the words.
Da, as:—Tri metroj da longo = Three metres in length.
En, as:—Li estas en la domo = He is in the house.
Je, as:—La suna disko ŝajne duobliĝis je grandeco = The sun’s disc apparently became doubled in size.
Laŭ, as:—Laŭ mia opinio (or, miaopinie) ili estas tute pravaj = In (according to) my opinion they are quite right. Li edukiĝis laŭ la timo al Dio = He was brought up in (according to) the fear of God.
Per, as:—La ambaŭ estis similaj per la vizaĝo kaj la karaktero = The two were alike in (by means of) features (the face) and (the) character.
Post, as:—Ni foriros post du aŭ tri tagoj = We are (shall be) going away in (after) two or three days.
Pri, as:—La instruisto povas pri nenio lin instrui = The teacher can instruct him in nothing.
Sub, as:—Io, sub la formo de homo, aperas = Something, in (under) the shape of a man, appears.
Sur, as:—Promenante sur la strato, mi falis = While walking in (on) the street, I fell.
Accusative, as:—Li estis naskita la vintron de 1902a = He was born in the winter of 1902.
Adverb, as:—Forme = In shape. Troe = In excess. Vespere = In the evening. Alivorte = In other words, etc.
Of.
261 (f). Represented by:—
Al, as:—La amo al Dio = The love of (towards) God. Ilia timo al la morto estas granda = Their fear of (to) death is great. Pro malamo al mi li foriris = Through hatred of me he went away.
Da, as:—Granda nombro da ideoj = A great number of ideas.
De, as:—La unua vorto de la linio = The first word of the line. La amo de Dio = The love of (from) God, God’s love.
Dum, as:—Vojaĝo dum dek kvin tagoj, or, Dekkvintaga vojaĝo = A journey of (during) fifteen days.
El, as:—Unu el ni estos elektata = One of (out of) us will be chosen. El ĉiuj miaj amikoj, li estas la plej forta = Of (out of) all my friends, he is the strongest.
En, as:—La plej granda ĉambro en la domo = The largest room of (in) the house.
Inter, as:—La plej malgranda inter (or, el) ĉiuj arboj en la ĝardeno = The smallest of (among) all the trees in the garden.
Kun, as:—Ŝi estas virino kun gusto = She is a woman of (with) taste.
Pri, as:—Ne pensu pri ĝi = Do not think of (about) it. Ŝi parolis pri sia frato = She spoke of (about) her brother.
Pro, as:—Li mortis pro (or, de) malsato = He died of (owing to) hunger.
Adjective, as:—Li estas sperta homo = He is a man of experience (an experienced man).
On.
261 (g). Represented by:—
Al, as:—Peston al la tranĉilo! = Plague on the knife!
Ĉe, as:—Ĉe (or better, sur) la alia flanko de la strato = On (at) the other side of the street. Ĉe tio mi eliris el la ĉambro = On that, I left the room.
Ĉirkaŭ, as:—La rado turniĝis ĉirkaŭ sia akso = The wheel turned on its axis.
De, as:—Ĝi dependas de la nombro de vortoj = It depends on (from) the number of words.
En, as:—En la tago difinita = On (in) the appointed day.
Je, as:—Mi gratulas vin je (or, pri) via reveno = I congratulate you on (concerning) your return.
Kun, as:—Ŝi ĝin donis al mi kun (or, sub) tiu kondiĉo = She gave it me on (with) that condition.
Post, as:—Post plua konsiderado = On (after) further consideration.
Pri, as:—Li gratulis min pri mia edziĝo = He congratulated me on (concerning) my marriage.
Pro, as:—Pro tio mi lin lasis = On that account I left him.
Sub, as:—Li vizitis min sub la preteksto, ke li estas parenco = He visited me on (under) the pretext that he was (is) a relation.
Sur, as:—La paperoj kuŝas sur la tablo = The papers are lying on the table.
Accusative, as:—Li ĝin donis al mi lundon = He gave it me on a Monday.
Adjective, as:—La veturilo estas luebla = The carriage is on hire (is able to be hired).
Adverb, as:—Li staris dekstre = He stood on the right. Li ĝin faris intence = He did it on purpose. Prunte = On loan.
To.
261 (h). Represented by:—
Al, as:—Mi iras al Parizo = I am going to Paris. Li diris al mi = He said to me.
En, as:—Li ridetis en si mem = He smiled to (in) himself. Li reiris en la urbon = He went back to (into) the town.
Ĝis, as:—De sabato ĝis mardo = From Saturday to (till) Tuesday. Li amis ĝis freneziĝo = He loved to frenzy.
Ke (with a personal pronoun), as:—Vi bone faris, ke vi venis = You did well to come (that you came).
Kontraŭ, as:—Vizaĝon kontraŭ vizaĝo = Face to (opposite) face.
Kun, as:—Li fianĉiĝis kun mia kuzino = He became engaged (affianced) to my cousin.
Por, as:—Mi havas multe (or, multon) por fari = I have much to do (for to do). Ŝi estis muta por ĉiuj liaj demandoj = She was dumb to (for) all his questions. Tia agado estas danĝera por ni = Such action is dangerous to (for) us.
Pri, as:—Pri tio lasu min zorgi = Let me look to that.
Sub, as:—Sub la sono de muziko = To (under) the sound of music.
Sur, as:—Iri sur la kamparon = To go to (into) the country.
Adverb, as:—Li iris dekstren = He went to the right. Morte kondamnita = Condemned to death.
Accusative, as:—Mi iris Parizon = I went to Paris.
With.
261 (i). Represented by:—
Ĉe, as:—Por esti ĉe li, mi fordonis ĉion = To be with (at) him, I gave up everything.
De, as:—Li eksaltis de surprizo = He started with (from) surprise.
El, as:—Kion ni faros el tio? = What shall we do (make) with (out of) that?
Je, as:—Li okupis sin je (or, pri) meĥaniko = He occupied himself with (concerning, about) mechanics.
Kontraŭ, as:—Li batalis kontraŭ la malamiko = He fought with the enemy.
Kun, as:—Li paroladas kun sia amiko = He is conversing (talking) with (to) his friend.
Laŭ, as:—Li kuris laŭ granda rapideco = He ran with great rapidity.
Per, as:—Li mortigis sin per glavo = He killed himself with (by means of) a sword.
Pri, as:—Pri tio mi havas nenion por diri = With regard to (concerning) that, I have nothing to say.
Sub, as:—Mi ĝin donis al li sub tiu kondiĉo = I gave it to him with (under) that condition.
Adverb, as:—Rilate vian leteron = With reference to (relating to) your letter.