PEACE BY CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENT FAILS II.—GENERAL INDEX [A] Abbas Hilmi, Khedive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68. Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct, 4, '18, v: 239. Abbeville agreement,on U. S. military participation in War, v: I28, 284; text, v: 378. Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191. Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395. Aboukir , British cruiser, sunk by U-9 , Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378. Acceleration, in projectiles viii: 111. Achi Baba,key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170; see also Gallipoli Campaign. Acre taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199. Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394. Adana, British objective in Turkish Campaigns, ii: 90. Adler, Friedrich, kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Sturgkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312. Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal ofHonor, x: 395. Admiral Charner , French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380. Adramyti Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44. Adrian barracks, description, v: 8. Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359. Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, [xii: 71] . A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221. Aerial photography,in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14; gun cameras, description, viii: 216; value, viii: 226, 331; diffculties, viii: 228; U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235; future, viii: 234; see also Photography. Aeronautics:Airplanes,conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123; use of depth bombs by, iv: 332; torpedo planes, iv: 335; number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309; as war weapon, viii: Intro. , xi: 214; detection by sounds rangers, viii: 20; machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216; Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189; Farman plane, viii: 189; utility in scouting, viii: 189; albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192; Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192; Allied and German types compared, viii: 194; Spad biplanes, viii: 194; General utility planes, viii: 196; Gotha biplanes, viii: 196; Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223; aero engines, development of, vii: 198-200; Liberty motor, viii: 199; construction, essentials in, viii: 200; maneuvering, types of, viii: 200; Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201; French types, viii: 202, 206; British types, viii: 203-206; British planes, viii: 203; D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204; German equipment, viii: 206; Pre-War record flights, viii: 206; National supremacy, viii: 207; Machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208; aerial marksmanship, viii: 210; "C. C. Gear," for timing gunfire through propeller blades, viii: 214-216; navigating instruments, viii: 217-221; bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224; A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221; Gotha bombers, viii: 221; Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222; Caproni triplanes, viii: 223; Caudron bombers, viii: 223; Letord bombers, viii: 223; Voisin bombers, viii: 223; Breguet bombers, viii: 224; spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308; signals for landing in dark, viii: 335; value in directing artillery fire, viii 337, xi: 277; ambulance planes, viii: 379; U. S., in War, xi: 218; development, xi: 219; Use against submarine, xi: 239; commercial uses [xii: 103] . Aviators,duties, iii: 392; kinds of patrol, iii: 392; fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358; qualifications, xi: 215. Balloons,development for war use, iv: 288; in naval operations, iv: 289; number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309; functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264; parachutes use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263; hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263. Dirigibles, use in coast patrol, iv: 290;compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245; in long-distance transportation, Pg531 243-245; British types, viii: 245; R-34 , description, viii: 245, 254;R-34 , crosses Atlantic, viii: 2445;U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257; U. S. "Blimps," viii: 245, 255-257; U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257; mooring masts, viii: 245; development in different countries, iii: 254; R-33 , sister ship of R-34 , viii: 254;Zeppelins, see below under Aeronautics. Navigation, rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, [xii: 246] . Observation,in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 337, xi: 277; uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264; utility in War, xi: 216. Seaplanes,in battle of Jutland, iv: 107; for submarine spotting, iv: 285; U. S. N-C-4 first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240; N-C flying boats, desription, viii: 236-240. Zeppelins, progress in construction, '14—'18, viii: 241;use during War, viii: 24-246-248; description, viii: 248-254; number in crew, viii: 254. See also under each country. Airplane see Aeronautics, Airplane. Afghanistan,put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104; friendly to England during War, vi: 78; changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80; border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81. Africa,dark continent, i: 10; European pennetration, i: 48; "spheres of influence," i: 96. African campaigns, iii: 250-256;tropical peculiarities, iii: 250; German handicaps, iii: 252; Operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252; in Togoland, iii: 252; in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253; in Gernan East Africa, iii: 255. Agirdir incident, Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203. Agamemnon ,British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; hit by gun fire, iv: 43. Agram, suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.
Ahmed Fevzi Trurkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262. Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262. Air raids,Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333; use of Zeppelins in vii: 246; success of xi: 216; on:England,Aug. 9, '15, i: 381; Aug. 17, '15, i: 381; Sept. 8, '15, i: 381; Oct. 13, '15, i: 382; Jan. 31, '16, i: 384; Mar. 1, '16, i: 384; Mar. 5, '16, i: 384; Mar. 19, '16, i: 384; Apr. 1—3, '16, i: 385; Apr. 24, '16, i: 385; Aug. 9, '16, i: 386; Sept. 23, '16, i: 388; Sept. 25, '16, i: 388; Oct. 1, '16, i: 388; attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4; first attack on London, iii: 41. Paris,Jan. 30, '16, i: 384; Mar. 11, '18, i: 395. Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220. Aircraft, see Aeronautics. Aire valley,description, v: 73; scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225. Airships, see Aeronautics. Aisne, battles of:Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36. Apr.—Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;French start offensive, iii: 73; early French success, iii: 73; battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73; Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76. May 27—June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135;situation before German offensive, iii: 92; Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93; Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93; Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93; Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93; Germans reach Marne, iii: 93; American troops check enemy, iii: 94. Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183;artillery, important feature, v: 171; A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181. Aisne-Meuse sector, Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1—11, '18, iii: 103. Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84. Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, "Y" work in, vii: 269. Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376. Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234. Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392. Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52. Albania,primitiveness of people, i: 92; William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206; Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397; Serbians retreat into, iii: 160; Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120; promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361. Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192. Albert,captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98; captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89. Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327. Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131. Albert of Belgium ,poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228; by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391. Albion , British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.Albrecht, Grand Duke of Württemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10. Alcantara , British armed liner, sinks German Greif , iv: 200.Alcedo , American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211. Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200. Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia,re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397; foreign policy, vi: 355; head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366. Alexanderson alternator, for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318. Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222. Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch,commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140; biography, ix: 238. Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203. Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37. Algonquin , American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.All-American (82nd) Division, see U. S., Army. All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates, convention of, '17, vi: 164. All-Russian Government of Siberia,formation, vi: 191; collapse, vi: 193. Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396. Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T.,commands 90th Div., v: 196; in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202. Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H.,British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193; defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213; captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48; strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93; at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171; commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25; biography, ix: 194-199. Allenstein,Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375; occupied by Russians, iii: 111. Alliances,Holy Alliance,formation, i: 33; conflict of European, i: 93-101; Three Emperors' League, i: 95; Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115; Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98; Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2; Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107; Balkan League, i: 204; see also under name of alliance. Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108. Allies,superiority in inventiveness, i: Intro. ix ; agree not to make separate peace, i: 146; defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1; lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55; unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50; unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214; man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403; "Will to win" vs. German efficiency, ii: 100; underestimate German strength, ii: 101; propaganda among German troops, ii: 321; plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8; Balkan blunder, iii: 156; fail to support Rumania, iii: 214; casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; war aims, iv: 6; military position, '17, iv: 10; lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13; gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206; make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213; appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378; secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361; send troops to Russia, vi: 187; intervene in Siberia, vi: 192; intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320; occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325; secret treaties, '16—'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334; overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36; war cost, [xii: 27] , [xii: 107] ; plan of economic boycott against Germany, [xii: 102] ; rise in national debts, [xii: 114] ; list of "Allied and Associated Powers" against Germany, [xii: 179] . Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391. Almereyda, traitorous editor of Bonnet Rouge , vi: 105. Alnwick Castle , British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.Alpini, description, ii: 242. Alsace-Lorraine,early history, i: 210-212; annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212; formed into Reichsland , i: 213; German dictatorship in, i: 213; fidelity to France during War, i: 215; German immigration into, i: 215; German constitution for, '11, i: 215; French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21; Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, [xii: 194-197] ; exempt from share in German national debt, [xii: 226] . Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220. Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16. Alvensleben, G. C. A. von, German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.
Amalfi , Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat, July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181. Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290. Ambulance,first use, vii: 9; Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31; difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376; improved types of stretchers, viii: 377; drawn by dogs, viii: 379; airplane ambulances, viii: 379; hospital trains, viii: 380; perils of driving, x: 92. American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92. American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92. American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88. American Escadrille, see Lafayette Escadrille. A. E. F., see U. S., Army. American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89. American Jewish Committee,relief for Belgium, vii: 350; relief for Palestine, vii: 350; organization, vii: 354. American Relief Administration, American Students' Committee of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108. American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91. Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278. Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339. Amiens,strategic importance, ii: 69; German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389; British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281. Aminullah Khan, murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81. Ammunition:Bullets,component parts, viii: 1; steel-piercing, viii: 60-64; Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63; advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93; types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214; U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, [xii: 284] . Explosives,function, viii: 1; detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1; explosive compound and explosive mixture compared, viii: 2; black powder, viii: 2; guncotton, viii: 2; nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2; driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2; smokeless powder, viii: 4; primers, viii: 6; composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6; cordite, viii: 6; trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6; ballistic tests, viii: 7; muzzle flash, viii: 7; manufacture, xi: 282-284; U. S. war production, Shells,high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288; non-ricochet, iv: 333; star, iv: 334, viii: 77; gas, U. S. production, v: 324; kinds, viii: 8; used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23; structure of "Big Bertha" shells, viii: 46; illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74; rifle lights, viii: 75; reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110; forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112; computation of air resistance, viii: 113; U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, [xii: 284] ; shrapnel, see below . Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287;invention, viii: 72; description, viii: 72; manufacture, viii: 72-74. Amputation, new method of, viii: 367. Anatolia, Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292. Ancona ,Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking, summary, i: 361; torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223. Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66. Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396. Andrassy, Count Julius,member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311; statement on Communist Government, vii: 328. Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102. Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., [xii: 111] . Annunzio, Gabriele D', see D'Annunzio. Anti-aircraft guns,range, ii: 264; effectiveness, v: 308. Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324. Antilles ,U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337; eye-witness account, iv: 337. Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393. Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384. Antwerp,Belgian Government moves to, Aug. '17, '14, i: 375; captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15; strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375. Anzac Cove, landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170. Anzacs, see Gallipoli Campaign. Apponyi, Count Albert,advocates war, vi: 307; leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311. Aprémont,location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199; captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229. Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333. Arabia , British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.Arabic ,British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20; loss of life in sinking, i: 323; controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361. Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190. Arbitration,Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94; international treaties of, i: 103. Archangel,Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395; limited value as port, iii: 161; A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187. Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9—19, '15, iii: 204. Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3—4, '15, i: 378. Ardennes,strategic importance, ii: 6; topography, ii: 87, v: 73; French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20. Arditi, description, ii: 240. Arethusa ,British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; sinks German Blücher at Dogger Bank, iv: 247. Argentine,German population of, i: 79; ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390; neutrality, vi: 389; soviet riots, '19, vi: 389. Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222. Argonne Forest,military topography, v: 73, 217, 234; battle of, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Ariadne ,German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; sunk, iv: 241. Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240. Ark Royal , mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.Armaments,international movement for reduction, i: Intro. xi ; battleships, xi: 280-282. Armenia,military operations in, iii: 260-263; massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331; early history, vi: 231; fate under secret treaties of '16—'17, vi: 334; independent government established. Aug., '18, [xii: 279] ; area, [xii: 279] ; population, [xii: 279] . Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.
