L.
[Labour], division of, iv. [138].
Lachês, authenticity, i. [305], ii. [151];
date, i. [304], [306], [308-10], [312], [315], [328], [331 n.];
subject and interlocutors, ii. [138];
dramatic contrast of Lachês and Sokrates, [150];
should lessons be received from a master of arms, [138];
Sokrates refers to a professional judge, [139];
the judge must prove his competence, Sokrates confesses incompetence, [140];
marks of the Expert, [141];
education — virtue must first be known, [142];
courage, [143];
example instead of definition, [ib.];
not endurance, [144];
intelligence of things terrible and not terrible, [145], iv. [138];
such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii. [148];
but is an inseparable part of knowledge of good and evil generally, [149];
intelligence of good and evil generally — too wide, [146];
apparent tendency of Plato’s mind in looking for a solution, [147];
compared with Theagês, [104];
Charmidês, [168];
Politikus, iii. [282-4];
Republic, iv. [138].
[Lactantius], the soul, ii. [425 n.]
[Land], division of, twelve tribes, iv. [329];
perpetuity of lots of, [326], [360];
Aristotle on, [326 n.];
succession, [328], [404];
distribution of annual produce, [361].
[Language], natural rectitude of, ii. [89];
origin of, iii. [326 n.], [328 n.], [329 n.];
Leibnitz on a philosophical, [322 n.];
see [Names].
[Lassalle], on Herakleitus, iii. [101 n.], [159 n.], [309 n.], [324 n.];
Homo Mensura, [297 n.];
Kratylus, [306 n.], [307 n.];
Timæus, iv. [228 n.]
[Lavoisier], discovery of composition of water, ii. [164 n.]
[Law], its various meanings, ii. [91], [92 n.];
our idea of, less extensive than Nomos ([q. v.]), i. [380 n.], [382 n.], ii. [92 n.];
and Nature, antithesis of, [333], [338], i. [197];
also in Indian philosophy, [162];
Sokrates’ disobedience of, [434 n.];
the lawful is the profitable, ii. [36];
the consecrated and binding customs, the decree of the city, social or civic opinion, [76];
objection, discordance of, [78];
is good opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out of reality, [77];
real things are always accounted real, analogies, [79];
of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, [80], [90];
to Plato only what ought to be law, is, [ 88-90], iii. [317 n.];
reality found out by the Expert, ii. [ 87-88];
fixed, recognised by Demokritus, i. [73];
all proceedings of nature conducted according to fixed, iii. [286];
of nature, Mill on number of ultimate, [132 n.];
no laws to limit scientific governor, [269];
different view, iv. [319];
government by fixed, the second-best, iii. [270];
test of, goodness of ethical purpose and working, iv. [384];
proëm to every important, [321];
Cicero coincides, [322 n.];
the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, [322];
to serve as type for poets, [323];
proëm to laws against heresy, [383];
of Zaleukus and Charondas, [323 n.]
[Law-administration], objects of punishment, to deter or reform, ii. [270], iv. [408];
general coincidence of Platonic and Attic, [363 n.], [374], [374 n.], [403], [406], [430];
many of Plato’s laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, [411];
penalties against contentious litigation, [410];
oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, [413];
thirty-seven nomophylakes, [332];
many details left to nomophylakes, [341];
assisted by select Dikasts, [362];
limited power of fining, [360];
necessity of precision in terms of accusation, [413 n.];
public and private causes, [339];
public, three stages, [340], [415];
criminal procedure, [362];
distinction of damage and injury, [365];
witnesses, [409];
abuse of public trust, [412];
evasion of military service, [ib.];
varieties of homicide, [370-2];
penalties, [370];
wounds and beating, [372], [374], [408];
heresy, and ὕβρις to divine things or places, [375-386];
neglect of parents, [399 n.], [407];
testaments, [404];
divorce, [408];
lunacy, [407];
poison and sorcery, [407];
libels, [409];
fugitive slaves, [400];
theft, [364], [409];
property found, [398];
fraudulent traders, [402];
mendicants, [409];
Benefit societies, [399];
suretyship, [415];
funerals, [ib.]
