Of verbes in generall.

A Verbe is a part of speech which varieth in times; for Verbe is that which signifieth time, or sheweth variation of time, implying euer an action or working either of body or minde. Amongst all the Verbs some are vnder certaine orders, and are called Regular, some are not, and they are called Irregular. All Uerbs that maybe reduced vnder certaine orders and infallible rules, haue heretofore by the Fathers and best writers of the Italian tongue (in imitation of the Latin) beene deuided and ranged into foure squadrons by them named Coniugations.

All those of the first Squadron or Coniugation are such as in their Infinitiue moodes end in Áre. with the accent ouer the last A. as Amáre, Balláre, Cantáre, Mangiáre, Saltáre, Tagliáre, and infinite others.

All those of the second Squadron or Coniugation are those that in the Infinitiue moode end in Ére, with the accent ouer the last E. sauing one, as Hauére, Godére, Possedére, Temére, Vedére, and infinite others.

All those of the third Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes doe likewise end in Ére. with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing two, as Córrere, Frémere, Lẻggere, Nuócere, Rídere, Strídere, Tẻssere, and infinite others.

All those of the fourth Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes end in Íre. with the accent ouer the first vowell sauing one, as Dormíre, Moríre, Nutríre, Obedíre, Patíre, Sentíre, Vdíre, &c.

All those Uerbes that may be reduced vnder certaine orders are called Regular, the number of which is infinite of euery Coniugation; where as those that more or lesse doe varie and estrange themselues from rules or order are called Irregular, whereof the number is but few, as shall appeare hereafter.

All Verbs be either Actiue and Transitiue, or Passiue & Reciprocall, or else Personall or Impersonall, of which we will say somewhat and of their seuerall vses: and because some tences of all verbes are coniugated either with the Participle and helpe of the Auxiliar, or as I may call it Mother-verbe, Hauére, or else with the Participle and helpe of the other Auxiliar and helping verbe Éssere. Know therefore that all Actiue or Transitiue verbs, that is to say, that passe into the subiect treated, meant, or spoken of, vse the helpe of the Auxiliar verbe Hauére, as Io hò veduti ẻt lẻtti mólti libri. Io hó trouáti póchi amíci. Io me l'hauéuo guadagnáto con l'árme in máno, &c. And the Passiue or Reciprocall verbs, that is to say, that returne vnto themselues with Mi. Ti. Si. Ci. Vi. which answere vnto Io. Tù. Lúi. Nói. Lóro. vse euer the helpe of the other Auxiliar verbe Éssere, as for example, Io mi sóno rallegráto del túo béne, ẻ tù ti sẻi dolúto del mío. Noi ci siámo accostáti a lui, ẻ vói vi siéte vergognáti di fárlo. Quándo loro si saránno partíti dál mál fáre, noi ci consolerémo, &c.

Note here that these two verbs, Pósso and Vóglio, may be vsed and ioyned with both the Auxiliar verbs, Hauére and Éssere. The reason why I call them Auxiliar, is, because they are as helps to coniugate all other verbs both Actiue and Passiue, and I deeme them most necessary to be perfectly learned of him that is curious truly to vnderstand, rightly to speake, or exactly to write the Italian tongue, forsomuch as whosoeuer can readily coniugate Hauére, may without any doubt or difficulty (knowing but the Infinitiue moode, which is as the roote and ground of all) coniugate and frame all the rest of the verbs, both regular and irregular of the Italian tongue, except three tences, and of those three tences but one person of each: that is to say, the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode; Secondly, the first distant or vndetermined Preterperfectence of the same moode; Thirdly, the Present tence of the Optatiue moode: as by coniugating of this verbe Hauére, shall manifestly appeare, which I humbly entreate your Maiestie to learne carefully.

Of the verbe Hauére.

The Indicatiue moode or Demonstratiue manner of speech.

The Present or Deffinite tence.

Singular Number.Plurall Number.
Io hó. Io hággioNoi habbiámo, or hauémo.
Tù hái.Voi hauéte.
Lúi hà, or Egli hà.Lóro hánno, or Essi hánno.

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tence.

Note that adding any Participle vnto this tence, you frame the second Certaine, Neare, or Determined Preterperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, and of all coniugations, as for example.

Io hò amáto, or Vedúto.Nói hauémo scritto, or fátto.
Tù hai cantáto, or dormíto.Vói hauéte vbidíto.
Lui hà saltáto, or lẻtto.Lóro hánno volúto.

The Preterimperfect, Doubtfull, Vnlimited, or Vndetermined tence.

Io hauéuo.Nói haueuámo.
Tù hauéui.Vói haueuáte.
Lúi hauéua.Lóro hauéuano.

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tense.

First note, that adding any Participle of what verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame the first vncertaine, vndetermined, and very distant Preterpluperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, as for example.

Io hauéuo magniáto.Noi haueuámo scrítto.
Tù hauéui vedúto.Voi haueuáte dormíto.
Lui hauéua studiáto.Lóro hauéuano saltáto.

Secondly note, that this tence of all the verbes of the second, of the third, and of the fourth coniugation, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer lose and leaue out the last V. in the third persons singular and plurall, as thus, Lui hauéa, Lui scriuéa, Lui dormía, Lóro hauéano, Lóro scriuéano, Lóro dormíano, as also it may lose the last vowell, or O. of the said third persons plurall; for you may also say Lóro hauéan', Lóro scriuéan'. Lóro dormían, &c.

Thirdly note, that all third persons plurall of all Italian verbes must haue the accent placed vpon the last vowell sauing two, as Lóro amáuano, Lóro vedéuano, Lóro scriuéuano, Lóro dormíuano, &c. except that of the future tence of the Indicatiue, where the accent is vpon the last vowell sauing one, by reason of the double Nn. which followes the same, as Lóro ameránno, Lóro vederánno, Lóro scriueránno, Lóro moriránno, &c.

