Chapter IV Notes
[45.1] Rev. F. Mason, D.D., “On Dwellings, Works of Art, Laws, etc., of the Karens,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series, xxxvii. (1868) part ii. No. 3, pp. 147 sq. Compare A. R. McMahon, The Karens of the Golden Chersonese (London, 1876), pp. 334 sq.
[45.2] T. C. Hodson, “The Genna amongst the Tribes of Assam,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi. (1906) p. 94.
[45.3] Lieutenant Thomas Shaw, “On the Inhabitants of the Hills near Rajamahall,” Asiatic Researches, Fourth Edition, iv. (1807) pp. 60-62.
[46.1] Major P. R. T. Gurdon, The Khasis (London, 1907), pp. 94, 123.
[46.2] É. Aymonier, “Notes sur l’Annam,” Excursions et Reconnaissances, x. No. 24 (Saigon, 1885), pp. 308 sq.
[46.3] J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane en Bilastroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, dl. iii., afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 3 (Amsterdam, 1886), pp. 514 sq.; M. Joustra, “Het leven, de zeden en gewoonten der Bataks,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 411.
[47.1] H. Sundermann, Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst (Barmen, 1905), pp. 34 sq., 37, 84. Compare A. Fehr, Der Niasser im Leben und Sterben (Barmen, 1901), pp. 34-36; Th. C. Rappard, “Het eiland Nias en zijne bewoners,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lxii. (1909) pp. 594, 596. The death penalty for these offences has been abolished by the Dutch Government, so far as it can make its arm felt in the island.
[47.2] Rev. J. Perham, “Petara, or Sea Dyak Gods,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 8, December 1881, p. 150; H. Ling Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo (London, 1896), i. 180. Petara is the general Dyak name for deity. The common idea is that there are many petaras, indeed that every man has his own. The word is said to be derived from Sanscrit and to be etymologically identical with Avatar, the Dyaks regularly substituting p or b for v. See Rev. J. Perham, op. cit. pp. 133 sqq.; H. Ling Roth’s Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo, i. 168 sqq.
[48.1] H. Ling Roth, “Low’s Natives of Borneo,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxi. (1892) pp. 113 sq., 133; compare id., ibid. xxii. (1893) p. 24.
[48.2] Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East, Second Edition (London, 1863), i. 63 sq.
[49.1] Hugh Low, Sarawak (London, 1848), pp. 300 sq.
[50.1] Charles Hose and William McDougall, The Pagan Tribes of Borneo (London, 1912), ii. 196-199.
[50.2] Charles Brooke, Ten Years in Sarawak (London, 1866), i. 69 sq.
[51.1] A. W. Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo (Leyden, 1904-1907), i. 367.
[51.2] M. T. H. Perelaer, Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks (Zalt-Bommel, 1870), pp. 59 sq.
[51.3] A. W. Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, ii. 99; id., In Centraal Borneo (Leyden, 1900), ii. 278.
[51.4] A. H. F. J. Nusselein, “Beschrijving van het landschap Pasir,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lviii. (1905) p. 538.
[51.5] A. Bastian, Indonesien, i. (Berlin, 1884) p. 144.
[52.1] G. A. Wilken, Verspreide Geschriften (The Hague, 1912), ii. 335 (“Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,” p. 26).
[52.2] B. F. Matthes, “Over de âdá’s of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Derde Reeks, ii. (Amsterdam, 1885) p. 182.
[52.3] Digest, xlviii. 9.9, “Poena parricidii more majorum haec instituta est, ut parricida virgis sanguineis verberatus deinde culleo insuatur cum cane, gallo gallinaceo et vipera et simia: deinde in mare profundum culleus jactatur.” Compare Valerius Maximus, i. 1. 13; Professor J. E. B. Mayor’s note on Juvenal, viii. 214. If the view suggested above is correct, the scourging of the criminal to the effusion of blood (virgis sanguineis verberatus) must have been a later addition to the original penalty, unless indeed some provision were made for catching the blood before it fell on the ground.