Armentières,occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359; recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101. Armies, see under name of country. Armies of Occupation, Armistice,with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347; with Germany, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54; false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400; terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399; with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400; celebrations, iii: 402; with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334. Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69. Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282. Army of Occupation, see U. S., Army. Army schools, U. S., see U. S., Army. Arnim, Gen. von,commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14; launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360. Arras,battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72; Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70; British capture "Oppy Line," iii: 72; German casualties, iii: 72; results, iii: 72. Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68. Arsiero,captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238; retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386. Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391. Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390. Artillery:Anti-aircraft, v: 308. Bore,explained, viii: 7, 111; bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7; rifling, viii: 7, 111. Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280. Field,French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287; German and Austrian, viii: 22; structure and operation, viii: 22; U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25; U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23; U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24; U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24; development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140; French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140. Heavy,mobile German guns, ii: 287; German superiority, ii: 288; U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45; use in offensive, v: 304; French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308; U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39; U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39; long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274; structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46; super-range guns impractical, viii: 47; U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51; British naval super-guns, viii: 53; manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58; shell velocity of, viii: 314; destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336; kinds used during War, xi: 274; naval, xi: 280-282. Howitzers,Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278; U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24; U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39; French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53; use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274. Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131. Mortars,limitations, viii: 30; range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31; German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36; absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112; device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112; functions, viii: 118; Stokes mortar, viii: 141; trench mortars captured by A. E. F., [xii: 288] . Range-finding,muzzle velocity, viii: 7; by sight, viii: 8-14; telescopic range-finder, viii: 9; problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13; use of aircraft in, viii: 13; by sound, viii: 14-16; use of photography in, viii: 14; direct and indirect fire, viii: 28; zones of fire, viii: 32; altering range by change of projectile and powder charge, viii: 32; air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113. See also under each country. Artistic rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246] . Artois,Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46; battle of, May, '14, iii: 42. Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238. Asir, Principate of, established, '18, [xii: 279] . Askold , Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.Asquith, Herbert Henry,responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204; biography, ix: 30-35. Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95. Astor, Mrs. Vincent, "Y" worker in Paris, vii: 267. Asturias , British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.Athletics, for A. E. F., see Sports. Atkins, Tommy,nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230; fighting qualities, xi: 181-189. Atrocities,German, summary of crimes, i: 400; Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346; burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277; in Marne district, iii: 297-300; at Senlis, iii: 334-337; in Belgium, vi: 84; destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97. Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42. Audacious , British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279. Auffenberg, Gen. von, commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118. Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118. Australia,war casualties, iii: 404, 405; army strength, iii: 405; naval strength, iv: 58; history prior to '14, vi: 37; area and population, vi: 37; pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39; recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40; conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42; conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41; labor unrest, '16, vi: 42; Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42; coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42; "Commonwealth War Government" takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42; Australian Workers' Union, similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45; "One Big Union" movement, vi: 45; labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time, '17, vi: 45; war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45; soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46; war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107] ; rise in public debt, [xii: 114] ; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179] . Austria,Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318; Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, [xii: 197] ; area and population, [xii: 279] . Austria-Hungary:Army,German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105; requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311; for military operations, see name of campaign. Blockade of, vi: 253;food shortage due to, vi: 312. Casualties,total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; battle deaths, v: 363; Aug., '14—Aug., '15, vi: 311; money equivalent of manpower lost, [xii: 25] . Coal, production, '13—'17, [xii: 48] . Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, Intro. x. Declarations of war,ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4; on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375; reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243; on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375; on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375; by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386; diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389; by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390; by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393. Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321;forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317; cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321. Foreign policy,German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252; not a colonizing nation, i: 37; Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41; world position in 1871, i: 47; gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50; subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133; joins Triple Alliance, i: 95; annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109; ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4; during last days before War, i: 126; unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208; reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243; antagonism to Russia, vi: 306; antagonism to Italy, vi: 308; ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355; opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356; anti-Slav policy, vi: 360; suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396. Internal conditions,race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306; loyalty of German elements, vi: 307; revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308; effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309; parliamentary disturbances, '15—'16, vi: 311; labor troubles, vi: 311, 314; revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313; revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317; Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318; Bolshevism, vi: 319. National anthem, xi: 332. Navy,development, iv: 364; surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364; Monarch sunk, x: 290;Wien sunk, x: 290;Viribus Unitis sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303. Peace negotiations,proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18, i: 397; appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399; asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27—29, '18, i: 399; Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315; asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252; armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52; Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321; armistice terms, vi: 364. Population,in 1860, i: 40; German, i: 79, vi: 306; Hungarian, i: 79; Slav, i: 79. Press,Tageblatt demands war, '14, vi: 306;attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310; attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314; Arbeiter Zeitung preaches radicalism, vi: 315;comment on peace terms, vi: 322. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. War cost, Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266. Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: Intro. x. Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269. Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222. Aviators, see Aeronautics. Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120. Avocourt Woods,French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384; scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51. Ayesha, S. S. ,Emden's landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191;abandoned, iv: 192. Aylmer, Gen., commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184. Ayres, Col. Leonard P., extracts from The War with Germany—a Statistical Summary , by, [xii: 280-289] . [B] Babtie, Surg.-Gen. responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia, iii: 367. "Babushka," pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348. Baccarat sector,assigned to A. E. F., v: 11; training area for 42nd Div., v: 118. Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253. Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28. Bagdad,captured by British, Mar. 11, '17, i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48; description, iii: 332. Bagdad Railway,German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80; Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295; menaced by Serbia, ii: 33; "largest single factor in bringing on the War," ii: 290; beginnings, 1871, ii: 291; Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292; Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora, 1888, ii: 292; British oppose German concessions, ii: 292; German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292; La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad, terms of concession to, ii: 292; Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292; clash of European interests, ii: 292; compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294; sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294; Pan-German policy, ii: 296; internationalization, ii: 297; cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213; opened, '15, vi: 258; route, xi: 4. Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W., commander of U. S. destroyer Jacob Jones , sunk by U-boat, iv: 346. Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197. Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360. Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240. Baker, Newton D.,biography, ix: 323-326; conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, [xii: 285] . Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400. Bakhireff, Vice-Adm., commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366. Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28. Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James,biography, ix: 40-44; visits America, ix: 44. Balkan League, i: 204. Balkan Wars,'12—'13, i: 109, 204; unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110; Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198; London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204; London Peace Conference, i: 204; war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206; Rumanian intervention, i: 206; peace terms, i: 206; German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27. Balkans,conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89; international position in '14, i: 62; area, i: 90, 92; independent states in, i: 92; population in '14, i: 92; racial mixtures, i: 92; policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114; German dynasties in, i: 96; German designs on, ii: 27; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405. Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228. Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264. Ballistics, computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113. Balloons, see Aeronautics. Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145. Baltic Provinces,early history, vi: 226; Russian duplicity in, vi: 226; under domination of German landlords, vi: 226; revolt, '05, vi: 227; form Lettish Legion, vi: 227; Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228; overrun by Germans, vi: 230; ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.
Baltimore , U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution, Mar.—May, '19, vi: 300. Bamford, Brig.-Gen.,commander 1st Div., v: 250; of 26th Div., v: 252. Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208. Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221. Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252. Bapaume,taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157; British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55; captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68. Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118. Barbed wire,French use in trench defense, v: 13; impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68; value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152; French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155; Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152; Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154. Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400. Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401. Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390. Barracks,Adrian type, v: 8; constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400. Barrage, North Sea,Allied mine, iv: Intro. xi , 324-330, viii: 274; artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162. Barrett, Sir Arthur, commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180. Barricourt Wood,taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262; heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391. Barrow, Sir Edmund, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364. Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388. Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197. Bartlett, Brig.-Gen., commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305. Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12. Baruch, Bernard M.,Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, [xii: 72] ; member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116] . Base hospitals, see Bases, German, in France, ii: 86. Basra,occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180; British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330. Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205. Battles:Aisne,Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36; Apr.—Nov., '17, iii: 73-76; May 27—June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135. Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375. Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389. Ardahan, Jan. 3—4, '15, i: 378. Argonne, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72. Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42. Augustovo, iii: 118. "Battle of France," Sept.—Nov., '18, iii: 100-103. Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43. Cambrai,Nov., '17, i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156; Sept.—Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52. Cantigny,May 28, '18, i: 395; '18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380. Champagne,Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46; July 15—17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158. Château-Thierry,May 31—June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43. Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132. Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308. Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384. Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253. Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308. Flanders,June—July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299; see also Yser. Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, [xii: 205] . Isonzo, see Italian Front. Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152. Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29. Kars, '15, iii: 260. Kut-el-Amara, i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29. Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23. Liége, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9. Lys, iii: 91. Marne,Sept., '14, i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258, iii: 30-34, xi: 12; July—Aug., '18, ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326, iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387. Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130. Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360. Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10. Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375. Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377. Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116. Ravaruska, Sept. 4—10, '14, iii: 122. Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392. St. Mihiel,Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37; Sept. 12, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46. San, May 15—17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136. Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18. Somme,July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314; Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24; Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46. Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116. Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329; Verdun, i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22. Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349. Ypres,Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41; Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320; July—Sept., '17, ii: 128; Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363. Yser,Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40; July, '17, iii: 77. See also under name of engagement. Bauer, Herr Gustav, chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304. Bauer, Otto,leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314; activities, '18, vi: 318; becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319. Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227. Bavaria,socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280; revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298; soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300; Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300; Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300. Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339. Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110. Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263. Beatty, Adm. Sir David,at battle of Jutland, iv: 99; British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246; arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383; biography, ix: 283-287. Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.
