Chapter III Notes
[21.1] Old New Zealand, by a Pakeha Maori (London, 1884), pp. 94-97, compare id. p. 83.
[21.2] A. S. Thomson, The Story of New Zealand (London, 1859), i. 103. Compare E. Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand (London, 1843), ii. 105: “The breaking of the tapu, if the crime does not become known, is, they believe, punished by the atua, who inflicts disease upon the criminal; if discovered, it is punished by him whom it regards, and often becomes the cause of war.”
[22.1] W. Brown, New Zealand and its Aborigines (London, 1845). pp. 12 sq.
[22.2] Old New Zealand, by a Pakeha Maori (London, 1884), p. 97.
[23.1] Rev. R. Taylor, Te Ika A Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants, Second Edition (London, 1870), pp. 167, 171.
[23.2] A. S. Thomson, The Story of New Zealand (London, 1859), i. 105.
[23.3] Rev. R. Taylor, op. cit. pp. 172 sq.
[24.1] Vincendon-Dumoulin et C. Desgraz, Iles Marquises ou Nouk-hiva (Paris, 1843), pp. 258-260. For details of the taboo system in the Marquesas Islands, see G. H. von Langsdorff, Reise um die Welt (Francfort, 1812), i. 114-119; Le P. Matthias G * * * Lettres sur les Isles Marquises (Paris, 1843), pp. 47 sqq. This last writer, who was a missionary to the Marquesas, observes that while taboo was both a political and a religious institution, he preferred to class it under the head of religion because it rested on the authority of the gods and formed the highest sanction of the whole religious system.
[25.1] G. Turner, Samoa (London, 1884), pp. 183-184.
[26.1] G. Turner, Samoa, pp. 185-188.
[26.2] W. Mariner, An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands, Second Edition (London, 1818), ii. 221.
[26.3] R. H. Codrington, D.D., The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), pp. 215 sq.
[27.1] R. Parkinson, Im Bismarck-Archipel (Leipsic, 1887), p. 144; id., Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 193 sq.
[27.2] Thomas Williams, Fiji and the Fijians, Second Edition (London, 1860), i. 234.
[27.3] G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië (Leyden, 1893), pp. 596-603; G. W. W. C. Baron van Hoëvell, Ambon en meer bepaaldelijk de Oeliasers (Dordrecht, 1875), pp. 148-152.
[27.4] A. R. Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, Sixth Edition (London, 1877), p. 196.
[28.1] J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua (The Hague, 1886), pp. 61 sq.
[28.2] J. G. F. Riedel, op. cit. pp. 114 sq.
[28.3] Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen nopens de zeden, gewoonten en gebruiken, benevens de vooroordeelen en bijgeloovigheden der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, Haroekoe, Noessa Laut, en van een gedeelte van de zuidkust van Ceram, in vroegeren en lateren tijd,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie, v. Tweede deel (Batavia, 1843), pp. 499-502.
[29.1] J. G. F. Riedel, op. cit. pp. 167 sq.
[31.1] N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, De Bare’e-sprekende Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes, i. (Batavia, 1912) pp. 399-401.
[31.2] H. F. Standing, “Malagasy fady,” The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, vol. ii. (Antananarivo, 1896) pp. 252-265 (Reprint of the second Four Numbers).
[31.3] A. van Gennep, Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904).
[31.4] A. van Gennep, op. cit. pp. 183 sqq.
[31.5] A. van Gennep, Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar, p. 184. The writer has devoted a chapter (xi. pp. 183-193) to taboos of property.
[31.6] H. F. Standing, “Malagasy fady,” Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, vol. ii. (Antananarivo, 1896) p. 256.
[32.1] W. Ellis, History of Madagascar (London, preface dated 1838), i. 414.