[53.1] A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xliv. (1900) p. 235.
[53.2] A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Mori,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xliv. (1900) p. 162.
[53.3] N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, De Bare’e-sprekende Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes, i. (Batavia, 1912) p. 187.
[54.1] Hissink, “Nota van toelichting, betreffende de zelbesturende landschappen Paloe, Dolo, Sigi, en Beromaroe,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, liv. (1912), p. 115.
[54.2] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 514. In a letter to me of 14th March 1909 Sir John Rhŷs compares a Welsh expression, “Rain through sunshine, the devil going on his wife.” He adds: “I do not think I ever heard it except when it was actually raining during sunshine. I can now see that instead of ar i wraig the original must have been ar i fam ‘on his mother.’ In fact I am not at all sure but that I have heard it so.”
[54.3] F. S. A. de Clerq, Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate (Leyden, 1890), p. 132.
[55.1] O. Dapper, Description de l’Afrique (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 326; R. E. Dennett, At the Back of the Black Man’s Mind (London, 1906), pp. 53, 67-71.
[56.1] R. E. Dennett, op. cit. p. 52.
[56.2] A. C. Hollis, The Nandi, their Language and Folk-lore (Oxford, 1909), p. 76.
[56.3] Rev. E. Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861), p. 252.
[56.4] Rev. E. Casalis, The Basutos, p. 267. The writer tells us (pp. 255 sq.) that “death with all that immediately precedes or follows it, is in the eyes of these people the greatest of all defilements. Thus the sick, persons who have touched or buried a corpse, or who have dug the grave, individuals who inadvertently walk over or sit upon a grave, the near relatives of a person deceased, murderers, warriors who have killed their enemies in battle, are all considered impure.” No doubt all such persons would also be prohibited from handling the corn.
[57.1] Edward Westermarck, Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture, Certain Dates of the Solar Year, and the Weather in Morocco (Helsingfors, 1913), p. 46.
[57.2] E. Westermarck, op. cit. p. 54; compare pp. 17, 23, 47.
[57.3] C. G. Seligmann, s.v. “Dinka,” in Dr. J. Hastings’s Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, iv. (Edinburgh, 1911) p. 709.
[57.4] Henri A. Junod, “Les conceptions physiologiques des Bantou Sud-Africains et leurs tabous,” Revue d’ Ethnographie et de Sociologie, i. (1910) p. 146 note 2.
[59.1] Henri A. Junod, The Life of a South African Tribe (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), ii. 60-62.
[59.2] A. van Gennep, Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904), pp. 342 sq., quoting the evidence of M. Gabriel Ferrand. Similar testimony was given to me verbally by M. Ferrand at Paris, 19th April, 1910. Compare Gabriel Ferrand, Les Musulmans à Madagascar et aux Iles Comores, Deuxième Partie (Paris, 1893), pp. 20 sq.
[60.1] In Fiji the rite of circumcision used to be followed by sexual orgies in which brothers and sisters appear to have been intentionally coupled. See Rev. Lorimer Fison, “The Nanga, or Sacred Stone Enclosure of Wainimala, Fiji,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiv. (1885) pp. 27-30, with the note of Sir Edward B. Tylor on pp. 28 sq.; Totemism and Exogamy, ii. 145-148. Such periods of general licence accorded to the whole community are perhaps best explained as temporary revivals of an old custom of sexual communism. But this explanation seems scarcely applicable to cases like those cited in the text, where the licence is not granted to the whole people but enjoined on a few individuals only in special circumstances. As to other apparent cases of reversion to primitive sexual communism, see Totemism and Exogamy, i. 311 sqq.
[60.2] Job xxxi. 11 sq. (Revised Version).
[60.3] תְּכןּאָה. See Hebrew and English Lexicon, by F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and Ch. A. Briggs (Oxford, 1906), p. 100.