Fourthly note, that knowing the termination of this tence and of this verbe alone, you may therby learne how to frame the doubtfull or vnlimited Preterimperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all the verbes of the Italian tongue, as for example of the first Coniugation by changing the E. of this verbe Hauére, into A. as thus.

Io amáuo.Io saltáuo.Nói amauámo, or Saltauámo.
Tù amáui.Tù saltáui.Vói amauáte or saltauáte.
Lui amáua.Lui saltáua.Lóro amáuano, or saltáuano.

Of the second and third Coniugation by keeping the very same desinence or termination of this tence, and of this Verbe, as for example.

Io vedéuo.Io corréuo.Nói vedeuámo, or Correuámo.
Tù vedéui.Tù corréui.Vói vedeuáte, or Correuáte.
Lui vedéua.Lui corréua.Lóro vedéuano, or Corréuano.

Of the fourth Coniugation by changing the E. into I. as for example.

Io dormíuo.Io patíuo.Nói dormiuámo, or Patiuámo.
Tù dormíui.Tù patíui.Vói dormiuáte, or Patiuáte.
Lui dormíua.Lui patíua.Lóro dormíuano, or Patíuano.

The first vncertaine, vndetermined, or distant Preterperfect tence.

Io hẻbbi.Nói hauémmo.
Tù hauẻsti.Vói hauéste.
Lúi hẻbbe.Lóro hẻbbero, or hẻbber'

Of the vse of this tence, and what may thereby be learned.

First note, that adding the Participle of what Verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame a tence, which although some Grammarians haue made no mention of, yet is so necessary, and so often vsed of good Italians, both in speaking and writing, as I am perswaded, that no man can truely speake or write without it; or that it is a second, vndoubted, most certaine and determined Preterpluperfect tence of all Actiue or Transitiue Verbes, as for example.

Io hẻbbi pagáto.Nói hauémmo scrítto.
Tù hauẻsti saltáto.Vói hauéste lẻtto.
Lúi hẻbbe godúto.Lóro hẻbbero dormíto.

Secondly, you may learne by this tence to know, that whereas the first Preterperfect tences of the Indicatiue moode of most Italian Verbes, of the second and third coniugations are somewhat difficile, vncertaine, and irregular, that it is but in three persons, that is to say, in the first and third singular, and in the third plurall, yet are they not so vncertaine, but that if you finde only the first person singular, which doth euer end inI, as Hẻbbi. Sẻppi. Tácqui. Nácqui. Víddi. &c. change that I. into E. and vndoubtedly you haue the third person singular, as Hẻbbe. Sẻppe. Tácque. Nácque. Vídde. and to the third person singular addingRo, you haue infallibly the third person plurall, as Hẻbbero, Sẻppero, Tácquero, Nácquero, Víddero. &c. wheras the other three persons, to wit, the second singular, and the first and second plurall of this tence are euer regular, and keepe one certaine termination, and may be framed by the Infinitiue, as thus, Take Re, from the Infinitiue moode, and adde Sti, vnto the rest you haue the second person singular, as Hauésti, Sapésti, Tacésti, Nascésti, Vedésti, and likewise take Re. from the Infinitiue, and vnto it adde Mmo, you haue the first person plural, as Hauémmo, Sapémmo, Tacémmo, Nascémmo, Vedémmo. And likewise take Re, from the Infinitiue, and thereunto adde Ste, as thus, change the last I. of the second person singular of this tence into E. you haue the second person plurall, as Hauéste, Sapéste, Tacéste, Nascéste, Vedéste. Yet remember that this tence is not so strictly vncertain but that it may for a shift be made regular, as those of the first coniugation, as thus, Hauéi, hauésti, hauétte, Hauémmo, Hauéste, Hauéttero, and so Tacéi, Tacésti, Tacétte, Tacémmo, Tacéste, Tacéttero, Godéi, Godésti, Godétte, Godémmo, Godéste, Godéttero, &c.

Now for your Maiesties more facility, and to know certainly what verbes of the second or third coniugation varie in this tence, I haue throughout my Dictionarie set downe next to all Infinitiues, the first person singular of this tence, as also all the participles, because they are somewhat irregular and variable, as I will shew when I come to speake of them which I haue done for the ease of such as delight in the tongue, and haue not readily Italians by to aske, or good Grammarians at hand to resolue them. As for the verbes of the first and fourth coniugations, they are almost all regular in this tence, and who knowes one, may say he knowes all, except foure of the first, and some few of the fourth; which I will note when I come to speak of irregular verbes. Of which I will say more then euer yet was said of any other.

The second, certaine, neare, or determined Preterperfect tence.

Io hò hauúto.Nói habbiámo hauúto.
Tù hái hauúto.Vói hauéte hauúto.
Lúi hà hauúto.Lóro hánno hauúto.

Of the vse, and what may be learn't by this tence.

The chiefe thing that is to be noted in this tence is this; The first, or (as I may rightly call it) distant, vncertaine, or vndertermined Preterperfect tence, Hẻbbi, or that of any other verbe, is most commonly vsed (or at least should be) in speaking of times or things gone or past, and that ended their time the present morning, wherein you speak of them.