Beaucourt,captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388; British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64. Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266. Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64. Beaumont,taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48; Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64; captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266. Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282. Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290. Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: Intro. ix. Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190. Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194. Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199. Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194. Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326. Belfort,defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215; bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48. Belgian Relief, see Belgium; War Relief. Belgian Prince, S. S. , sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.Belgium, 1918 , poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.Belgium:Army,increase in, '09—'12, i: 144; dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234; German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143; pre-War organization, iii: 4; mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378; strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202; for military operations, see under name of campaign. Casualties, Coal production '13—'15, [xii: 48] . Food, see Relief, below. Neutrality,guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229; British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224; defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143; German violation, Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4; Bethmann-Hollweg's "Scrap of paper" statement, i: 146; France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380; King Albert appeals to England, i: 223; violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224; Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224; German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380; German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9; Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229; German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230; German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381; German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231; British offer of help, i: 232; appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233; German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234; evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234; Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236; German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4; military topography of German border, ii: 6; French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8; effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206; Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346; composition of invading forces, iii: 10; French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20; invasion creates national unity, vi: 84; Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84; deportation of civilian population, vi: 84; for invasion and military operations, see name of engagement. Peace Conference, delegates, [xii: 180] . Peace Treaty, Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Relief, Commission for,in Belgium, vii: 116-144; famine conditions, vii: 117; early relief organization, vii: 118; Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136; Comité Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation, vii: 120; overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127; care of children, vii: 134; American contributions, vii: 139-144; dependence on imports for existence, [xii: 136] . Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145. War cost, Belgrade,captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357; recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397; retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6—8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357. Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32. Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr.,commander 33rd Div., v: 144; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219. Belleau Wood, battle of,June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43; strategic importance, v: 138; renamed "Bois de la Brigade Marine," v: 139; Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192. Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290. Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149. Benedict XV, Pope,makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390; offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390; biography, ix: 405. Benes, Edward,seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397; member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399. Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80. Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298. Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278. Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397. Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190. Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143. Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356. Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152. Berlin,revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284; Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287; Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289; second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299. Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, see Bagdad Railway. Berlin Conference, '85, divides Africa into "spheres of influence," i: 96. Berlin, Congress of, 1878,Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93; terms of settlement at, i: 93; defects of settlement, i: 93. Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von,expounds German Kultur in Germany and the Next War , i: 67; on desirability of a European war, i: 131; striking quotations from, i: 179. Bernstein, Herr, German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: Intro. xii. Bernstorff, Count Johann von,activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326; biography, ix: 133. Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388. Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240. Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214. Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.
Bessarabia, Russian offensive in,starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382; invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350. Béthincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384. Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von,German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117; "scrap of paper" statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146; statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344; proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262; resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266; biography, ix: 121-126; admission of German guilt, ix: 121; opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126. "Big Bertha," German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274. Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375. Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406. Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229. Bismarck, Prince Otto von,builder of German Empire, i: 41; Near East policy, i: 48; forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359; forms Triple Alliance, i: 95; colonial policy, i: 97; representative of Junker class, i: 258; plan for universal empire, ii: 2; publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14. Bismarck, Major von, German military attaché in Switzerland, vi: 380. Bissell, Lieut., commands detachment defending bridge at Château-Thierry, May 31, '18, v: 134. Bissolati, Signor,Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362; against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366. Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218. Bitlis,captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263; evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386; recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386. Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194. "Black Cobra Bill," nickname of "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India," vi: 78. Black Prince , British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.Black Sea,Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47; Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376. Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395. Blanc Mont, captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257. Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358. Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51. "Blimps," U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255. Blind,Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99; Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259; Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259; number blinded in War, vii: 260. Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319. Bliss, Gen. Tasker H., U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84. Blockade,of Allies by Germany, see Submarine Warfare; of Germany by Allies, see Germany, Blockade of. Blücher , German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.Blue and Gray (29th) Division, see U. S., Army. Blue Ridge (80th) Division, see U. S., Army. Bobo, Capt. Stephen N., story of his band of "rough-neck" weaklings, x: 49. Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132. Boers,rebel against British, '14, vi: 49; Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49; aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50; see also South Africa, Union of. Bohemia,Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311; early history, vi: 396; oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396; press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396; formation of army, '17, vi: 398; National Council, vi: 399; see also Czechoslovakia. Boirault tank, viii, 153. Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17—18, '15, i: 378. Bolivia,severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389; Peace Conference, delegate to, [xii: 180] . Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344. Bolshevism,fallacy of, i: Intro. xi. ; doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33; as product of high cost of living, Intro. xiii ; in:Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45. Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319. Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346. Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400. Finland,provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198; suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200. Germany, see Spartacides. Hungary,riots, Jan.—Feb., '19, vi: 324; success, Mar., '19, vi: 325. India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77. Poland, spread in, vi: 223. Russia,peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18, ii: 272, VI: 183; propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322; Russian troops incited to desert and revolt, iii: 269, vi: 155, 164; doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33; navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164; Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169; movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173; arguments used to win populace, vi: 175; Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17, vi: 175; increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177; overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183; Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179; dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181; Bolshevik land program, vi: 181; opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181; Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183; Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185; Red Army raised, vi: 185; reign of terror, vi: 187; state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187; Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference, vi: 188; Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198; progress in Letvia, vi: 228; financing German Spartacides, vi: 281; connection with Maximalists, vi: 314; Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115; currency inflation, [xii: Intro. xiii ] . Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189. Bombs:Aerial, viii: 221-225. Depth,evolution of, iv: 307; for combating U-boats, iv: 317; development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330; launching mechanism, iv: 331; invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332; description, viii: 281, xi: 239. Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76. Bona, bombarded by Breslau , Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14. Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J., battle with German planes invading England, x: 237. Bonnet Rouge , traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282. Bordeaux,French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375; embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395. Borden, Sir Robert,Premier of Canada, vi: 24; urges increase of Foreign Service Army, Jan., '16, vi: 27. "Bore" of gun, defined, viii: 111. Boris, Czar of Bulgaria, succeeds to throne following abdication of Ferdinand, '18, vi: 347. Boselli, Signor, forms coalition Italian cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127.
Bosnia-Herzegovina,annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356; devastated, '18, vi: 363. Bosphorus, bombarded by Russian warships, Mar. 28, '15, i: 378. Botchkareva (Butchkareff), Ensign Vera, commander of Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205. Botha, Gen. Louis,commander of British South African troops, iii: 253; policy as Prime Minister of Union of South Africa, vi: 47; biography, ix: 191-193. Bott, Capt. Alan, British ace, experiences as Turkish prisoner, x: 235-237. Bourassa, Henri,Canadian Nationalist leader, vi: 30; opposition to Canadian participation in War, vi: 30. Bouresches, objective in Belleau Wood action, v: 37, 133, 137. Bourgeois, Leon, advocate of League of Nations, [xii: 155] . Bourmont, training area for 2nd Div., v: 6. Bouvet ,French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by mine, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 47, 375. Bovington, U. S. Tank School at, v: 314. Boy-Ed, Capt. Karl, German Naval Attaché in U. S.,dismissed, i: 276; share in passport frauds, i: 315; German arch-spy in U. S., x: 329. Boy Scouts, war-time activities,British, xi: 94; Belgian, xi: 98; French, xi: 98; American, xi: 100-116. Boycott, anti-German, Allied proposals for, [xii: 102] . Boyemia River, French withdraw to, in Salonika Campaign, iii: 204. Boyle, Lieut.-Com. E. C., commander of British submarine E-14 , iv: 209. Boyon Wood, taken by 18th and 28th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240. Brabançonne, La , Belgian national hymn, xi: 327.Brabant, A. E. F. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245. Bradley, Brig.-Gen. Alfred E., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 345. Brady, Father John J., heroic chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 100. Brandeville, occupied by 5th Div., Nov. 7, '18, v: 271. Brazil,German population of, i: 79; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389; declares war on Germany, Oct. 26, '17, i: 392, vi: 390; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180] . Bread, daily consumption by A. E. F., v: 330. Breguet bombing airplanes, viii: 224. Breheville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272. Bremen , German cruiser sunk by British submarine, Dec. 18, '15, i: 382.Bremen, Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 294. Breshkovsky, Catherine,leader of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148; prophecy on Russia, ix: 231; biography, ix: 348. Breslau , German cruiser,outwits Allied fleets and escapes to Bosphorus, Aug., '14, i: 375, iv: 13; sunk, Jan. 20, '18, i: 393. Brest, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 396. Brest-Litovsk, captured by Germans, Aug. 25, '15, i: 381, iii: 138. Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, between Russia and Germany,a dictated "German peace," ii: 63, vi: 183, vi: 268; effect of Austro-Hungarian demands for peace on, vi: 314; abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, '19, [xii: 205] . Bretelle , definition of, v: 16.Breton, J. L., inventor of armored barbed-wire cutter, viii: 152. Briand, Aristide, forms French Cabinet, Oct., '15, vi: 100. Bridges,pontoons, viii: 299; portable steel, viii: 301. Brieulles-sur-Bar, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266. Brieuvilles-sur-Meuse, action in Meuse-Argonne battle at, Sept. 27, '18, v: 226. Briey, iron area coveted by Germans, ii: 6. Brilliant , British cruiser in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.Briquenay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91. Bristol , British warship in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70.Bristol airplanes, viii: 203. Britannia , British battleship torpedoed, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399.Britannic , British hospital ship sunk by mine, Nov. 21, '16, i: 389.British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99. Brody, captured by Russians, July 28, '16, i: 386, iii: 120, 145. Broke , British destroyer, night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.Browning, Vice-Adm. Sir Montague E., head of British delegation to U. S., iv: 157. Browning machine-guns,description, viii: 84-87; U. S. production figures, [xii: 284] . Brunehilde position, location, v: 84. Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei Alexeievitch,commands Russian invasion of Galicia, '16, ii: 42, 235, iii: 119; biography, ix: 232-235. Brussels,occupied by Germans, Aug. 20, '14, iii: 14; German entry described by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 271-273. Brussels , Capt. Fryatt's ship, x: 265.Bryan, William Jennings,policy on German submarine warfare, i: 321; resigns as Secretary of State, i: 321. Buchan, John, description of Mons retreat, iii: 277-281. Bucharest, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222. Bucharest, Treaty of,between Rumania and Central Powers, May 6, '18, i: 395, vi: 352; Bulgarian attitude on, vi: 339. Buck, Maj.-Gen. Beaumont B.,cited for gallantry at Berzy-le-Sec, v: 180; promoted to major-general, v: 182; commands 3rd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202. Buckeye (37th) Division, see U. S., Army. Budapest, Bolshevik riots in, '18—'19, vi:323. Buenz, Dr. Karl, German secret agent in U. S., x: 331. Buffaloes (92nd Division), see U. S., Army. Bukovina, occupied by Russians, iii: 122. Bulair Lines, Gallipoli defenses, iv: 24. Bulgaria,German ruler of, i: 96; defeat and surrender to Allies, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, ii: 94, 96, 216, iii: 213, vi: 347, xi: 48; key to Balkan situation, ii: 28; tool of Germany, ii: 28; enmity for Serbia, ii: 32; reasons for siding with Germany, ii: 32; enters War, Oct. 14, '15, ii: 33, vi: 343; Ludendorff's reasons for collapse of, ii: 329; mobilizes against Serbia, iii: 156, vi: 342; invades Rumania, Sept. 2, '16, iii: 218; prisoners of war, iii: 404; casualties, iii: 404, [xii: 289] ; effect of surrender on German morale, vi: 270; racial characteristics, vi: 338; desire for Balkan supremacy, vi: 339; geographical position, vi: 341; attitude toward Allies, vi: 341; proclaims neutrality, '14, vi: 341; terms for entering War, vi: 341; antagonism toward Russia, vi: 342; Agrarian Party against War, vi: 343; result of Teutonic alliance, vi: 344; cession of Demotika to, by Turkey, vi: 344; friction with Germany, vi: 344; attitude toward Russian Revolution, vi: 344; dispute with Turkey, '18, vi: 345; Bolshevism in, vi: 346; terms of armistice with Allies, vi: 347; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; war cost, Oct., '15—Oct., '19, [xii: 107] ; rise in national debt, [xii: 114] ; for military operations, see name of campaign. Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee,in command of Third Army Corps, A. E. F., Aug., '18, v: 62,167, 189, 383; of Second Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 390; of Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219, 388; biography, ix: 218-221. Bullets, see Ammunition.