[61.1] Genesis xii. 10-20, xx. 1-18.
[61.2] Leviticus xviii. 24 sq.
[61.3] Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, 22 sqq., 95 sqq.
[61.4] Tacitus, Annals, xii. 4 and 8.
[62.1] See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 12, 14 sqq.
[62.2] G. Keating, History of Ireland, translated by J. O’Mahony (New York, 1857), pp. 337 sq.; P. W. Joyce, Social History of Ancient Ireland (London, 1903), ii. 512 sq.
[62.3] “Corc means croppy or cropped: in this instance the name refers to the bearer’s ears, and the verb used as to the action of his brother maiming him is ro-chorc.”
[63.1] (Sir) John Rhŷs, Celtic Heathendom (London and Edinburgh, 1888), pp. 308 sq., referring to the Book of the Dun, 54a.
[64.1] Laws of Manu, viii. 371 sq., translated by G. Bühler, pp. 318 sq. (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxv.). Compare Gautama, xxiii. 14 sq., translated by G. Bühler, p. 285 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. ii.).
[64.2] Code of Hammurabi, §§ 129, 157, C. H. W. Johns, Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters (Edinburgh, 1904), pp. 54, 56; Robert W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (Oxford, preface dated 1911), pp. 427, 434.
[64.3] Deuteronomy xxii. 22.
[64.4] Deuteronomy xxii. 20 sq.
[64.5] Leviticus xxi. 9.
[64.6] Leviticus xx. 14.
[65.1] Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), pp. 261 sq.
[65.2] Rev. J. Roscoe, op. cit. p. 262. As to the totemic clans, see id. pp. 133 sqq. One clan (the Lung-fish clan) was excepted from the rule.
[65.3] Sir Harry Johnston, The Uganda Protectorate (London, 1904), ii. 719.
[66.1] Sir Harry Johnston, op. cit. ii. 746 sq.
[66.2] A. C. Hollis, The Nandi (Oxford, 1909), p. 76.
[66.3] Werner Munzinger, Ostafrikanische Studien (Schaffhausen, 1864), p. 243.
[66.4] W. Munzinger, op. cit. p. 322. However, the child of an unmarried slave woman is brought up; the father pays for its nurture.
[66.5] H. S. Stannus, “Notes on some Tribes of British Central Africa,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 290.
[67.1] Cullen Gouldsbury and Hubert Sheane, The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia (London, 1911), p. 57.
[67.2] Peter Kolben, The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope, Second Edition (London, 1738), i. 157. For more examples of the death penalty inflicted for breaches of sexual morality in Africa, see A. H. Post, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz (Olbenburg and Leipsic, 1887), ii. 69 sqq.
[68.1] G. J. van Dongen, “De Koeboes,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lxiii. (1910) p. 293.
[68.2] R. van Eck, “Schetsen van het eiland Bali,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, Nieuwe Serie, viii. (1879) pp. 370 sq.; Julius Jacobs, Eenigen Tijd onder de Baliërs (Batavia, 1883), p. 126.
[68.3] See above, pp. [52] sq.
[68.4] Hoorweg, “Nota bevattende eenige gegevens betreffende het landschap Mamoedjoe,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, lxiii. (1911) p. 95.
[68.5] G. A. Wilken, Verspreide Geschriften (The Hague, 1912), ii. 481.
[69.1] J. S. G. Gramberg, “Schets der Kesam, Semendo, Makakauw en Blalauw,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xv. (1866) pp. 456-458. Compare G. G. Batten, Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago (Singapore, 1894), pp. 105 sq.
[69.2] G. A. Wilken, Verspreide Geschriften, ii. 481 sq.
[69.3] Franz Junghuhn, Die Battaländer auf Sumatra (Berlin, 1847), ii. 147, 156 sq.
[70.1] A. R. Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, Sixth Edition (London, 1877), pp. 173 sq.