And this second, certaine, nearer, or determined Preterperfect tence is euer vsed (or should be vsed) in speaking of times or things, hauing relation vnto, or ended in the day present, and wherein you speake: and therefore doe I call it nearer and certaine. As for example, if you demaund of me, Quándo hauéte vedúto il tále? When saw you such a one? If I saw him this day, I must answere, Io l'hò vedúto hoggi. But if I saw him at any other time before, I must say, Io lo víddi l'áltro giórno, &c. And looke what is said of this tence of Hauére, the same may be said of the same tence of all other verbes, wherein English men erre so much; but indeed they may be excused, because they neuer yet saw Grammar that shewed the difference betweene them: for most make them indifferently all one.

The first, vncertaine, very distant, or vnderdetmined preterpluperfect tence.

Io hauéuo hauúto.Nói haueuámo hauúto.
Tù hauéui hauúto.Vói haueuáte hauúto.
Lúi hauéua hauúto.Lóro hauéuano hauúto.

The second, certaine, somewhat distant, or determined Preterpluperfect tence.

Io hẻbbi hauúto.Nói hauémmo hauúto.
Tù hauésti hauúto.Vói hauéste hauúto.
Lúi hẻbbe hauúto.Lóro hẻbbero hauúto.

Of the vse of these two Tences, and what is to be obserued by them.

The chiefest thing that is to be obserued in these two Tences, is, that Io hẻbbi hauúto. Io hẻbbi amáto. Io hẻbbi scrítto. Io hẻbbi vdíto, haue euer refference vnto times and things further off, and so hapned that some other time, action or chance hath succeeded betweene: and Io hauéuo hauúto. Io hauéuo amáto. Io hauéuo scrítto. Io hauéuo vdíto, haue euer refference vnto times, actions, or chances hapned long time since, and a great distance off; which is the reason that I haue placed them vnder titles of very distant or vndetermined, and of somewhat distant or determined, by which your Maiesty may easily distinguish them, and know their differences, as thus. Quándo io hò mangiáto, desídero di bére, whereas Io hẻbbi hauúto answereth a time more certaine and deffinite, as thus. Quándo l'hẻbbi vedúto, di súbito il conóbbi, and Io hauéuo hauúto, hath relation vnto a time or distance further off, and indeffinite, as thus. Io l'hauéuo bén vedúto, ma nón lo conoscéuo, &c.

Here I thinke it not impertinent to desire your Maiesty to remember, that the Participles of all the verbes of the Italian tongue, ioyned vnto any tence of what verbe soeuer, may at the discretion or choise of the speaker or writer be accommodated and referred to both numbers and genders, or as you would say more plainly, to the person speaking, or spoken of; as also to the substantiue or things meant or spoken of, as thus. Io hò desideráto il túo cómmodo. Io hó desideráta la túa commodità. Io hò desideráti i tuói cómmodi. Io hò desideráte le túe commodità, or thus. La tua essortatióne ha mutáto il mio disségno, mutáti i miẻi disségni, mutáta la mia opinióne, mutáte le mie opinióni, &c. all which participles haue relation vnto the substantiue, whereas you may as well make them to haue relation vnto the person speaking, as thus, Io hò desideráto il tùo cómmodo, la túa commodità, i tuói cómmodi, le túe commodità, or thus. La túa essortatióne hà mutáto il mio disségno, i miẻi disségni, la mia opinióne, le mie opinióni, &c. Yet note that the Participles ioyned vnto any tence of the other Auxiliar verbe Éssere, doe commonly agree with the Nominatiue case, as in that verbe shall appeare.

Of the future Tence or time to come.

Of the vse of this Tence, and what may thereby be learned.

The chiefest thing to be obserued in this Tence, is, that whosoeuer hath the terminations or last sillables of this tence of any verbe, hath also those of the future tences of all verbes of what coniugation soeuer of the Italian tongue without exception: For, all first persons singular must end in Rò with the accent ouer the last vowell, as thus. Io amerò, Io vederò, Io scriuerò, Io morirò, &c.

All second persons singular must end in Rái. with the accent ouer the last A. as Tù amarái, Tù vedrái, Tù scriuerái, Tù morirái, &c.

All third persons singular must end in Rà. with the accent ouer the last vowell, as Lúi amerà, Lúi vederà, Lúi scriuerà, Lúi morirà, &c.

All first persons plurall must end in Rémo, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as Noi amerémo. Noi vedrémo. Noi scriuerémo. Noi morirémo, &c.

All second persons plurall must end in Réte, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as Vói ameréte, Vói vedréte, Vói scriueréte, Vói moriréte, &c.

All third persons plurall must end in Ránno, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as Lóro ameránno, Lóro vedránno, Lóro scriueránno, Lóro moriránno, &c.

And so all the rest both regular and irregular; alwaies remembred that in verbes of the first coniugation, the last A. of the Infinitiue moode in this tence must be changed into E. and in steede of Amarò, Danzarái, Cantarà, Andarémo, Saltaréte, Mangiaránno, the best Italians vse to say and write, Amerò, Danzerái, Canterà, Anderémo, Salteréte, Mangieránno, &c. whereas all those of the second, third, and fourth coniugations doe euer keep the last vowell sauing one of the Infinitiue moode in framing of this tence, as Io tacerò, Tù correrái, Lúi scriuerà, Noi vederémo, Voi dormiréte, Lóro moriránno. Yet note that the foure Irregulars of the first coniugation doe in this tence, keepe the A. of the Infinitiue moode, as Andarò. Darò. Farò. Starò. and so throughout, although the first is most times written and pronounced, Andrò, Andrái. Andrà. Andrémo. Andréte. Andránno. loosing the middle vowell. And so are diuers verbes of the second and third coniugations vsed more often sincopated of the middle vowell, yea sometimes of a whole sillable, then not, as namely, Haurò. Berò. Tẻrrò. Sciẻrrò. Cadrò. Parrò. Potrò. Rimarrò. Varrò. Vedrò. Vorrò. Condurrò. &c. with some others, in steede of Hauerò. Beuerò. Tenerò. Scẻglierò. Sciorglierò. Caderò. Parerò. Poterò. Rimanerò. Valerò. Vederò. Volerò. Conducerò. &c. and so throughout all the persons of this tence. I remember but one of the fourth coniugation, that is sincopated or varied in this tence, and that is in steede of Io morirò. &c. Io morrò. Tu morrái. Lui morrà. Noi morrémo. Voi morréte. Loro morránno.