[32.2] E. Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. (London, 1908) pp. 59-69. In an article on taboo published many years ago (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ninth Edition, xxiii. (1888) pp. 15 sqq.) I briefly pointed out the part which the system of taboo has played in the evolution of law and morality. I may be allowed to quote a passage from the article: “The original character of the taboo must be looked for not in its civil but in its religious element. It was not the creation of a legislator, but the gradual outgrowth of animistic beliefs, to which the ambition and avarice of chiefs and priests afterwards gave an artificial extension. But in serving the cause of avarice and ambition it subserved the progress of civilization, by fostering conceptions of the rights of property and the sanctity of the marriage tie,—conceptions which in time grew strong enough to stand by themselves and to fling away the crutch of superstition which in earlier days had been their sole support. For we shall scarcely err in believing that even in advanced societies the moral sentiments, in so far as they are merely sentiments and are not based on an induction from experience, derive much of their force from an original system of taboo. Thus on the taboo were grafted the golden fruits of law and morality, while the parent stem dwindled slowly into the sour crabs and empty husks of popular superstition on which the swine of modern society are still content to feed.”
[33.1] É. Aymonier, Notes sur le Laos (Saigon, 1885), p. 233.
[33.2] Central Provinces, Ethnographic Survey, vii., Draft Articles on Forest Tribes, Third Series (Allahabad, 1911), p. 45.
[33.3] R. Percival, Account of the Island of Ceylon (London, 1803), p. 198.
[33.4] C. F. Ph. v. Martius, Zur Ethnographie Amerikas, zumal Brasiliens (Leipsic, 1867), p. 86.
[33.5] P. Giran, Magie et Religion Annamites (Paris, 1912), p. 186.
[34.1] P. Giran, op. cit., pp. 190 sq.
[34.2] H. Sundermann, Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst (Barmen, 1905), p. 34.
[36.1] Edwin H. Gomes, Seventeen Years among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo (London, 1911), pp. 64-66.
[36.2] (Sir) Charles Thomas Newton, Essays on Art and Archaeology (London, 1880), pp. 193 sq.
[36.3] G. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum2 (Leipsic, 1898-1901), vol. ii. pp. 284 sq., No. 584; Ch. Michel, Recueil d’Inscriptions Grecques (Brussels, 1900), p. 624, No. 728. The goddess was probably the Syrian Atargatis or Derceto, to whom fish were sacred (Xenophon, Anabasis, i. 4. 9). For more examples of these ancient Greek curses, see Ch. Michel, op. cit., pp. 877-880, Nos. 1318-1329. Compare W. H. D. Rouse, Greek Votive Offerings (Cambridge, 1902), pp. 337 sqq.
[37.1] (Sir) C. T. Newton, Essays on Art and Archaeology, p. 195.
[37.2] Demosthenes, De Halonneso, 40.
[37.3] Plato, Laws, viii. 9, pp. 842 sq.
[37.4] Festus, s.v. “Termino,” p. 368, ed. C. O. Müller (Leipsic, 1839); Varro, De lingua latina, v. 74; Dionysius Halicarnasensis, Antiquitates Romanae, ii. 74. As to Terminus, the Roman god of boundaries, and his annual festival the Terminalia, see L. Preller, Römische Mythologie3 (Berlin, 1881-1883), i. 254 sqq.; G. Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer2 (Munich, 1912), pp. 136 sq.
[37.5] Deuteronomy, xxviii. 17.
[37.6] C. H. W. Johns, Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 191.
[38.1] R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (Oxford, preface dated 1911), pp. 390-392.
[38.2] David Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London, 1857), p. 285.
[39.1] Charles New, Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa (London, 1873), p. 106.
[39.2] John H. Weeks, Among Congo Cannibals (London, 1913), pp. 310 sq.
[39.3] P. Amaury Talbot, In the Shadow of the Bush (London, 1912), p. 296.
[40.1] Travels of an Arab Merchant [Mohammed Ibn-Omar El Tounsy] in Soudan, abridged from the French by Bayle St. John (London, 1854), pp. 69-73.
[41.1] A. C. Hollis, The Nandi, their Language and Folk-lore (Oxford, 1909), pp. 36, 37.
[41.2] Proyart’s “History of Loango, Kakongo, and other Kingdoms in Africa,” in J. Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels (London, 1808-1814), xvi. 595.
[41.3] Rev. J. Leighton Wilson, Western Africa (London, 1856), pp. 275 sq.
[42.1] A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa (London, 1890), pp. 91 sq. Compare id., The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa (London, 1894), p. 118.
[42.2] Thomas Winterbottom, An Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone (London, 1803), pp. 261 sq.
[43.1] Bryan Edwards, History, Civil and Commercial, of the British West Indies, Fifth Edition (London, 1819), ii. 107-111.