[71.1] See above, pp. [46]-[54].
[72.1] James Dawson, Australian Aborigines (Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1881), p. 28.
[73.1] A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904), pp. 222-224.
[74.1] Walter E. Roth, Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines (Brisbane and London, 1897), p. 181.
[74.2] A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 264, 266.
[74.3] A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 246 sq.
[74.4] Mrs. Daisy M. Bates, “The Marriage Laws and some Customs of the West Australian Aborigines,” Victorian Geographical Journal, xxiii.-xxiv. (1905-1906) p. 42. The statement in the text was made by a settler who had lived in the Tableland district, inland from Roeburne, for twenty years.
[75.1] A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 208. Similarly among tribes on the Hunter River “a man is not permitted to speak to his wife’s mother, but can do so through a third party. In former days it was death to speak to her, but now a man doing so is only severely reprimanded and has to leave the camp for a certain time” (A. W. Howitt, op. cit. p. 267).
[75.2] See for example (Sir) E. B. Tylor, “On a method of investigating the Development of Institutions,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xviii. (1889) pp. 246-248; Salomon Reinach, “Le Gendre et la Belle-Mère,” L’Anthropologie, xxii. (1911) pp. 649-662; id., Cultes, Mythes et Religions, iv. (Paris, 1912) pp. 130-147.
[75.3] In Totemism and Exogamy (Index, s.vv. “Avoidance” and “Mother-in-law”) will be found a collection of examples. In what follows I abstain for the most part from citing instances which have been adduced by me before.
[76.1] Rev. John H. Weeks, Among Congo Cannibals (London, 1913), pp. 133 sq. Compare id., “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) pp. 367 sq.
[77.1] Father M. A. Condon, “Contribution to the Ethnography of the Basoga-Batamba, Uganda Protectorate,” Anthropos, vi. (1911) pp. 377 sq.
[78.1] C. W. Hobley, Ethnology of A-Kamba and other East African Tribes (Cambridge, 1910), pp. 103, 104.
[78.2] Father Eugene Hurel, “Religion et vie domestique des Bakerewe,” Anthropos, vi. (1911) p. 287.
[79.1] Father Picarda, “Autour du Mandera, Notes sur l’Ouzigoua, l’Oukwéré et l’Oudoé (Zanquebar),” Les Missions Catholiques, xviii. (1886) p. 286.
[79.2] H. S. Stannus, “Notes on Some Tribes of British Central Africa,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 307.
[79.3] H. S. Stannus, op. cit. p. 309.
[79.4] Cullen Gouldsbury and Hubert Sheane, The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia (London, 1911), p. 259.
[79.5] “The Angoni-Zulus,” British Central Africa Gazette, No. 86, April 30th, 1898, p. 2.
[80.1] Henri A. Junod, Les Ba-Ronga (Neuchâtel, 1898), pp. 79 sq.; id., The Life of a South African Tribe (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), i. 230-232.
[80.2] Henri A. Junod, The Life of a South African Tribe, i. 239.
[81.1] Hermann Tönjes, Ovamboland, Land, Leute, Mission (Berlin, 1911), p. 133.
[81.2] A. C. Hollis, “A Note on the Masai System of Relationship and other Matters connected therewith,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 481.
[81.3] Werner Munzinger, Sitten und Recht der Bogos (Winterthur, 1859), p. 63.
[81.4] G. Casati, Ten Years in Equatoria (London and New York, 1891), i. 69.
[81.5] Travels of an Arab Merchant [Mohammed Ibn Omar El-Tounsy] in Soudan, abridged from the French by Bayle St. John (London, 1854), pp. 97 sq.
[82.1] J. Kreemer, “De Loeboes in Mandailing,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lxvi. (1912) p. 324.
[82.2] Stefan Lehner, “Bukaua,” in R. Neuhauss’s Deutsch Neu-Guinea (Berlin, 1911), iii. 426 sq.