Bülow, Gen. von,commands German army in first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 10; on Italian Front, iii: 247. Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, biography, ix: 128-131. Bulson, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269. Bulwark , British battleship blows up, Nov. 26, '14, i: 376.Bundesrat, German, composition and powers, i: 71, 156. Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar,commander, 2nd Div., v: 109, 132; biography, ix: 223-226. Burat, captured by Bulgars, Jan. 23, '16, i: 384. Burdick, "Ma," Salvation Army mother in France, vii: 384. Bures, training area for 1st Div., v: 6. Buresk, S. S. , Emden's collier, iv: 188.Burney, Vice-Adm. Sir Cecil, commands British Channel Fleet, iv: 89. Burnham, Gen., commands 82nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202. Burns, use of ambrine in treatment of, viii: 390. Bushnell, David, Revolutionary War inventor of submarine, iv: 201. Buzancy, captured by 80th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 217, 264. Buzzer phone, use of, in action, v: 318. Byng, Gen. Sir Julian,commander of British Third Army, ii: 214, iii: 371; fights battle of Cambrai, Nov., '17, iii: 82, 337-340, viii: 142; personal traits, iii: 376. Bzura, scene of fighting in German attack on Warsaw, iii: 129. [C] Cabinga, S. S. , prize of German raider Emden , iv: 172.Cables, German submarine surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, [xii: 225] . Cableways, Italian aerial, viii: 303-306. Cadets, Russian political party, aims of, vi: 148. Cadorna, Gen. Luigi,member of Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84; Italian commander in Isonzo campaign, iii: 241; biography, ix: 225-229. Caillaux, Joseph,arrested on charge of treason, Jan. 13, '18, i: 393; accused of traitorous activities, vi: 106. Caillette Wood, taken by French Oct. 24, '16, i: 388. Calais,German drive for, iii: 40; Calais to Persia, Germany's goal in world control plan, '13, ii: 2. Call, 2nd Lieut. Donald M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402. Callaghan, Adm. Sir George, commander of British Grand Fleet, relieved by Jellicoe, Aug. 5, '14, iv: 88. Cambrai,German base in France, ii: 86; first battle of, Nov., '17, Maj.-Gen. Swinton on work of British tanks at, ii: 280; Byng's surprise attack, iii: 80, viii: 142, 156;Philip Gibbs's description, iii: 337-340 , American engineers at, iii: 82; German prisoners captured, iii: 82; German counter-offensive, iii: 82; "best-kept secret of War," iii: 337; adventures of a tank pilot, iii: 338; Order of the Day for Tank Corps, Nov. 20, '17, iii: 340; second battle of, Sept. 27—Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281, v: 213; captured by Allies, Oct. 9, '18, xi: 52. Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Allies smash Hindenburg Line, '18, iii: 101. Cameron, Maj.-Gen. George H.,commands 4th Div., May, '18, v: 128; commands Fifth Corps, St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386; commands Fifth Corps in Meuse-Argonne, Sept., '18, v: 219, 388. Cameroons (Kamerun), Camilla, S. S. , Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.Camouflage,use in outwitting U-boats, iv: 311, viii: 343, xi: 241; for masking machine-guns, v: 287; development, viii: 136; in nature, viii: 336; war uses, viii: 336-344, xi: 277, 291-295. Camp des Romains fort, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199. Campbells Are Coming , Scotch patriotic air, xi: 334.Canada,becomes self-governing dominion, 1867, i: 43; army in Europe, July, '16, iii: 343; characteristics of fighting forces, iii: 343; war casualties, iii: 404, 405; prisoners of war, iii: 404; strength of army, iii: 405; political conditions, prior to '14, vi: 23; enthusiastic response to declaration of war, vi: 24; political situation, Aug., '14, vi: 25; war donations by provinces, vi: 25; Conservatives advocate close Imperial Federation, vi: 25; Premier Borden's view of Canada as a "participating nation" of British Empire, vi: 25; Liberal view of Imperial Federation, vi: 26; voluntary enlistments, vi: 26; increase in land under cultivation, '15, vi: 26; increase in food exports, '15, vi: 26; bilingual schools issue creates race antagonism, vi: 27-28; Bourassa, Nationalist leader, opposes War, vi: 30; failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 31-36; conscription, problems of, vi: 31-36; Anglo-Saxons indorse conscription, vi: 31; labor against conscription, vi: 32; Liberals support conscription, vi: 32; Conscription Bill announced, June, '17, vi: 32; Conscription Bill passed, Aug., '17, vi: 33; War Franchise Bill, '17, vi: 34; Catholic Church opposes conscription, vi: 34; results of election, '17, vi: 35; pro-conscriptionists form "Unionist" coalition, vi: 35; secessionist talk, vi: 36; Quebec draft riots, Mar., '18, vi: 36; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2] ; coal production, '13—'17, [xii: 48] ; nationalization plans for railroads, [xii: 90] ; war cost, Aug., '14—Aug., '19, [xii: 107] ; rise in public debt, [xii: 114] ; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179] ; see also Great Britain. Canadian sector on Western Front, '17, iii: 343. Canadians , poem by W. H. Ogilvie, x: 318.Canal du Nord, crossed by Allies, Sept. 25, '18, i: 397. Canal sector, Ypres to Voormezeele, v: 300. Canary birds, as gas detectors, xi: 324. Cannon, see Artillery. Canopus , British battleship,at Gallipoli, iv: 33; in Cradock's fleet off Coronel, iv: 64; in battle of Falklands, iv: 70. Cantigny,captured by 1st Div., May 28, '18, i: 395, iii: 94, v: 31, 124; American casualties at, v: 33, 128, 141; significance of capture, v: 34; Pershing's report on capture, v: 380. Cantonments, U. S.,description, xi: 155; soldiers' life at, xi: 159; construction of, [xii: 125] . Cap Trafalgar , armed German liner, battle with British Carmania , Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.Cape Helles, Turkish fortification at, iv: 42. Cape Yeni Shehr, Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42. Caporetto,Italian disaster at, Oct. 21—Nov. 1, '17, effect on Western Front, ii: Intro. xx ; Italian rout before Austrian advance, ii: 246; wholesale Italian surrenders, ii: 246; army demoralized, iii: 247; causes of rout, ii: 248, vi: 129; retreat checked at the Piave, ii: 250; effect on Italo-Slav unity, vi: 362. Caproni triplanes, viii: 223. Carabinieri, Italian military police, ii: 242. Carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties of, viii: 166; Carbon monoxide, poisonous properties of, viii: 166-168. Carbonyl chloride, see Phosgene.