Remember also that all third persons plurall of this tence, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer loose the last sillable No. and in liew of Ameránno. Vedránno. Scriueránno, Moriránno. They may say. Amerán'. Vedrán'. Scriuerán'. Morirán. For so much as N. is counted as a liquid.

Note also that placing the Aduerbe of time, Quándo, before any person of this tence, Hauerò, and the Participle of any verbe whatsoeuer, you frame and learne the Future tence of the Subiunctiue or potentiail moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes. As for example.

Io hauerò mangiáto.
Quándo.Tù hauerái danzáto.
Lúi hauerà vedúto.
Nói hauerémo scrítto.
Quándo.Vói haueréte vdíto.
Lóro haueránno dormíto.

As in it's due place shall more at large be shewed.

Of the Imperatiue moode or Commanding manner of speech.

Habbiámo nói.
Hábbi tù.Habbiáte vói.
Hábbia lúi.Hábbiano or Hábbino lóro.

Of the vse of this tence, and what may be obserued by it.

Concerning this moode no other rule can be giuen, but that it hath euer correspondency with the Present tences of of the optatiue and subiunctiue moodes, as being in a manner all one with them, sauing that the Imperatiue hath most commonly the Pronoune after the verbe, and they haue it before, except in questions, and that the Imperatiue moode wanted euer his first person singular. The terminations are all one, and therefore he that knowes the Present tence of the Optatiue of any verbe, knowes the same of the Imperatiue and Subiunctiue thereof, as elsewhere shall more particularly be showen.

Note also that Imperatiuely and in commanding wise you may liew of this tence vse the Infinitiue of any verbe speaking to an equall or inferior person, or the second person plurall of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode, speaking to one whom you will seeme to respect with this particle, Nón, before it. Whereas the English put euer the word Not, after the verbe, as for example.

Non hauére a máleNon habbiáte a mále.
Non dormíre così tósto.Non dormíte così tósto.
Non andáre vía.Non andáte via.
Non ti scordáre di me.Non vi scordáte di me.
Non te ne andáre.Non ve ne andáte.

With some few verbes as namely Hauére, and Volére, you must in liew of the second person plurall of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode, vse the second person plurall of the present tence of the Optatiue moode, and say thus. Non habbiáte paúra. Non vogliáte partíre, &c.

Note also that the second person singular of all verbes of the first Coniugation in this tence, end euer in A. and the third in I. as for example. Ama tù. Cánta tù. Sálta tù. Mángia tù. &c. Ami lúi. Cánti lúi. Sálti lúi. Mángi lúi. &c. except the foure Irregular, as you shall perceiue in them. Whereas the second persons singular of the same tence of all verbes of the second, third, and fourth coniugations endeth euer in I. and the third in A. as for example. Védi tù. Córri tù. Lẻggi tù. Scríui tù. Dórmi tù. &c. Véda lúi. Córra lúi. Lẻgga lúi. Scríua lúi. Dórma lúi. &c. Of the three persons plurall of this tence I will speake in the Present tence of the Optatiue moode.

Of the Optatiue Mood or wishing maner of Speech.

Note first that whereas the Latins haue for a helpe or signe of the Optatiue or wishing moode the word, Vtinam: the French Dieu vueille, or Pleut á Dieu, and the English, God graunt, Would to God, Oh God that, or else, Oh that: the Italians haue in their Grammars placed these signes, Dio vóglia chè, Dio volésse chè, Piáccia a Dio chè, Oh Dío chè. All which indeed are good and true Italian. But for as much as they are not so generally vsed as this one, Ochè, I haue therefore thoughout all this moode in all verbes vsed and placed no other signe or helpe, expressing fully as much as any of the rest, as for example:

The present or definite tence.

Io hábbia. Nói habbiámo.
O chè:Tù hábbi.O chè:Vói habbiáte.
Lúi hábbia. Lóro hábbiano.

Of the vse, and what may be obserued in this tence.

First it is to be noted, that all three persons Sing. of this tence, of all verbs of the first Coniugation, end commonly in I. as O che io ámi, Oche tù ámi. Oche lúi ámi, &c. whereas in the second and third coniugations the first and third persons end all in A. and the second in I. as thus, O chè io góda. O chè tù gódi. O chè lúi góda. or Ochè io scríua. Ochè tù scríui. although some make them to end all in A. which is not greatly amisse: whereas all three persons Sing. of the fourth coniugation end in A. or O chè Io dórma. O chè tù dórma. O chè lúi dorma, &c.

The three persons Plu. of this tence of verbes of the first coniugation, are commonly framed thus: To the first person Sing. which is Ami, adde euer Amo, and that makes the first Plu. as Amiámo. Danziámo. Mangiámo. Saltiámo, &c. To the said first person Sing. adde euer Ate, and that makes the second Plu. as Amiáte. Danziáte. Mangiáte. Saltiáte, &c. To the said first person Sing. adde euer No. and that makes the third Plu. as Ámino. Dánzino. Mángino. Sáltino, &c. The same rule doth serue for the verbes of the second and third Coniugations: so that you change the A. into I. or take the second person Sing. of this tence of them all, as of Gódi, or of Scríui, which make in the Plu. Godiámo, Godiáte. Gódino. Scriuiámo. Scriuiáte. Scríuino, &c. The three persons Plu. of this tence of verbs of the fourth Coniugation, are framed by adding Ámo. Áte. and No. to the second person Sing. of the present tence of the Indicatiue mood, which euer ends in I. or thus by changing the A. of the Sing. of this tence in I. which makes Dormiámo. Dormiáte. Dórmino, &c.