[Lectures], Plato’s revealed solution of difficulties, an untenable hypothesis, i. [401];
differ from dialogues in being given in his own name, [402];
of Protagoras, ii. [301];
contrasted with cross-examination, [277], [303];
dialectic a test of the efficacy of the expository process, i. [358];
worthless for instruction, ii. [136], [233 n.], iii. [33-5], [49], [52], [54], [337 n.];
difference in Timæus and Kritias, [53].
[Leges], authenticity, i. [304], [306], [338], iv. [325 n.], [389 n.], [429];
date, i. [313], [315], [324], iv. [272], [413 n.];
scene and persons, [272], [277];
change in Plato’s circumstances and feelings, [273], [320];
analogous to Euripides’ Bacchæ and Aristophanes’ Nubes, [277];
Xenophon compared, i. [244];
Plato’s purpose, to remedy all misconduct, iv. [369];
no evidence of Plato’s study of practical working of different institutions, [397];
large proportion of preliminary discussions and didactic exhortation, [281];
soul prior to and more powerful than body, [386], [419];
the good and the bad souls at work in universe, [386];
all things full of gods, [388];
Manichæanism in, [389 n.];
good identical with maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain, [292-297], [299-303];
at least an useful fiction, [333];
justice a good per se and from its consequences, [294];
what constitutes injustice, [367-9];
no man voluntarily wicked, [365], [367];
three causes of misguided proceedings, [366];
punishment, to deter or reform, [ib.], [408];
threefold division of good, [428];
virtue fourfold, [417];
the four virtues the highest, and source of all other, goods, [428];
unity of state’s end to be kept in view, [417];
the end is the virtue of the citizens, [ib.];
Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out this end, [416], [418], [425], [429];
and enforce orthodox creed, [419];
training of counsellors in Epinomis, [420], [424];
basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, [282];
Plato’s state, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment, [333], [337];
historical retrospect of society, [307-315];
frequent destruction of communities, [307];
difficulties of government, seven distinct natural titles to, [309];
view of the lot, [310];
imprudent to found government on any one title only, [ib.];
illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, [ib.];
Persia and Athens compared, [312];
monarchy and democracy the mother-polities, [ib.];
bad training of king’s sons, [ib.];
the Magnetic community, origin of, [274 n.];
its ὑπόθεσις, [328 n.];
site and settlers, [320], [329], [336];
circular form, unwalled, [344];
defence of territory, rural police, [335];
Spartan Kryptia compared, [336];
test of laws, goodness of ethical purpose and working, [284];
general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law, [363 n.], [374], [374 n.], [403], [406], [430];
many of Plato’s laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, [411];
state’s laws, with their proëms, [321];
the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, [322];
Cicero on, [ ib. n.];
to serve as type for poets, [323];
training of the emotions through influence of the Muses, Apollo and Dionysus, [290], [347];
endurance of pain in Spartan discipline, [285];
drunkenness forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, [286];
citizens tested against pleasure, [285];
Dionysiac banquets, under a sober president, [289];
elders require stimulus of wine, [297];
precautions in electing minister of education, [338];
age, and matter of teaching, [348], [350];
the teaching simple and common to both sexes, [351];
music and dancing, [291];
three choruses, youths, mature men, and elders, [296], [305];
elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, [297];
prizes at musical and gymnastic festivals, [292], [337];
but object of training, war, not prizes, [358];
importance of music in education, [305];
musical and literary education, fixed type, [292], [338], [349];
poets to conform to ethical creed, [292-7];
change for worse at Athens after Persian invasion, [313];
this change began in music, [314];
contrast in Demosthenes and Menexenus, [315 n.], [318];
dangers of change in national music, doctrine also of Damon, [315];
Plato’s aversion to dramatic poetry of Athens, [316], [350];
peculiar to himself, [317];
value of arithmetic, [330 n.];