Carden, Vice-Adm.,commands British naval forces in Mediterranean,'15, iv: 28; at Gallipoli, iv: 31; resigns, Mar. 16, '15, iv: 32. Carency, French attack at, May 11—12, '15, i: 380. Carignan-Sedan-Mézières railroad,vital importance to Germans, v: 387; threatened by Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 387. Carmania , armed British liner, battle with German Cap Trafalgar , Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.Carnarvon , British cruiser at Falklands, armament of, iv: 70.Carnetta, S. S. , Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.Carniola, clash of Italians and Jugoslavs in, vi: 364. Carpathian Mts.,Russian attempts to cross, '15, ii: 26; Ludendorff's account of campaigns, ii: 360; topography, iii: 108; Russians occupy passes, Sept., '14, iii: 124; Austrian attacks, Jan.—Mar., '15, iii: 132; see also Russian Front. Carpenter, Capt.,commander of Vindictive at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263; account of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 266. Carrel, Dr. Alexis,invents Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds, viii: 369, ix: 312, xi: 289; wins Nobel prize, '12, ix: 310; biography, ix: 310-313. Carrel-Dakin treatment, description, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 289. Carso Plateau,description, ii: 244, iii: 239; Italian advance across, June, '15—Oct., '17, ii: 245; see also Italian Front. Carson, Sir Edward,leader of Ulster opposition to Irish Home Rule, vi: 53, 60; biography, ix: 50-53. Cary, Gen. Langle de, commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 184. Casement, Sir Roger,hanged for treason, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386, vi: 60, ix: 53; negotiations with Germany, vi: 57; captured, vi: 58. Cassin , U. S. destroyer torpedoed, account of, iv: 343.Castelletto, mined by Italians, viii: 311. Castelnau, Gen.,commands French forces in Lorraine, iii: 16; stops Germans at Roye, Sept., '14, iii: 38; appointed Chief of Staff, Dec., '14, iii: 46; at Verdun, iii: 304. Casualties,among troops attacking with tanks, ii: 284; total in War, iii: 403; classified by belligerents, iii: 404; civilian deaths due to War, iii: 405; per cent. of head wounds, viii: 64; in World War compared with all other wars, 1800—1913, [xii: 25] ; money equivalent of man-power lost, military and civilian, [xii: 25] ; total battle deaths, by countries, [xii: 288] ; see also under campaign, battle, and country. Cattaro, bombarded by French and British, Aug. 24, '14, i: 375. Caucasus,military operations in, Oct., '14—Jan., '15, ii: 91-92; iii: 260-263, xi: 29; early history, vi: 231; conflict of racial interests, vi: 231; Russian misrule in, vi: 231; demand for self-government, '05, vi: 231; effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 232; rise of new nations under Russian Revolution, vi: 233. Caudron bombing airplanes, viii: 223. Causes, of War,summarized by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: Intro. vii ; complexity of, i: 2; conflict of political systems, i: 4; conflict of nationalistic aspirations, i: 5; element of individual responsibility, i: 5; German desire for war, i: 8; colonial rivalry, i: 14; Anglo-German economic rivalry, i: 78, 121; German ambitions for world power, i: 83; murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: iii; Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of, i: 117; Vice-Chancellor Helfferich's statement of, i: 119; Dr. Dernburg's statement of, i: 120; statement of German "Intellectuals" on, i: 120; racial element in, i: 120; German territorial ambitions, i: 122; German excuse of Russian menace, i: 137, 139; German statement of English responsibility, i: 193; Prince Lichnowsky denies Anglo-German commercial jealousy, i: 193; Ludendorff's analysis of, ii: 346; see also Germany, Responsibility for War. Cavalry,function in Palestine campaign, ii: 93; Field-Marshal Haig on value of, ii: 120; German military critic on importance of, ii: 260; use in St. Mihiel drive, v: 206; see also under armies of each country. Cavell, Edith,executed Oct. 12, '15, i: 382; story of, x: 172; betrayed by Gaston Quien, x: 352. "C. C. Gear," for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 214-216. Cecil, Lord Robert, advocate of League of Nations, [xii: 155] . Cemeteries for A. E. F. dead in France, v: 331, 400. Central Committee for Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War, vii: 352; Central Council of Delegates meets in Berlin, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283. Central Powers,unity of command established, ii: 330; general strategic plan on Eastern Front, iii: 110; mobilized strength, iii: 430; war casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; peace proposals, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313; Anti-Slav policy, vi: 360; war cost, [xii: 27] , [xii: 107] ; rise in national debts, [xii: 114] ; see also, Austria-Hungary; Bulgaria; Germany; Turkey. Central Records Office, A. E. F., v: 402. Cereals, shipped to Europe by U. S., '16—'18, [xii: 37] . Cerna River, Serb attack on Bulgars at, Sept. 15, '18, iii: 213. Cernavoda, captured by Teutons, Oct. 25, '16, i: 388, iii: 221. Cernavoda-Constanza Railway, Teutons gain control of, iii: 221. Cettinje, captured by Austrians, Jan. 13, '16, i: 384. Châlons,abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; taken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375; system of trench defenses, v: 44. Chamberlain, Austen, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364. Chamberlaine, Brig.-Gen. Wm., commands Railway Reserve, First Army, A. E. F., v: 305. Champagne,French offensive in, Sept., '15, ii: 25, iii: 46; as possible sector for German spring drive, '18, ii: 67; German offensive checked, July 15—17, '18, v: 47, 129, 155, viii: 146-148; A. E. F. participation in Allied defensive, July 15—17, '18, v: 148-158. Champigneulle, attacked by 77th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263. Champneuville, captured by Germans, Feb. 27, '16, i: 384. Chanak,town on Dardanelles, iv: 24; bombarded by Allies, Mar. 6, '15, iv: 45. Channel ports,importance to Allies, ii: Intro. viii ; German drive for, '18, ii: 75, iii: 38, 359; opposing views of Viscount French and Joffre on importance of, ii: 172; Belgian coast evacuated by Germans, Oct., '18, ii: 214. Chant du Départ, Le , French patriotic song, xi: 333.Chapman, Victor, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed at Verdun, iii: 391. Charcoal, use in gas masks, viii: 176. Charge of the Tank Brigade , poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens, xi: 267.Charlemagne , French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.Charleroi, captured by Germans, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375. Charles Francis, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,ascends throne, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388; secret letter to Prince Sixtus asking for peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63, 315; conciliatory policy, vi: 313; overthrown by Socialist revolution, '18, vi: 317; letter of appeal to King Ferdinand of Rumania, vi: 317; leaves Austria, Mar. 23, '19, vi: 319; biography, ix: 371-373. Charpentry, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 227. Chartèves, captured by 3rd Div., v: 383. Chasseurs, description, xi: 189.
Château-Thierry,captured by Germans, June 1, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93; Ludendorff on A. E. F. fighting at, ii: 320; re-occupied by A. E. F. and French, July 21, '18, iii: 96, v: 184; German attempts to cross Marne at, repulsed by A. E. F., May 31—June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43; location and importance, v: 133; see also Marne, battles of, July, '18. Châteauroux, U. S. gas-mask factory at, v: 324. Châtel-Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243. Châtillon, Germans force bridgehead at, July 15, '18, v. 51. Châtillon Wood, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271. Chaulnes, captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68. Chaumont, A. E. F. general headquarters, v: 100. Chaumont-en-Vixen, training area for 1st Div., v: 121. Chelsea War Refugees Fund, vii: 106. Chemery, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269. Chemical warfare,poison gas first used by Germans at battle of Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, [xii: 285] ; first use against Russians, iii: 288-292; Pierre Loti's description of gassed, iii: 320-322; German projector batteries, v: 28; U. S. Chemical Warfare Service, activities, v: 321-327, 401; gas warfare development, v: 321; kinds of poison gases used, v: 321, viii: 166-172; mustard gas, v: 321, viii: 171, xi: 321; phosgene (carbonyl chloride), v: 321, viii: 168-170; U. S. production of gas shells, v: 324, 325; invention in U. S. of super-poisonous gas, viii: Intro. ix ; methods of gas attack, viii: 162-165; gas clouds, viii: 162-164, xi: 316; gas shells, description and use, viii: 164, xi: 320; poisoning and asphyxiation, differences, viii: 166-167; carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties, 166; nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166; carbon monoxide, poisonous properties, viii: 166, 167, 168; chlorine, use in gas attacks, viii: 168-170; vaporous liquid poisons, use in gas attacks, viii: 170-172; diphosgene, use in gas attacks, viii: 170; xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in gas attacks, viii: 170; chlorpicrin, use in gas attacks, viii: 171; sneezing gas, use in gas attacks, viii: 171; Lewisite, new American poison gas, deadliest of all, viii: 172; methods of defense against gas attacks, viii: 173-179; oxygen helmets, viii: 173; gas masks, viii: 174-178; use of charcoal in gas masks, viii: 176; fans for blowing away poison gases, viii: 178; use of neutralizing reagents, viii: 178; wet blankets as air-locks, viii: 178; U. S. poison-gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187, [xii: 285] ; gas gangrene, xi: 287; international law on, xi: 313; general description, xi: 313-323. Chemin des Dames,battle and capture of, by Germans, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132; Germans driven from, '17, iii: 73-76; training area for 26th Div., v: 117. Chemung, S. S. , American steamer torpedoed, Nov. 26, '16, i: 389.Chennery, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263. Cheppy, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225. Chiapovano Valley, Italian objective in '17 drive, ii: 58. Children in the War, xi: Intro. ix-xiii , 56-84;letters of, xi: 60, 74-84; brave Belgian boys run off to war, xi: 67; Prudent Marius, the boy dispatch rider, xi: 69; "The Little Serbian Sergeant," xi: 69; American relief for European, xi: 84-93. Chile,neutral during War, vi: 390; Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru, vi: 390. Chiles, Capt. Marcellus H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401. Chilly, taken by French, Sept. 4, '16, i: 386. China,under foreigners' yoke, i: 18; defeated by Japan in war of 1894, i: 20; forced to accept "open door" policy, i: 38; U. S. policy of "open door" in, i: 57; special Japanese interests in, recognized by Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58; international position of, '14, i: 63; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Mar. 14, '17, i: 389; declares war on Teutonic Allies, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390; coolie labor in France, ii: 377, [xii: 80] , [xii: 85] ; siege of Tsing Tau, iii: 257; Tsing Tau seized by Germans, 1897, iii: 259; origin of phrase "yellow peril," vi: 248; Japanese demands on, '15, vi: 385; coal production, '13—'15, [xii: 48] ; refuses to sign Peace Treaty with Germany, [xii: 167] ; delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] ; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 206] ; Kiao-Chau (Shantung) transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, [xii: 209] ;see also Kiau-Chau; Shantung. "Chinese Citizen Boy," letter from, xi: 179. Chipilly Ridge, 33rd Div. breaks German line at, 'Aug. 1, '18, v: 260. Chloride of lime, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324. Chlorine,first used by Germans in gas attack at Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, [xii: 285] ; poisonous properties of, viii: 166, 168; use in chemical warfare, viii: 168-170; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 183. Chlorpicrin,description of, v: 321; use in chemical warfare, viii: 171; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 185. Choising, S. S. , Emdens's survivors transfer from Ayesha to, iv: 192.Cholm, claimed by Poland and Ukraine, vi: 248. Chronoscope, for measuring reaction times, viii: 352. Chunuk Bair,Turk stronghold at Gallipoli, iii: 172; Anzac attack on, iii: 173, 356-358; see also Gallipoli Campaign. Churchill, Winston Spencer,advocates Dardanelles attack, ii: Intro. x, xiv. , 29, 200; responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200; member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198; defends Dardanelles campaign, ii: 205, iv: 56; biography, ix: 44-47. Cierges, attacked by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229. Ciezkowice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380. Cimone, Mt., taken by Italians, July 25, '16, i: 386. Citizenship, Bureau of, educational work among A. E. F., vii: 282. Cividale, taken by Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247. Civil War, Gen. Maurice on strategy of, compared with World War, ii: Intro. xiii. Civilian deaths,due to War, iii: 405; money value of, [xii: 25] . Clam-Martinitz, Premier of Austria-Hungary, appointment as, vi: 313. Clarkson, Grosvenor B., Clausewitz, Gen. Karl von, influence on development of German militarism, i: 166. Clay, Capt. W. L., inventor of armor-piercing bullet, viii: 60. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, between U. S. and Great Britain on Panama Canal, i: 86. Clemenceau, Georges,makes Bonnet Rouge disclosures, vi: 105; forms new War Cabinet, Nov., '17, vi: 106; disagrees with Pres. Wilson's peace aims, vi: 108; publishes letter of Emperor Charles to Prince Sixtus offering to make peace, vi: 315; biography, ix: 1-13, xi: 125; record as Premier, ix: 12; view of "Fourteen Points," ix: 13; bibliography, ix: 13; faith in Foch, ix: 151; at the Peace Conference, [xii: 149-163] ; excludes Germans from, [xii: 162] . Clermont-Ferrand, U. S. Air-Service Training School at, v: 313. Cléry-le-Grand, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262. Cléry-le-Petit, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18. v: 264.
