Exercise XXIII.

Being lately (sa usá ca adlao) in town, I received a letter from your teacher in which he strongly complained of you—Do not weep—now go into your room learn your lesson, and be a good boy (magma-ayo ca) otherwise (cun dili) you will get nothing for dinner—I shall be so good, my dear father, that you will certainly be satisfied with me—What must be do in order to be happy?—Love and practise virtue, and you will be happy both in this life and in the next—Since (cay) we wish to be happy, let us do good to the poor, and let us have pity on the unlucky (nalisdan)—Let us obey our masters, and never give them any trouble—How has my son behaved towards you?—He has behaved well towards me, for he behaves well towards every body—His father told him often: the behavior of others is but an echo of our behavior; if we behave well towards them, they will also behave well towards us; but if we use them ill, we must not expect, (dili atong pa-abuton) better from them, (ang batasan nila nga ma-ayo canato).

Twenty Fourth Lesson

Of the Particles Naha, Nahi, Napa, Nasig, Nasighi, Nangi, Nanhi, Nanig, Nanum, Nani.

NAHA or NAHI.

This particle is used to express that the action of the verb to which is joined, took place out of mind, or by chance. The present and past tenses are formed with naha or nahi; the future and imperative mood by putting maha or mahi and the infinitive mood with paha or pagpaha before the root. When speaking in passive, the present and past are formed with the particle hin, and the future and imperative with hi.

The particle naha admits only the passive of an, or the 3^d passive, excepting the verb gugma which must be conjugated by the passive of on.

The roots Budlay, Butang and Bu-ut, change their initial B into M, to form the verbs.

To rest.	Pagpahamudlay.
To put one's in due place.	Pagpahamutang.
To be pleased with.	Pagpahimu-ut

Examples:

I do not speak on purpose.	Nahanayan acó sa pagsulti, or guihinaycan co ang pagsulti.
He quite alone is enjoying of our father's inheritance.	Nagahiagom sia nga usá ra sa cabilin sa amahán namo.
Pardon me, I have trodden on you unwillingly.	Pasaylo-a acó, cay naha-tonób acó canimo.
Take rest for a moment, then your walk was too far distant.	Magpahamudlay usa camó cadiot, cay hata-as man ca-ayo ang pagsoroy-soroy niñó.
Who does live in state of grace, will obtain after his dead, the everlasting life.	Ang nahamutang sa pagcabutang sa gracia, sa oras sa iyang camatayon, macadangat sa quinabuhi nga dayon.
Thou art my beloved son, in whom I have pleased myself.	Icao man ang nahigugma cong anác, nga guihimu-utan co.
Love God with all your heart.	Higugmaon ang Dios sa tibo-oc nga casingcasing mo.

NAPA.

This particle is joined to the reflexive verbs, and signifies what the root points out. The present and past tenses are formed with napa; the future with mapa, and the imperative by means of pa.

Examples:

He remained at home to play.	Napabilin sia sa balay sa pagdula-dula.
Distrust of flattering words.	Ayao icao palimbong sa mga maghohopo nga mga polong.
Why do you remain here?	¿Nganong napabilin ca dinhi?
I shall remain here till to-morrow.	Mapabilin acó dinhi cutub ugma.
Remain here.	Pabilin ca.

Remark. As it may be seen by the examples, this particle has no passive voice.

NASIG.

This particle is placed before roots of reflexive verbs, and it is the most proper to express reciprocalness. Like the preceding, it has not passive voice, and its active tenses are formed with nasig the present and past, and by means of masig the future and imperative. As:

They two hate each other.	Nasigdumut silang du-há.
Come to an agreement between yourselves.	Masigsabút camó.
Help one another to reap as soon as may be your ricegrounds.	Masigtabang camó, aron madali mahumán ang pagga-ad sa iñong mga basac.

NASIGHI.

This particle, as well as nasig signifies reciprocalness, but depending on any one circumstance. Its tenses are formed with nasighi and masighi respectively. It is also in lack of passive.

Love one another, and you will be happy.	Masighigugma camó ug mapaladan camó.
Arthur and Mary love each other.	Si Arturo ug si Maria nasighiugma sila.

NANGI.

The particle nangi, is employed but with the root Laba, which signifies to ask for protection, to beg, to beseech any thing from God or from the Saints. Its tenses are formed with nangi and mangi respectively; and the passive by means of guipangi: the present and past tenses and with pangi the future and imperative moods. Examples:

I will beg the God's grace, in this trouble I am feeling.	Mangilaba acó sa Dios ni-ining cayugot nga guiantus co.
Beg His assistance to be delivered from that temptation.	Pangilaba mo sia aron bauion ca nianang panolay.

NANHI

This particle governs only the roots Coco, Bungut and Quiqui. The active tenses are formed with nanhi and manhi; and in passive voice with guipanhi and panhi respectively. Examples:

He cuts himself the nails.	Nanhingoco sia.
He cleans himself the teeth.	Nanhingiqui sia.
He is shaving himself.	Nanhimungut sia.

NANIG.

It is used before the adverb ingon, and signifies to imitate. It is conjugated with nanig and manig and with guipanig and panig respectively.

NANUM.

The particle nanum, is only used with the root Balay, Ex:

You are always running from house to house.

Nanumbalay camó guihapon.

NANI.

This particle precedes to the roots Odto and hapon: and admits the three passives. Thus:

We have just dined.	Naniodto na camé.
Serve them the dinner.	Paniodtohon mo sila.
Will you take the supper here?.	Manihapon ba camó dinhi?