purpose of teaching astronomy, [354];
planets, Plato’s idea of motions of, [ib.];
circular motion best, [388], [389];
hunting, meaning of, [356];
hunting, how far permitted, [355];
for religion, oracles of Dodona and Delphi to be consulted, [325], [337];
temples and priests, [337];
number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, [357];
only state worship allowed, [378];
contrast with Sokratic teaching, iii. [148];
Milton on, iv. [379 n.];
necessity of enforcing state religion, [378];
ὕβρις to divine things or places, [375];
proëm to laws against, [383];
impiety, from one of three heresies, [376];
punishment, [376-9];
majority of Greek world would have been included in one of the three varieties, [381];
first heresy confuted, [386];
argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, [388];
second confuted, [389];
the third the worst, [384];
confuted, [391];
incongruity of Plato’s doctrine, [393];
dissent of Herodotus and Sokrates, [394];
opposition to Plato’s doctrine in Greece, [395];
general Greek belief, [392], [394];
division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, [329];
four classes, property qualification for magistracies and voters, [331];
perpetuity of lots of land, [326], [360];
Aristotle on, [326 n.];
succession, [328];
number of citizens, [326], [328];
Aristotle on, [326 n.];
syssitia, [344], [359];
same duties and training for women as men, [195];
family ties mischievous, but cannot practically be got rid of, [327];
to be watched over by magistrates, [328];
marriage, [ ib.], [332], [342], [344], [359], [405], [406];
board of Matrons, [345];
divorce, [406];
treatment of infants, [346];
orphans, guardians, [404], [406];
limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, [330];
modes of acquiring property, [397];
length of prescription for ownership, [415];
no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, [331];
slavery, [342], [400];
Aristotle differs, [343 n.];
distribution of annual produce, [361];
each artisan only one trade, [ib.];
retailers, regulations about, [ib.], [401];
punishment for fraud, [402];
Benefit Societies, [399];
Metics, [362];
strangers and foreign travel of citizens, [414];
electoral scheme, [333];
thirty-seven nomophylakes, [332];
assisted by select Dikasts, [362];
many details left to, [341];
the council, and other magistrates, [335];
limited power of fining, [360];
military commanders and council, [332];
monthly military muster of whole population, [358];
oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, [413];
penal ties against contentious litigation, [410];
judicial duties, public and private causes, [339];
public, three stages, [340], [415];
witnesses, [409];
distinction of damage and injury, [365];
sacrilege and high treason the gravest crimes, [363];
abuse of public trust, [412];
evasion of military service, [412];
homicide, penalties, [370];
varieties of, [370-2];
wounds and beating, [372], [373], [408];
poison and sorcery, [407];
neglect of parents, [ib.];
lunacy, [ib.];
libels, [409];
theft, [364], [409];
suretyship, [415];
mendicants, [409];
funerals, [415];
compared with earlier works, [275], [280];
Cyropædia, [319];
Protagoras, [301];
Gorgias, ii. [362], iv. [301-2], [324];
Phædrus, [ib.];
Philêbus, [301];
Republic, [298 n.], [302], [319], [327], [390], [429];
Timæus, [389 n.]
[Lehrsch], iii. [308 n.], [309 n.]
[Leibnitz], interdependence of nature, ii. [248 n.];
agreement with Plato’s metaphysics, [ ib.];
pre-existence of soul, [ ib.];
natural significant aptitude of letters, iii. [313 n.];
on a philosophical language, [322 n.]
[Lenormant], iii. [306 n.]
[Leukippus], i. [65], [66], iii. [243 n.]
[Lewis, Sir G. C.], ancient astronomy, iv. [355 n.], [424 n.]
[Liberty], excess of, at Athens, iv. [312].
[Libraries], ancient, i. [270], [278 n.], [280], [286];
copying by librarii and private friends, [281 n.], [284 n.];
official MSS., [ib.];
see [Alexandrine], [Lykeum], [Academy].
Lichtenstädt, iv. [256 n.]
[Light], Plato’s theory, iv. [236].
[Like] known by like, i. [354 n.], ii. [359 n.];
friend to like, [359].
Littré, the soul, iv. [257 n.];
synthetic character of ancient medicine, [260 n.]
[Loans], disallowed, iii. [331].
[Lobeck], iii. [304 n.], [311 n.], [312 n.]
[Locke], atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. [70];
good identical with pleasure, ii. [306 n.]