Clifford, Rev. J. H., "Doc of the Fifth," chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 32-35. Clocks, for airplanes, viii: 220. Cloth, anti-gas, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324. Coal,abundance secret of German power, i: 267; German production, 1880—1913, i: 267; seizure of French mines by Germany, ii: 20; consumption of, by A. E. F., v: 331; Dutch supply from Germany, vi: 377; U. S. production, '18—'19, [xii: 46] ; production by chief countries, '13—'17, [xii: 47] ; war-time price of, [xii: 48] ; Peace Treaty requirements for German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, [xii: 224] . Coast Guard, Boy Scouts in, xi: 104. "Coastals," type of U. S. dirigibles, viii: 245, 256. Coblenz,bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392; bridgehead at, occupied by A. E. F., Dec. 8, '18, i: 400, v: 394; conditions for Allied withdrawal from, [xii: 261] . Cochin, Lieut., French submarine commander, feat in clearing minefield, iv: 375. Codes, detection of, v: 319. Coetquidan, artillery training camp in Brittany, v: 6. Coffin, H. E.,Chairman of Committee on Industrial Preparedness, [xii: 69] ; views on industrial preparedness, [xii: 69] ; member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116] . Cohalan, Justice, leads Irish-American movement for Irish Republic, vi: 65. Cold storage plants, use by A. E. F., v: 331. Colmar, French advance toward, Aug., '14, iii: 16. Cologne, bridgehead at,occupied by British, Dec. 6, '18, i: 400; conditions for Allied withdrawal from, [xii: 261] . Colombia, pro-German attitude of, vi: 392. Colonies,important share of British, in winning War, i: 13; loss of German, i: 13; German miscalculation of loyalty of British, i: 14; share of French, in final victory, i: 14; European rivalries for, a chief cause of war, i: 14; era of colonization by European nations, i: 26; influence on development of naval power, i: 28; colonization during 19th century, i: 37; in Far East, i: 38; expansion important motive in German war policy, ii: 13. Columbia, S. S. , American steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 7, '16, i: 388.Colyer, Sgt. Wilbur E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388. Combles,captured by Allies, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388, iii: 58, 59; recaptured by Allies, Aug. 30, '18, ii: 158. Comité Nationale Belge de Secours et d'Alimentation, organization, vii: 120. Commerce,national rivalries, i: 262; English blockade threatens ruin of German, vi: 253; see also Trade, under name of country. Commerce raiders,German, exploits of Emden , iv: 166-194; Königsberg , career in Indian Ocean, iv: 195;Karlsruhe , activities in Atlantic, iv: 196;Königin Luise , operations in English Channel, iv: 197;Meteor , activities in Baltic, iv: 197;Moewe , converted merchantman, iv: 197;Seeadler , iv: 198;Wolf , seaplane carrier, iv: 198. Commissaries, political, in Russia,demoralize army, iii: 268; Council of People's, dictatorship of, vi: 181; see also Russia. Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 116-144. Committee, of Mercy, vii: 87;for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105. Communication, lines of,French railways available for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110; between France and Germany, v: 214. Compass,for airplanes, viii: 220; Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348. Comrades in Service, vii: 284. Conduct of War, The , by Marshal Foch, ix: 152.Confédération Générale du Travail, French labor union, political activities, vi: 110. Congo,Belgian exploitation of, i: 50; creation of Congo Free State, i: 50. Congo Conference, '84—'85, i: 16. Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 16. Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402. Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, Chief of Operations, A. E. F. General Staff, v: 102. Connolly, James, Sinn Fein leader,wounded during Dublin rioting, Apr., '16, vi: 60; Commandant-General of "Irish Republic," ix: 53. Conscientious objectors, treatment of, in Great Britain, vi: 8. Conscription, see under name of country. Consevoie, U. S. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245. Constantine, King of Greece,abdicates throne, June 12, '17, i: 390; opposed to Allied cause, iii: 202; biography, ix: 380-382. Constantinesco, M., inventor of "C. C. Gear" for regulating airplane fire, viii: 215. Constantinople,Russian ambitions for, i: 63; captured by Turks, 1453, i: 90; Gallipoli base of defense of, ii: 27; key to early ending of War, ii: 29; early history, iv: 18; see also Gallipoli Campaign; Turkey. Constantinople Convention, 1888, Suez Canal neutralized, i: 15. Constanza,captured by Teuton forces, Oct. 23, '16, i: 388, iii: 221; bombarded by Russian fleet, Nov. 11, '16, i: 388. Constituent Assembly, Russian, dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185. Contraband, see Germany, Blockade. Contracts, between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions on status and methods of discharge, [xii: 240-243] . Convoy service, difficulties of, iv: 317. Cook, Lieut. S. W., co-inventor of depth-bomb launching device, iv: 331. Co-operative Societies, Siberia, organization of landowning peasants, vi: 191. Cordite, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6. Corfu,seat of Serbian government transferred to, iii: 160; meeting of Jugoslav representatives at, Aug., '17, vi: 359. Cormoran, S. S. , converted into auxiliary cruiser by Emden's crew, vi: 169.Cornwall , British cruiser at Falklands, iv: 70.Cornwall, Jack, heroic British Boy Scout, xi: 98. Cornwallis , British battleship,sunk, Jan. 9, '17, i: 389; at Gallipoli, iv: 33. Coronel, battle of,Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-68, ix: 308; comparison of opposing fleets, iv: 64, 65; Von Spee's account of, iv: 66; British account of, iv: 67; losses, iv: 68; Sir Henry Newbolt on strategy of, iv: 68. Corps, compared with Division, v: 109. Cossacks,origin, vi: 146; fight against Bolsheviki, vi: 192. Cost of living,see Prices;also under each country. Cost of War,capitalized value of lives lost, iii: 406, [xii: 25] ; importance of money as war weapon, [xii: 1] ; compared with previous wars, [xii: 24] ; value of property destroyed, [xii: 24] , [xii: 25] ; economic loss in man-power, [xii: 25] ; value of production loss, [xii: 26] ; value of tonnage sunk, [xii: 26] ; cost to Allies and Central Powers, [xii: 27] , [xii: 107] ; meaning of "cost of war," [xii: 105] ; difficulties of computing money equivalent, [xii: 105] ; range of expenditures, [xii: 105] ; expenditures of different belligerents, [xii: 106-107] ; methods used to raise war funds, [xii: 107-114] ; taxation vs. borrowing, [xii: 107] ; rise in national debts of belligerents, [xii: 114] ; see also under each belligerent.