Note also as an especiall thing, that whosoeuer hath the present tence of the Optatiue moode of this verbe, hath also (as hath beene said) first the Imperatiue moode, by placing the Pronoune after the verbe; Secondly he hath the present tence of the subiunctiue mood; Thirdly, only by adding any Participle vnto it, he hath the determined Preterperfect tences of the Optatiue and of the Subjunctiue moods of all actiue or transitiue verbes, as thus, Io hábbia amáto. Tù hábbi vedúto. Lúi hábbia scritto, &c. Nói habbiámo saltáto. Vói habbiáte lẻtto. Lóro hábbino dormíto, &c. Fourthly, he hath also the future tence of the Optatiue moode of all actiue verbes, by placing this Aduerbe of time, Da qui inánzi, after the verbe, as you shall see in its place. So that whosoeuer hath this present tence, or of any verbe else, hath sixe tences, and nothing is left him to learn but the imperfect or vndetermined tence, which he may learn by this ensuing tence, which also sheweth the tence called respectiue of the subiunctive mood.

The Preterimperfect or vndetermined tence.

Io hauéssi. Nói hauéssimo.
Ochè.Tù hauéssi.Ochè.Vói hauéste.
Lúi hauésse. Lóro hauéssero or hauéssino.

Of the vse of this Tence.

First remember that who hath the terminations of this tence, hath also the same tence of all verbs of the second & third c[on]iugations (except of Éssere, as in his place shal appear) w[hich] is framed by the infinitiue moode, by leauing out the last sillable Re. and adding Ssi. for the first and second Sing. Sse. for the third Sing. Ssimo. for the first Plur. Ste. for the second Plur. and Ssero. or Ssino. for the third Plur. as Io vedéssi. Tù sapéssi. Lúi corrésse. Noi godéssimo. Vói Leggéste. Lóro Corréssero. or Corréssino. &c. And changing the E. of this tence into A. he hath the same tence of all the verbes of the first coniugation, as thus. Io amássi. Tù cantássi. Lúi saltásse. Nói amássimo. Vói cantáste. Lóro saltássero. or Saltássino. &c. And changing the said E. into I. he hath the same tence of all verbes of the fourth coniugation, as thus. Io vdíssi, Tù patíssi, Lúi dormísse, Noi vdíssimo, Voi patíste, Lóro dormíssero, &c.

Secondly, note that in steede of the wishing signe, O chè, vsing, Se, chè, Benchè, Purchè, or Quándo, or any of them, he hath also the conditionall Preterimperfectence of the Subiunctiue moode of all verbes actiue. And putting any participle vnto it, he hath first the preterpluperfectence of the optatiue, and then the first or conditionall preterpluperfectence of the subiunctiue moode of all verbes actiue, and of all coniugations, as in their proper places may apeare.

Thirdly, note that all third person plur. of this tence may loose the last vowell O. and you may as well say, Amásser', Amássin', Hauésser', Hauéssin', Dormísser', &c. as Amássero, Amássino, Hauéssero, Hauéssino, Dormíssero, &c.

The Preterperfect or Determined tence.

Io hábbia hauúto. Nói habbiámo hauúto.
O chè.Tù hábbi hauúto.O chè.Vói habbiáte hauúto.
Lúi hábbia hauúto. Lóro habbino hauúto.

The Preterpluperfect or vndetermined tence.

Io hauéssi hauúto.
O chè.Tù hauéssi hauúto.
Lúi hauésse hauúto.
Nói hauéssimo hauúto.
O chè.Vói hauéste hauúto.
Lóro hauéssero hauúto.

The Future tence or time to come.

Io hábbia.
O chè.Tù hábbi.da qui inánzi.
Lúi hábbia.
Nói habbiámo.
O chè.Vói habbiáte.da qui inánzi.
Lóro hábbino.

Of these three tences little neede be said, forsomuch as I haue already spoken of them in the vse of the Present tence of this verbe, to which I referre your Maiestie.

The Subiunctive, Dependent, or Potentiall moode, whose proper signes or helps, are euer, Chè, Se, Benchè, Pur chè, Acciochè or Quándo, without some one of which it neuer commeth, one tence excepted.

The Present or Deffinite tence whose helps or signes are, Chè, Benchè, Purchè, or Quándo.

Io hábbia. Nói habbiámo.
Chè.Tù hábbi.Chè.Vói habbiáte.
Lúi hábbia. Lóro hábbiano or hábbino.

Little neede be said of this tence because it hath been spoken of before.

The first Conditionall, Doubtfull, Dependent, or vndetermined Preterimperfectence, whose helps are, Se, Chè, Benchè, Accióche, Purchè, or Quándo.

Io hauéssi. Nói hauéssimo.
Se.Tù hauéssi.Se.Vói hauéste.
Lúi hauésse. Lóro hauéssero or hauéssino.

The second respectiue, relatiue, or limited Preterimperfect tence, which doth euer eyther expressiuely or inclusiuely answere or regard the former, which I call conditonall or doubtfull, and hath no signe or helpe.

Io hauerẻi. haurẻi. harẻi. hauería. hauría. or haría.

Tù hauerésti. haurésti. or harésti.

Lúi. hauerẻbbe. haurẻbbe, harẻbbe. hauería. hauría. or haría.