[83.1] J. Baegert, “An Account of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Californian Peninsula,” Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the year 1863, p. 368. This and the following American cases have already been cited by me in Totemism and Exogamy, iv. 314 sq.
[83.2] Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca, Relation et Naufrages (Paris, 1837), pp. 109 sq. (in Ternaux-Compans’ Voyages, Relations, et Mémoires originaux pour servir à l’Histoire de la Découverte de l’Amérique). The original of this work was published in Spanish at Valladolid in 1555.
[83.3] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Histoire des Nations civilisées du Mexique et de l’Amérique-Centrale (Paris, 1857-1859), ii. 52 sq.
[83.4] G. Klemm, Allgemeine Culturgeschichte der Menschheit (Leipsic, 1843-1852), ii. 77.
[83.5] J. B. du Tertre, Histoire generale des Isles de S. Christophe, de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique et autres dans l’Amerique (Paris, 1654), p. 419. A similar, but rather briefer, account of the custom is given by De la Borde, who may have borrowed from Du Tertre. See De la Borde, “Relation de l’origine, mœurs, coustumes, réligion, guerres et voyages des Caraibes, sauvages des Isles Antilles de l’Amerique,” p. 56 (in Recueil de divers Voyages faits en Afrique et en l’Amerique qui n’ont pas esté encore publiez, Paris, 1684).
[84.1] Edmond Reuel Smith, The Araucanians (London, 1855), p. 217.
[84.2] We have met with a custom of avoidance between father and daughter among the Akamba (above, p. [78]). For more examples see Totemism and Exogamy, Index, s.v. “Avoidance,” vol. iv. p. 326.
[85.1] Among those who incline more or less definitely to accept this view are the late Dr. A. W. Howitt (“Notes on some Australian Class Systems,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xii. (1883) pp. 502 sq.), Dr. R. H. Codrington (see below, p. [86]), M. Joustra (see below, p. [85]), and the Rev. J. H. Weeks (see above, p. [76]). Three of these writers are experienced missionaries who are only concerned to record the facts, and have no theories to maintain.
[85.2] Totemism and Exogamy, ii. 188 sq. The authority for these statements is M. Joustra, “Het leven, de zeden en gewoonten der Bataks,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) pp. 391 sq.
[86.1] R. H. Codrington, D.D., The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), p. 232.
[87.1] R. H. Codrington, op. cit. p. 43.
[88.1] Max Girschner, “Die Karolineninsel Námōluk und ihre Bewohner,” Baessler-Archiv, ii. (1912) p. 164.
[90.1] P. G. Peckel, “Die Verwandtschaftsnamen des mittleren Neumecklenburg,” Anthropos, iii. (1908) pp. 467, 470 sq.
[90.2] P. G. Peckel, op. cit. pp. 463, 467.
[90.3] Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), pp. 128 sq., 131; Sir Harry Johnston, The Uganda Protectorate (London, 1904), ii. 695. The latter writer says generally: “Cousins cannot enter the same house, and must not eat out of the same dish. A man cannot marry his cousin.” But from Mr. Roscoe’s researches it appears that a man has only to avoid certain cousins, called kizibwewe, that is, the daughters either of his father’s sisters or of his mother’s brothers.
[91.1] Rev. J. Roscoe, op. cit. p. 129. Among the women with whom man was forbidden to have sexual relations under pain of death were (besides his cousins mentioned above) his father’s sister, his daughter, and his wife’s sister’s daughter. See J. Roscoe, op. cit. pp. 131, 132. The reason alleged for avoiding a mother-in-law, namely, because a man has seen her daughter’s nakedness (compare above, p. [76]) is probably a later misinterpretation of the custom.
[91.2] G. McCall Theal, Records of South-Eastern Africa, vii. (1901) pp. 431, 432. The writer adds: “Among the tribes within the Cape Colony at the present time the differences are as follows:—
“Xosas, Tembus, and Pondos: marry no relative by blood, however distant, on either father’s or mother’s side.