Costin, Pvt. Henry G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 394. Côte de Châtillon, capture of, by 42nd Div., Oct. 16, '18, v: 84, 250, 252. Côtes-de-Meuse, taken in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—13, '18, v: 69. Cotton, not on British contraband list, ii: 21. Coulommiers, Germans beaten back at, in first battle of the Marne, iii: 32. Council of National Defense, U. S.,see United States, Council of National Defense. Courcelette, taken by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388. Courland, Courtu, stormed by French in first battle of the Somme, '16, iii: 58. Covington , U. S. transport sunk, July 1, '18, i: 397, iv: 337.Cracow, Russian operations against, '14, iii: 127. Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, commander of defeated British fleet in battle of Coronel, iv: 63, ix: 308. Crandell, Miss Marion G., American "Y" worker with French, killed vii: 313. Cressy , British cruiser, sunk by U-9 , Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.Crile, Col. George W., first demonstrator of nitrous oxide as anæsthetic, vii: 68. Croats,early history, vi: 354; antagonism to Italy, vi: 362. Croix de Guerre, awards to American "Y" workers, vii: 275, 313. Cromarty, as British naval base, iv: 94. Cromer, Lord, chairman of commission to investigate Gallipoli disaster, ii: 197. Cronkhite, Gen. Adelbert,commander 80th Div., v: 144; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219. Crothers, Rachel, starts Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343. Crown Prince of Germany, see Frederick William. Crown Prince of Prussia, see Frederick William. Ctesiphon,British defeated at, by Turks, Jan. 3, '16, i: 384, iii: 182; description of Arch of, iii: 331; collapse of British medical service at battle of, iii: 367. Cuba,revolt against Spain, i: 56; declares war on Germany, Apr. 7, '17, i: 389; debt to U. S., [xii: 18] ; Peace Conference delegate, [xii: 180] . Cuisy Wood, captured by 79th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224. Cukela, 1st Lieut. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388. Cumières, captured and lost by Germans, May 23—27, '16, iii: 54, 312. Cunel, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250. Curlu, captured by British, July 2, '16, i: 386. Cushing , American ship attacked by German airplane, Apr. 28, '15, iv: 218.Custace, Capt. Frank M., war services, x: 322. Custer (85th) Division, see U. S. Army. Customs duties, German, regulation of, by Peace Treaty, [xii: 229] . Cuxhaven, bombarded by British airmen, Dec. 25, '14, i: 378. Cyclops , U. S. collier, mysterious disappearance, iv: 356.Cyprus, acquired by Great Britain, i: 93. Cyrenaica, base of Turkish forces invading western Egypt, iii: 190. Czar of Russia, see Nicholas II. Czechoslovakia,anti-Bolshevist forces in Russia, vi: 187, 192; capture of Vladivostok, June, '18, vi: 192; attack on Hungary, April—May, '19, vi: 326; antagonism to Italy, vi: 362; independence recognized, vi: 399; German elements rebel against new government, vi: 399; Socialist movement in, '19, vi: 400; against Bolshevism, vi: 400; claims Teschen at Peace Conference, vi: 400; debt to U. S., [xii: 18] ; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180] ; Peace Treaty provisions for independence of, [xii: 197] ; use of German ports, Peace Treaty provisions for, [xii: 253] ; Republic established, Oct., '18, [xii: 279] ; area, [xii: 279] ; population, Oct., '18, [xii: 279] ; see also Bohemia. Czernin, Count, Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs,appointment as, vi: 313; peace statement, July, '17, vi: 314; resigns as Foreign Minister, vi: 315. Czernowitz,taken by Russians, Nov. 29, '14, i: 376, iii: 122; abandoned by Russians, Jan. 5, '16, i: 384; recaptured by Russians, June 17—18, '16, i: 385, iii: 144; occupied by Teutons, Aug. 3, '17, i: 390. [D] Daffodil , British ferryboat in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.Daghestan, Republic of, formed by Caucasian mountaineers, vi: 234. Dalmatia,Italian claims for, vi: 361; conflict between Italians and Jugoslavs for possession of, vi: 365. D'Amade, Gen., commander of French forces at Gallipoli, iii: 167. Damascus, captured by British and Arabs, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399, iii: 199. Damloup, scene of fighting at Verdun, iii: 55. Dammartin, 1st Div. headquarters, June, '18, v: 143. "Danger Zone," in rifle fire, viii: 93. Daniels, Josephus, biography, ix: 326-329. Dankl, Gen., commands Austrian army invading Russian Poland, '14, iii: 118. Dannevoux, scene of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224. D'Annunzio, Gabriele,pro-Ally propaganda during Italian neutrality, ii: 239, vi: 119, 124, ix: 343; manifesto on Italian claims for eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 368; claims Fiume, vi: 369; seizes Fiume, vi: 370; biography, ix: 343-345; author of Song of the Dardanelles , ix: 343; message to America, ix: 344. Danton , French battleship torpedoed, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376.Danube River,as barrier against invasion, iii: 151, 214; bridge across, blown up by Rumanians, iii: 221; internationalized by Peace Treaty, [xii: 248] . Danzig,demanded by Poland, vi: 225; made free city under Peace Treaty, vi: 226, [xii: 203] . Dardanelles,Russian gateway to the sea, ii: 28, iii: 161; closed by Turkey, Sept., '14, ii: 28; strategic importance, ii: 29; Narrows, critical point, ii: 29; topography of shores, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23; modern defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45; early history, iv: 18-22; early fortifications, iv: 19; closed by Turkey to warships of other nations, iv: 20; forced in 1807 by Adm. Duckworth, iv: 20; fortified by Allies in Crimean War, iv: 20; forced in 1878, by Adm. Hornby, iv: 21; importance to Turkey, iv: 23; importance of combining land and naval attacks in forcing, iv: 26; description, xi: 14; see also Gallipoli Campaign. Dardanelles Expedition, see Gallipoli Campaign. Dardanos Fort, bombarded by British, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 43. Dar-es-Salam, captured by British, iii: 255. Davis, Richard Harding,description of German entry into Brussels, iii: 271-273; description of burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277. Davison, Henry P.,Chairman, War Council American Red Cross, vii: i; biography, ix: 339. De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333.
De Valera, Prof. Eamonn,elected to Parliament, vi: 62; arrest and escape from jail, vi: 65; elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55; address to America, ix: 55. Dead Man's Hill, at Verdun, battle of, May, '16, iii: 51, 53, 306, 308, 310, xi: 22. Debeney, Gen., commander of French First Army, ii: 212. Debts, national, Decorations, Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402. Deductions from the World War , by Gen. Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, summary of, ii: 254.Defender , British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.Defense , British ship sunk at Jutland, iv: 121.Defense,elements in, iv: 4; French trench system of, v: 12; Gouraud's method of, against infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; see also Tactics. Defense of the Realm Act, British,as weapon against war-time labor strikes, vi: 14; used to prevent electricians' strike, Feb., '19, vi: 20. Definitions, of popular war terms, xi: 359-362. Delcassé, Théophile,dismissed as French Minister through German pressure, i: 99; resignation from Viviani government, Oct., '15, vi: 100. Delousing, by Salvage Service of A. E. F., v: 331. Demir-hissar, occupied by Bulgars, iii: 207. Demir-Kapu, taken by French, Oct. 20, '15, iii: 204. Democracy, in Europe,as result of the War, i: Intro. x ; rise of, during 19th century, i: 29; among American colonists, i: 29; development in France, i: 30; European reaction, 1814—40, i: 32; failure of movement of 1848 in Germany, i: 32; growth of national sentiment for, in U. S., '04—'14, i: 293. Demotika,ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey, vi: 344; Turkey demands return of, vi: 345. Denikin, Gen.,report on collapse of Russian armies, iii: 267-270; leads fight on Bolsheviki, vi: 192, 248. Denmark,war with Prussia, 1864, i: Intro. vii ; neutral during War, vi: 393; popular sentiment pro-Ally, vi: 393; war-time increase in shipping, [xii: 101] . Depth bomb,evolution of, iv: 307; use in fighting submarines, iv: 317; development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330; launching mechanism, iv: 331; invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332; for discharge from airplanes, iv: 332; description, viii: 281, xi: 239. Der Kampf , Maximalist publication, vi: 314.Der Tag , the German "millennium," xi: 195.Derflinger , German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard,justifies German war policy, i: 120; heads German propaganda in U. S., i: 274, 316; character sketch of, ix: 353. Derrière Chez Mon Père , French soldiers' song, xi: 339.D'Esperey, Gen. Franchet,commands French troops at first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 31; commands Allied troops on Balkan front, ii: 218, iii: 212, vi: 347; signs armistice with Hungary, vi: 323. Destroyers, effectiveness against submarines, viii: Intro. viii. Detonation, of explosives compared with explosion, viii: 1. Deutschland , German merchant submarine,arrives at Baltimore, July 9, '16, i: 334, iv: 214; Capt. Koenig's account of trip, iv: 215; feat in crossing Atlantic, x: 271-274. Devastation of France,by Germans in retreat to Hindenburg Line, iii: 67; French protest to neutrals, iii: 68; German excuses for, iii: 68. Devoir, Le , Canadian Nationalist newspaper, vi: 30.D'Eyncourt, Sir E., share in development of tank, viii: 155. D. H. 10, British bombing planes, viii: 204. Dhair Hissar , Turkish torpedo-boat in Ægean, iv: 49.Diaz, Gen., succeeds Cadorna as Italian Commander-in-Chief, iii: 248. Dickebusch sector, A. E. F. in, v: 286, 289. Dickinson, Prof. G. Lowes, defense of British conscientious objectors, vi: 8. Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T.,commands 3rd Div. at Mezy-Moulins, v: 51; commands Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel, v: 65, 202, 386; commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne, v: 83, 132; commands 3rd Div. at Château-Thierry, v: 132; commands Army of Occupation, v: 395. Dilboy, Pvt. George, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391. Dimethyl-trithiocarbonate (skunk gas), use in chemical warfare, v: 322. Dinant, Germans checked at, in march through Belgium, Aug., '14, iii: 12. Diphenylchlorarsine, use in chemical warfare, v: 322. Diphosgene, use in chemical warfare, viii: 170. Dirigibles, see Aeronautics. Disarmament,Anglo-German negotiations, '12, i: 106, 194; German answer to British proposals, i: 195. Disease,statistics for U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209; early handicaps in prevention, vii: 177; preventive methods in U. S. Army, vii: 193, 245-248; results of preventive methods, statistics for U. S. Army, vii: 195; sanitation, vii: 253; inoculation against, vii: 253; prevention of infections among troops, viii: 392-397; anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393; see also Infection; Medical Science; Sanitation. Distinguished Service Cross, awards of, to "Y" workers, vii: 272. "Divine right of kings," Kaiser's conception of, i: 68. Dixmude,occupied by Germans, Nov. 10, '14, i: 376; evacuated by Germans, Dec. 20, '14, i: 376; occupied by Belgians, Sept. 29—30, '18, i: 397; German repulse at, in march through Belgium, '14, iii: 40. Dixmude-Ypres sector, Allied offensive, Sept. 28—Oct. 3, '18, iii: 100. Djemal Pasha, commander of Turkish forces operating against Suez, iii: 190. Dmitrieff, Gen., biography, iii: 119. Dmowski, Roman, leader of Polish reactionary parties, vi: 220. Dniester River, Germans defeated at, in Galician campaign, '15, iii: 136. Dobrudja,German conquest of, Sept.—Oct., '16, ii: 60, iii: 218-221; description of, iii: 215; disastrous Rumanian counter-offensive, Oct., '16, iii: 220; dispute between Germany and Bulgaria over, vi: 344; overrun by Bulgarians, vi: 344. Docks, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 332, 400. Dogger Bank, battle of,British defeat fleet of German raiders, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253; eye-witness accounts, iv: 247-250; Adm. Beatty's official report, iv: 250. Dogs in War,as ambulance drawers, viii: 379; varied activities, xi: 340-347; story of "Cap," the Red Cross dog, xi: 362-367; story of "Pat," Liberty Bonds salesman, xi: 396-402; effect of food shortage on, [xii: 40] . Dommartin-la-Montagne, captured by 26th Div., Sept. 12—13, '18, v: 69, 212. Don Republic, Dormans,28th Div. holds German line at, July 15, '18, v: 53; location, v: 133. Douai, German base in France, ii: 86. Douaumont Fort, at Verdun,captured by Germans, Feb. 25—26, '16, i: 384, ii: 189, iii: 48, 305; French recapture and lose, May 22—25, '16, i: 385, iii: 310; retaken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