Nói hauerémmo. haurémmo. harémmo. haueríamo. hauríamo, or haríamo.

Vói haueréste. hauréste, or haréste.

Lóro hauerẻbbero. haurẻbbero. harẻbbero. hauerẻbbono. haurẻbbono. harẻbbono. haueríano, hauríano, or haríano.

Of the necessary vse of these two tences, and what may be obserued vpon them.

These two tences are so frequent and ordinary in vse both in speaking and writing, namely of things, accidents or actions that be doubtfull, contingent, potentiall, in suspence, vncertaine, or that may be, of which men oftener vse to speake and write, then of things or actions already past, certain, determined, and undoubted. And there is such coherency and dependency betweene them, and they haue such relation and respect one to the other, that they are seldome separated or farre asunder: and if they be (as they are often) they are notwithstanding relatiuely, respectiuely, and inclusiuely meant or vnderstood. And I could yet neuer see Grammar that did directly set downe eyther the true difference betweene them, or demonstrate the right vse of them, yea most Grammarians are so simple, as they make then both one and indifferent, when the difference is most great, and the seuerall vse of them most necessary to be knowne, which is this, that the first hath euer one of these signs or helps before it, as Se, if, or if so be, Chè, that, Benchè, albeit, Acciochè to the end that, Purchè, so that, Quándo, when or if. And the second as hauing relations or respect & answer to the former, hath no signe at all. And that is the reason that I haue named them by their effects; the first conditionall, doubtfull, dependent or vnlimited, and the second, respectiue, relatiue, or limited. The first you shall neuer heare or fine without the second, eyther spoken, written, or specifed, though the second be sometimes written or spoken without the first, yet is it euer more meant, vnderstood, and some condition implied or included. And there is no tence in the Italian tongue, where English men commit more incongruities. And remember what is said of these two tences, the like may said of the two ensuing Preterpluperfect tences, not onely of this verbe, but of all other actiue verbes, as they that are composed of the two former, with the addition of any Participle.

Note also that knowing the termintion of the second respectiue or relatiue, you learn to frame the said tence of all other verbes, and of all coniugations, as for example, Io amerẻi or amería. Tù amerésti. Lui amerẻbbe or Amería. Nói amerémmo. Vói ameréste. Lóro amerẻbbero. Amerẻbbono, or ameríano. Io vederẻi, or vedería. Tù vederésti. Lui vederẻbbe or vedería. Lóro vederẻbbero, vederẻbbono, or vederíano. Io leggerẻi, or leggería. Tù leggerésti. Lui leggerẻbbe, or leggería. Nói leggerémmo. Vói leggeréste. Lóro leggerẻbbero, leggerẻbbono, or leggeríano. Io dormirẻi, or dormiría. Tù dormirẻsti. Lui dormirẻbbe or dormiría. Nói dormirémmo. Vói dormiréste. Lóro dormirẻbbero, dormirẻbbono or dormiríano, &c.

Note also that all third persons plu. of this tence may both in speaking and writing lose the last vowell O. and instead of Amerẻbbero. Amerẻbbono or Ameríano. Vederẻbbero. Vederẻbbono or vederíano. Scriuerẻbbero. Scriuerẻbbono, or Scriueríano. Morirẻbbero. Morirẻbbono, or Moriríano, you may at your pleasure say, Amerẻbber'. Amerẻbbon'. Amerían.' Scriuerẻbber'. Scriuerẻbbon'. Scriuerían'. Dormirẻbber'. dormirẻbbon'. dormirían'. &c.

The Preterperfect or determined tence, whose helps or signes are euer Chè, Benchè, Purchè, or Quándo.

Io hábbia hauúto. Nói habbíamo hauúto.
Che.Tu hábbi hauúto.Che.Vói hábbiáte hauúto.
Lúi hábbia hauúto. Lóro hábbiano hauúto.

The vse of this tence, and the framing thereof in all other verbes hath been spoken of before.

The first conditionall, doubtfull, dependent or determined Preterpluperfect tence, whose signes are euer Se, Chè, Benchè Purchè, or Quándo.

Io hauéssi hauúto. Nói hauéssimo hauúto.
Se.Tù hauéssi hauúto.Se.Vói hauéste hauúto.
Lúi hauésse hauúto. Lóro hauéssero hauúto.

The second respectiue, relatiue or limited Preterpluperfect tence, expressiuely inclusiue, by hauing respect vnto, or answering the former, and hauing no signe at all.

For the vse of these two tences, I referre you to the two former Preterimperfect tences, from which they are composed.

The future tence or time to come, whose helpe is Quándo.

Io hauerò hauúto.
Quándo.Tù hauerái hauúto.
Lúi hauerà hauúto.
Nói hauerémo hauúto.
Quándo.Vói haueréte hauúto.
Lóro haueránno hauúto.

Of the vse of this tence.

Change but the Participle, and take that of any other verbe whatsoeuer, and you frame the same tence of all actiue or transitiue verbes, as thus, Quándo io hauerò mangiáto tù hauerái vedúto, lúi hauerà spedíto. Nói hauerémo lẻtto, vói haueréte corrẻtto. Lóro haueránno sentíto, &c.

The present Infinitiue or vndetermined moode.

Hauére.

The past or preter Infinitiue or vndetermined mood.

Hauére hauúto.

The future or indetermined Infinitiue moode.

Hauére ad hauére, Douére hauére, Éssere per hauére.

Of the vse of these three Infinitiues, and what is to be obserued by them.

First you may learne to frame all other Infinitiues, as thus: Those of the first coniugation by changing the middle E. of this into A. with the accent euer vpon the last A. as Amáre, Balláre Cantáre, Danzáre, Mangiáre, &c.