“Hlubis and others commonly called Fingos: may marry the daughter of mother’s brother and other relatives on that side, but not on father’s side.
“Basuto, Batlaro, Batlapin, and Barolong: very frequently marry cousins on father’s side, and know of no restrictions beyond actual sisters.”
[92.1] Henri A. Junod, The Life of a South African Tribe (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), i. 243-245. As to the rules concerning the marriage of cousins in this tribe, see id. i. 241 sq.
[92.2] Heinrich Claus, Die Wagogo (Leipsic and Berlin, 1911), p. 58.
[93.1] C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 438.
[94.1] See above, pp. [78] sq., [81].
[94.2] See above, pp. [80], [81], [84].
[94.4] See above, pp. [44] sqq.
[94.5] See below, pp. [102] sqq.
[95.1] On the question of the effect of inbreeding see Totemism and Exogamy, iv. 160 sqq.
[95.2] A. H. Huth, The Marriage of Near Kin considered with respect to the Laws of Nations, the Results of Experience, and the Teachings of Biology, Second Edition (London, 1887).
[96.1] J. Arthur Thomson, article “Consanguinity,” in Dr. James Hastings’s Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, iv. (Edinburgh, 1911) p. 30.
[96.2] André Thevet, La Cosmographie Universelle (Paris, 1575), ii. 933 [967].
[97.1] Father P. Schumacher, “Das Eherecht in Ruanda,” Anthropos, vii. (1912) p. 4.
[97.2] H. H. Milman, History of Latin Christianity, New Impression (London, 1903), ii. 54.
[97.3] These particulars as to the Slavonic peoples of the Balkan peninsula I take from a letter with which Miss M. Edith Durham, one of our best authorities on these races, was so good as to favour me. Her letter is dated 116a King Henry’s Road, London, N.W., October 16th, 1909. The stoning of the betrothed couple near Cattaro is recorded, so Miss Durham tells me, in a Servian book, Narodne Pripovjetke i Presude, by Vuk Vrcević. For many more examples of the death penalty and other severe punishments inflicted for sexual offences, see E. Westermarck, The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas (London, 1906-1908), ii. 366 sqq., 425 sqq.
[98.1] F. S. Krauss, Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven (Vienna, 1885), pp. 209, 216, 217. Compare F. Demelić, Le Droit Coutumier des Slaves Méridionaux (Paris, 1876), p. 76.
[98.2] F. S. Krauss, op. cit. pp. 208-212, citing as his authority Vuk Vrčević, Niz srpskih pripovijedaka, pp. 129-137.
[98.3] F. S. Krauss, Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven, p. 204.
[99.1] For examples of the attempt to multiply edible plants in this fashion, see The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 97 sqq. The reported examples of similar attempts to assist the multiplication of animals seem to be rarer. For some instances see George Catlin, O-Kee-Pa, a Religious Ceremony and other Customs of the Mandans (London, 1867), Folium Reservatum, pp. i.-iii. (multiplication of buffaloes); History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark to the Sources of the Missouri (London, 1905), i. 209 sq. (multiplication or attraction of buffaloes); Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, Reise in das innere Nord-America (Coblentz, 1839-1841), ii. 181, 263-267 (multiplication or attraction of buffaloes); Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. (1904) p. 271 (multiplication of turtles); J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 53; id., The Baganda (London, 1911), p. 144 (multiplication of edible green locusts); S. Gason, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxiv. (1895) p. 174 (multiplication of edible rats); id., “The Dieyerie Tribe,” in Native Tribes of South Australia (Adelaide, 1879), p. 280 (multiplication of dogs and snakes).
[100.1] I have given my reasons for thinking so elsewhere (The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 220 sqq.).
[103.1] Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), p. 262.
[103.2] Rev. J. Roscoe, op. cit. p. 55. Compare id., “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 39.