[Logic], influence of Herakleitus on development of, i. [37];
of a science, Plato’s different from Aristotelic and modern view, [358 n.];
objects of perception and of conception, comprised in Plato’s ens, iii. [229], [231];
concepts and percepts, relative, [75];
in Sokrates, the subordination of terms, i. [455];
position of Megarics in history of, [131 n.];
negative, of Antisthenes’ school, [149];
Kyrenaic theory, [197];
elementary distinctions unfamiliar in Plato’s time, ii. [13], [34 n.], [235], [319], iii. [190], [222], [229], [241];
the dialogues of search are lessons in method, [177], [188];
collection of sophisms necessary for a theory of, i. [131];
Aristotle first distinguished ὁμώνυμα, συνώνυμα, and κατ’ ἀναλογίαν, iii. [94 n.];
generalisation and division, ii. [27];
process of classification not much attended to, iii. [344];
definition and division illustrated in Phædrus and Philêbus, [29], [344];
names relative and non-relative, [232];
connotation of a word, to be known before its accidents and antecedents, ii. [242];
logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, i. [168 n.];
logical and concrete aggregates, ii. [52], [53];
concrete, its Greek equivalent, [52 n.];
opposites, only one to each thing, [13 n.];
contraries, the Pythagorean “principia of existing things,” i. [15 n.];
Herakleitus’ theory, [30], [31];
are excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. [7 n.];
judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false by partnership with form non-ens, iii. [ 213-4];
implied in every act of consciousness, [165 n.];
Plato’s canon of belief, iv. [231];
contradictory propositions not possible, i. [166 n.];
principle of contradiction, not laid down in Plato’s time, iii. [99];
logical maxim of, [239];
function of copula, i. [170 n.];
misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. [221], [232 n.], [251 n.];
Plato’s view of causal reasoning, ii. [253];
modern views on à priori reasonings, difference of Plato’s, [251];
see [Fallacies], [Predication], [Proposition].
[Logographers], iii. [27 n.], [36 n.]
[Lot], principle of the, iv. [309], [310 n.]
[Love], a moving force in Empedokles, i. [38];
cause of, desire for what is akin to us or our own, ii. [182];
see [Eros].
[Lucian], worthlessness of geometry, i. [384 n.];
on time wasted in philosophic training, [404 n.]
[Lucretius], on Anaxagorean homœomeries, i. [52 n.];
origin of language, iii. [329 n.];
on pleasure, [379 n.], [387 n.], i. [163 n.];
on justice, iv. [130 n.];
appearances of gods to men, [155 n.];
theology of, [162 n.]
Λυσιτέλουν, derivation, iii. [301 n.]
[Luther], on music, iv. [151 n.]
[Lykeum], Peripatetic school, i. [269];
the library, founded for use of inmates and special visitors, [279 n.];
loss of library, [270].
[Lykurgus], relation to Plato, i. [344 n.]
[Lysias], rhetorical powers, iii. [48 n.];
Isokrates compared, [35], [37];
unfairly treated in Phædrus, [47-8];
rivalry with Plato, [408], [410 n.], [411 n.];
oration against Æschines, i. [112].
Lysis, authenticity, i. [306], ii. [184 n.];
date, i. [308-10], [313], [326], ii. [184 n.];
subject suited for dialogue of search, [185];
problem of friendship too general, [186];
debate partly real, partly verbal, [188];
scenery and personages, [172];
mode of talking with youth, [173];
servitude of the ignorant, [176];
lesson of humility, [177];
illustrates Sokratic manner, [ib.];
what is a friend, [178];
appeal to maxims of poets, [179];
likeness and unlikeness, [ib.], [188 n.];
the Indifferent, friend to Good, [180], [189];
anxious to escape from felt evil, [180];
illustrated by philosopher’s condition, [181], [190];
the primum amabile, ib., [191];
cause of friendship, desire for what is akin to us or our own, [182];
good akin, evil alien, to every one, [183];
the Good and Beautiful as objects of attachment, [194];
failure of enquiry, [184];
compared with Cicero De Amicitia, [189 n.];
Charmidês, [172], [184 n.]