Those of the second coniugation, by keeping the termination of this verbe, with the accent vpon the last E. sauing one, as thus, Cadére, Vedére, Godére, Parére, Tacére, &c.

Those of the third coniugation by keeping the termination of this verbe, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing two, as thus, Córrere, Lẻggere, Estóllere, Nuócere, Náscere, Scríuere, &c.

Those of the fourth coniugation by changing the middle E. of this Verbe into I. with the accent ouer the said I. as thus, Dormíre, Moríre, Patíre, Soffríre, Vbidíre. Veníre, &c.

Secondly note, that to frame the future infinitiue of any verbe, you must take the Infinitiue present of this verbe Hauére, and before any other Infinitiue beginning with a vowell, ioyne Ad. and before a consonant A. as thus. Hauére ad amáre. Hauére a scríuere. or else take the Infinitiue Douére or Éssere pẻr, and place them before any other Infinitiue present, as thus. Hauére ad amáre. Douére amáre. or else Éssere pẻr amáre. Hauére a scríuere. Douére scríuere. Ésser pẻr scríuere. and so of all the rest.

Note also that all Infinitiues may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer loose the last vowell E. and in steede of Amáre, Godére, Córrere, or Dormíre, you may say, Amár', Godér', Córrer', or Dormír', &c.

Note also that all Infinitiue moodes may be made substantiues (as among nounes hath beene said) which admit no Article but the Masculine, agreeing with Nounes, with Verbs, with indeclinable parts, and with all cases, as for example, L'amáre ẻ cósa naturále. Il fáre béne ẻ laudábile. Il túo descináre mi cósta cáro. Il tróppo dormíre non ẻ sáno. In vn báttere d'ócchio, &c. all which Nounes or manner of speech the English expresse very elegantly with a gerond, as thus. Louing is a naturall thing. Doing good is commendable. Thy dinner or dining cost me deare. Too much sleeping is not wholesome. In the twinkeling of an eye &c.

Note also that certain Infinitiues of the third coniugation doe in the midst of them sometimes loose a letter and sometime a sillable, whereby they become irregular not only in the Infinitiue, but also in the Future tence of the Indicatiue, and in the second or respectiue Inperfectence of the subiunctiue moode, as also many times in the Participle. As for example, Sciógliere, maketh, Sciórre, Sciorrò, Sciorrẻi, and Sciólto, Scẻgliere, maketh, Sciẻrre, Sciẻrrò, Sciẻrrẻi, Sciẻlto, Tógliere, maketh, Tórre, Torrò, Torrẻi, Tólto, Béuere, maketh, Bére, Berrò, Berrẻi, Beúto, Ponere, maketh, Pórre, Porrò, Porrẻi, Pósto, with all his compounds, as Compórre, Dispórre, Frapórre, Espórre, Oppórre, &c. Dúcere, makes, Dúrre, Durrò, Durrẻi, Dútto, with all his compounds, as Addúrre, Condúrre, Dedúrre, Prodúrre, Ridúrre, Sedúrre, Tradúrre, &c. Fácere, maketh, Fáre, Farò, Farẻi, Fátto, with all his compounds, as Confáre, Disfáre, &c. and so becommeth of the first coniugation: Dícere, maketh, Díre, Dirò, Dirẻi, Détto, with all his compounds, as Disdíre, Ridíre, &c. and becommeth of the fourth coniugation.

Note also that the Italians haue a great liberty and facility to frame certaine verbes of the first coniugation, whereby they may elegantly declare, forcibly expresse, and significiently inforce the quality, action, condition, or the nature of any thing, person or creature, which is by adding, ggiáre, or záre vnto any Noune (alwaies prouided it end in E.) be it of Person, Office, Beast, Bird, or any thing else aliue or dead. As for example. Caneggiáre, to play the Dog. Carneualeggiáre, to Shroue. Nataleggiáre, to keep Christmasse. Lioneggiáre, to play the Lyon. Dottoreggiáre, to play the Doctor. Villeggiáre, to liue in the Countrey. Pasqueggiáre, to keepe Easter. Porcheggiáre, to play the Swine or wallow in filth. Pasteggiáre, to fare well as if one were still eating of pasties. Vaccheggiáre, to play the Kow or sensuall beast. Vescoueggiáre, to play the Bishop or idle Prelate. Volpeggiáre, to play the Foxe or crafty companion, and so infinite others which a man may frame at his pleasure or humour.

Note also that the Italians make some verbes end in Acchiáre, which are spoken either in ill part and derision, or else in signe of pouerty and compassion, as Viuacchiáre, to liue poorely, as we say to rub out the world. Scriuacchiáre, to scribble simply or write foolishly. Sonnacchiáre, to slumber or not to sleep soundly. Pacchiáre, to feede like a Hog, or play the Hog. Basciucchiáre, to kisse smackingly or slouenly. Stiracchiáre, to wrest in ill part, and infinite others as pleaseth mans fansie.

Of the Participle, which is as an act, effect or performance of the Verbe.

The present or neare participle.

Hauúto, or Haúto.

The past or distant participle.

Hauére hauúto.

Of the vse of these Participles.

First note that all participles of verbes of the first coniugation must end in Ato. and you may frame them by taking Re. from the Infinitiue, and in steede of it put To. vnto it, with the accent ouer the last A. as Amáto. Balláto. Cantáto. Mangiáto. &c. except that of Fáre, which makes Fátto.

Note also that some haue vsed the first person singular of the Indicatiue moode for a participle of some verbes (and it is tollerable) as Cómpro. Mózzo. Pésto. Sólco. Tócco. &c. in place of Compráto. Mozzáto. Pestáto. Solcáto, Toccáto. &c.