[103.3] Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda, p. 262.
[103.4] Rev. J. Roscoe, op. cit. pp. 72, 102.
[104.1] Cullen Gouldsbury and Hubert Sheane, The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia (London, 1911), pp. 57, 178.
[104.2] Henri A. Junod, “Les Conceptions Physiologiques des Bantou Sud-Africains et leurs Tabous,” Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie, i. (1910) p. 150; id., The Life of a South African Tribe (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), i. 38 sq.
[105.1] Henri A. Junod, “Les Conceptions Physiologiques des Bantous Sud-Africains et leurs Tabous,” Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie, i. (1910) p. 150; id., The Life of a South African Tribe, i. 194 sq.
[105.2] C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 433. A similar state of ceremonial pollution (thahu) is supposed by the Akikuyu to arise on many other occasions, which are enumerated by Mr. Hobley (op. cit. pp. 428-440). See further below, p. [115], note 5.
[105.3] H. S. Stannus, “Notes on some Tribes of British Central Africa,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 305. Compare R. C. F. Maugham, Zambezia (London, 1910), p. 326.
[105.4] Max Weiss, Die Völkerstämme im Norden Deutsch-Ostafrikas (Berlin, 1910), p. 385.
[105.5] C. W. Hobley, Ethnology of A-Kamba and other East African Tribes (Cambridge, 1910), p. 61.
[106.1] C. W. Hobley, op. cit. p. 103.
[106.2] A. Karasek, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Waschambaa,” Baessler-Archiv, i. (1911) p. 186.
[106.3] P. Reichard, Deutsch Ostafrika (Leipsic, 1892), p. 427; H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) pp. 318 sq.; A. D’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale, iii. Part i. (Paris and Strasburg, 1844) p. 226; Ivan Petroff, Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska, p. 155.
[106.4] C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico (London, 1903), ii. 128 sq.
[106.5] De Flacourt, Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar (Paris, 1658), pp. 97 sq. Compare John Struys, Voiages and Travels (London, 1684), p. 22; Abbé Rochon, Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies, translated from the French (London, 1792), pp. 46 sq.
[107.1] Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), pp. 352, 362, 363, sq.
[107.2] Rev. John H. Weeks, “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 413; id., Among Congo Cannibals (London, 1913), p. 224.
[107.3] J. R. Swanton, “Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida,” p. 56 (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. v. Part i., Leyden and New York, 1905).
[107.4] 2 Samuel xi.
[108.1] “Mr. Farewell’s Account of Chaka, the King of Natal,” Appendix to W. F. W. Owen’s Narrative of Voyages to explore the Shores of Africa, Arabia, and Madagascar (London, 1833), ii. 395.
[108.2] L. Alberti, De Kaffers (Amsterdam, 1810), p. 171.
[108.3] C. Wunenberger, “La Mission et le Royaume de Humbé, sur les bords du Cunène,” Les Missions Catholiques, xx. (1888), p. 262.
[108.4] J. B. Labat, Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale (Paris, 1732), i. 259 sq.
[109.1] Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo, and other Kingdoms in Africa,” in J. Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels (London, 1808-1814), xvi. 569.
[109.2] J. Kreemer, “De Loeboes in Mandailing,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lxvi. (1912) p. 323.
[109.3] P. Rascher, M.S.C., “Die Sulka, ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie Neu-Pommern,” Archiv für Anthropologie, xxix. (1904) p. 211; R. Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 179 sq. In the East Indian island of Buru a man’s death is sometimes supposed to be due to the adultery of his wife; but apparently the notion is that the death is brought about rather by the evil magic of the adulterer than by the act of adultery itself. See J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe, inzonderheit wat betreft het distrikt Waisama, gelegen aan de Z.O. Kust,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) pp. 451-454.
[110.1] P. A. Talbot, “The Buduma of Lake Chad,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xli. (1911) p. 247.