Note that the participles of the second and third coniugation (nothwithstanding all variations) doe generally end in V´to, and may be framed by taking Ere. from the Infinitiue, and putting V´to vnto the same with the accent ouer the V´. yea there are many verbes that haue no other, as Dolúto, Godúto, Hauúto, Nociúto, Pasciúto, Possedúto, Taciúto, Tẻssúto, &c. as also, Parúto, Vedúto, Piangiúto, Nasciúto, &c. For Párso, Vísto, Piánto, Náto, &c. whose variations, and which of them is most in vse, are euery one set downe in my Dictionaire, ioyned vnto the Infinitiue, and here vnder among the Irregular verbes: indeede there are some of the third coniugation that haue altogether lost their ending in V´to, as Cínto, Dútto, Circoncíso, Cólto, Cótto, Dipínto, Decíso, Fínto, Pósto, Rótto, Sciẻlto, Sciólto, Tínto, Vccíso, &c. of Cíngere, Dúrre, or Dúcere, Circoncídere, Cógliere, Cuócere, Dipíngere, Decídere, Fíngere, Pónere, or Pórre, Rómpere, Sciẻgliere, or Sciẻrre, Sciógliere, or Sciorre, Tíngere, Vccídere, &c. except Éssere, which makes Státo. although some haue vsed Súto. but more in verse then in prose, Fáre sincopated of Fácere, makes Fátto, Díre, of Dícere, makes Détto, &c.

The Participles of the fourth coniugation end commonly in Íto. with the accent ouer the last vowell except Attónito, which hath it vpon the last sauing two, as Addolcíto, Fallíto, Dormíto, Fastidíto, Patíto, Vbidíto, Vscíto, Vdíto, &c. of Addolcíre, Dormíre, Fallíre, Fastidíre, Patíre, Vbidíre, Vdíre, Vscíre, &c. Apríre, Conuẻrtíre, Copríre, Moríre, Soffríre, make Apẻrto, Conuerso, Coperto, Mórto, Sofferto, for you may not say, Apríto, Copríto, Moríto, Soffríto, although Conuẻrtito be sometimes vsed, &c.

Note that ioyning any Participle vnto Hauére, you frame the past Participle of all verbes actiue, as Hauére amáto. Hauére godúto. Hauére scrítto. Hauére vdíto. &c. Concerning the Participles ending in Ánte. or Énte. whereof the Latines are so well stored, the Italians make but little vse of them, and may well spare them; for, it were but harsh and vnused Italian to say, Beáto il temẻnte Iddío, ẻ credẻnte álla súa paróla, ẻ speránte nélle súe promésse, or thus. Io víddi úno saltánte cóme vn párdo. A good Italian will rather say Beáto chi téme Dío, ẻ créde álla súa paróla, ẻ spẻra nélle súe promésse, and Io víddi vno chè saltáua cóme vn párdo, &c. Of the variation, of the vse, or diuersly accommodating of Participles, as either vnto the party speaking, spoken of, spoken vnto, thing meant or mentioned, hath already beene spoken in the Indicatiue of this verbe.

Of the Gerond or signe of the acting or dependant doing of the verbe.

The present or neare Gerond.

Hauẻndo.

The past or distant Gerond.

Hauẻndo hauúto.

The future Gerond.

Hauẻndo ad hauére, Douẻndo hauére, Essẻndo pẻr hauére.

Of the vse of these Geronds.

Note that all Geronds of the first coniugation must end in Ándo. as Amándo, Cantándo, Mangiándo, of Amáre, Cantáre, Mangiáre, &c. with the accent euer ouer the last vowell sauing one, except that of Fáre, which makes Facẻndo.

Those of the second, third, and fourth coniugation ought euer to end in Éndo. as Vedẻndo. Tacẻndo. Leggẻndo. Scriuẻndo. Dormẻndo. Morẻndo. &c. The E. being pronounced open.

The past Geronds of all verbes actiue are framed by adding any present participle vnto Hauẻndo, as Hauẻndo amáto. Hauẻndo godúto. Hauẻndo scrítto. Hauẻndo dormíto, &c. and all past Geronds of verbes passiue are framed by adding any present participle vnto, Essẻndo. as Essẻndo amáto. Essẻndo feríto. Essẻndo vedúto. Essẻndo tẻssúto, &c.

Note that the Italians doe many time in expressing the past Gerond, leaue the helpe of Hauẻndo in actiue verbes, and of Essẻndo in passiue verbes, vsing in place of them both in speaking and writing only the present Participle, placing it in the beginning of the sentence, as thus, Hauúto il mio libro me ne andái á scuóla. Fátta colatióne io vádo á spásso. Státo a Róma trè mési me ne tornái á cása. Which is as good as to say, Hauẻndo hauúto il mio líbro me ne andái a scuóla. Hauẻndo fátta colatióne io vádo a spásso, or Essẻndo státo a Róma trè mesi me ne tornái a cása, &c.

Note that all future Geronds may be framed by adding any Infinitiue moode vnto, Hauẻndo ad, before a vowell, or Hauẻndo a, before a consonant, or else, Douẻndo, or else, Esẻndo per, as thus, Hauẻndo ad amáre. Hauẻndo a lẻggere. Hauẻndo a scríuere. Douẻndo godére. Douẻndo mangiáre. Douẻndo moríre. Essẻndo pẻr vdíre. Essẻndo pẻr partíre. Essẻndo pẻr vedére, and so of all others.

Pardon me, I beseech you Maiesty, if I haue beene somewhat ouer-long about this verbe, of which much more might be said: the necessity of it is such as no man can truely speake or write Italian without it, and knowing this verbe perfectly, he may boldy assume to know and frame all other verbes.