Doughboys,spirit of self-assurance of, i: 370; see also U. S., Army. Doughnuts, Salvation Army specialty, vii: 399. Doulcon, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264. Dozier, 1st Lieut. James C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395. Draft, see Conscription under name of country. Drake , British cruiser torpedoed, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.Dresden , German cruiser,in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65; in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70; sunk by British near Juan Fernandez, Mar. 14, '15, iv: 70. Drina River, crossed by Austrians invading Serbia, iii: 151. Drop bombs, viii: 76. Drummond, Sir James Eric, first Secretary-General of League of Nations, [xii: 186] . Dubilier, Wm., inventor of anti-submarine listening device, iv: 308. Dublin, bloody fighting at, during Irish Rebellion, vi: 60. Dubno, captured by Russians, June 11, '16, i: 385, iii: 144. Duck-boards, use in mud fields of Flanders, viii: 300. Duds, deloading of, v: 326. Dueidar, Turks defeated at, Apr., '16, iii: 191. Duff, Sir Beauchamp, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370. Dugouts, subterranean system of, in Hindenburg Line, v: 301. Dukla Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127. Duma, Russian,reconvened, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140; struggle against reactionary government, vi: 140, 142, 144; forces dismissal of Stürmer as Premier, vi: 142; Czar issues undated decree ordering dismissal, vi: 144; refuses to be dismissed, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146; activities during Revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 150-155; establishes Provisional Government under Prince Lvov, vi: 155; see also Russia. Dumba, Dr. Constantin,Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Washington, i: 275; dismissed from U. S. for instigating labor strikes, i: 275. Dun-sur-Meuse,captured by 61st Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391; bombed by U. S. airmen, v: 311. Dunant, Henri, influence in organization of International Red Cross, vii: 12. Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B.,brigade commander in Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115; commands 77th Div., May, '18, v: 141. Dunkirk,bombarded by Germans, Apr. 30,'15, i: 380; bombarded by Germans, June, 22, '15, i: 380; German drive for, '14, iii: 40. Dunn, Rear-Adm. Herbert O., biography, ix: 295. Dunne, Edw. F., member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66. Durazzo,occupied by Austrians, Feb. 26, '16, i: 384; naval base at, destroyed by Allied warships, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399; occupied by Italians, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399; retreating Serbs embark for Corfu from, '16, iii: 286. Dushkin, Alexander, visits Europe for Jewish relief, vii: 360. Dutov, Gen., commands anti-Bolshevik troops in Siberia, vi: 192. Duval,traitorous owner of Bonnet Rouge , vi: 105; found guilty and shot, vi: 106. Dwyer, Lance Corp. Edward, wins Victoria Cross, x: 128. Dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, Peace Treaty demands, [xii: 224] . [E] E-7 , British submarine, exploit in Sea of Marmora, iv: 211.E-9 , British submarine, in German waters, iv: 207.E-11 , British submarine, daring in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.E-14 , British submarine, activities in Dardanelles, iv: 209.E-50 , British submarine, rams U-boat, iv: 214.E-54 , British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 212.Eagle Hut, American "Y" center in London, vii: 288, 300. East, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on strategic value of campaigns in, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv. East Africa, German,conquered by Allies, iii: 255; acquired by Great Britain, '18, [xii: 271] ; area and population, [xii: 271] . East Prussia,Russian invasion of, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110-116; battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116; effect of Russian invasion on first battle of the Marne, ii: 227; German campaigns against Russia, '14, Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357; plan of Russian invasion, iii: 110; importance, iii: 112; Hindenburg's strategy, iii: 113; strength of Hindenburg's forces, iii: 113; decisive German victory at Mazurian Lakes, iii: 113; Russian withdrawal, iii: 116; plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty, [xii: 200] . Eastern Front,fortifications of, iii: 109; strategic aspects, iii: 110; Austrian strategic plans, iii: 118; see also East Prussia; Galicia; Mazurian Lakes; Poland. Eastern Karelia, Ebert, Friedrich,elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: Intro. xiii , 292; appointed Chancellor, Nov., '18, vi: 273; establishes new democratic government, Nov., '18, vi: 277; states government's determination to put down Spartacides, Jan. 8, '19, vi: 287; outlines policies of Provisional Government, Feb., '19, vi: 292; German press comment on personality, vi: 293; biography, ix: 135-138. Economic strategy, in war,theory and example of, ii: 16; Allied proposals for anti-German boycott, [xii: 102] . Ecuador,proletarian unrest, vi: 392; delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] . Ecurey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272. Edgewood Arsenal, great U. S. poison-gas plant, viii: 179-187. Education,bilingual schools discontinued in Canada, vi: 29; A. E. F. becomes "College in Khaki," vii: 280; A. P. Stokes makes survey for A. E. F., vii: 281; Y. M. C. A. hut classes, vii: 281; demand for text-books in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282; A. E. F. post schools, vii: 282; work of Bureau of Citizenship among A. E. F., vii: 282; U. S. soldier students at French and British universities, vii: 282, 290; Army Educational Committee, vii: 282; A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 282; Y. M. C. A. work for prisoners of war, vii: 306. Edward VII promotes Anglo-French good will, i: 98. Edwards, Maj.-Gen.,commands 26th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202; relieved of command, Oct. 24, '18, v: 252. Effects Depot, S. O. S., for care of effects of deceased men, v: 331. Eggers, Sgt. Alan Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 392. Eggs, imports of, by Germany, ii: 18. Egli, Col., head of Swiss Intelligence Service, tried for unneutral communication with Germans, vi: 380. Egypt,British establish themselves in, 1882, i: 48; British control recognized by France, '04, i: 99; anti-British German propaganda, iii: 188; political unrest, iii: 188; operations against Suez Canal, iii: 189; Turks start offensive in western Egypt, iii: 190; Turks driven out, '16, iii: 191; tribesmen suppressed, '16—'17, iii: 191; resentment against British domination, vi: 67; popular pro-Turkish sympathy, vi: 68, 330; Nationalist cry against "British oppression," vi: 69; Great Britain declares protectorate over, Dec. 19, '14, vi: 69, [xii: 279] ; Nationalist movement for independence, '18, vi: 70; insurrection, '19, vi: 71; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208] ; area, [xii: 279] ; population, '14, [xii: 279] .
Eichhorn, chief of Berlin police, deposed, Jan. 5, '19, vi: 287. Eichorn, Marshal von, assassinated by Ukrainian, vi: 187, 248. Eisner, Kurt,becomes head of Bavarian Socialist Republic, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280; appeals to German national government on behalf of Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288; assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298. El Arish,occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189; taken by British, Dec. 22, '16, iii: 192. El Kubri, Turks engage British in vicinity of, iii: 190. El Tasher, British defeat Sudanese at, May, '16, iii: 191. Elbe, internationalized by Peace Treaty, rules of navigation, [xii: 248] . Electric drive,description and advantages of, iv: 322; successfully applied in U. S. S. New Mexico , iv: 322. Electric welding,use in repairing interned German liners, iv: 319; use in U. S. in construction of ships, iv: 322. Elles, Gen., commander of British Tank Corps, iii: 377. Elliott, Col., leader of British Marines, killed in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264. Ellis, Sgt. Michael B., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388. Ely, Maj.-Gen., Hanson E.,as colonel, commands 28th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 124; assigned to command of 5th Div., Oct. 21, '18, v: 252. Emden , German commerce raider,exploits of, iv: 166-194; method of sinking captured ships, iv: 173; bombards Madras, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174; attacks Penang Harbor, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178; lands force on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184; attacked by Sydney off Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185; destruction of, report of captain of Sydney , iv: 187; summary of raiding activities, iv: 189; landing force at Keeling escapes on Ayesha , iv: 190-194. Emmich, Gen. von, commands German attack on Liége, iii: 10. Emont Wood,cleared by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; 37th Div. retreats from, Sept. 29, '18, v: 230. Emplacements, duplicate, permitting rotation of artillery in trenches, v: 14. Empress Maria , Russian dreadnought, blown up in Black Sea, iv: 366.Enfield rifle,facilities for manufacture in U. S., v: 347; standard British service rifle, viii: 95; U. S. production figures, [xii: 284] . Engineering,development in U. S. Navy, iv: 319; relation of, to war, viii: 298-302. Engines, shipment of American locomotives to France, [xii: 286] . England, see Great Britain. Entente Cordiale, established between France and Russia, 1891, i: 98. Entertainment,27th Div. theatrical troupe, v: 299; Over-There Theater League, activities, vii: 277, 339-343; for A. E. F., by Y. M. C. A., vii: 277; at Winchester camp, vii: 287; for Army of Occupation, vii: 292; for A. E. F. in Siberia, vii: 295; "Y" program for Navy, vii: 299; by Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 346, 348. Enver Pasha,leader of Young Turks, i: 109, ix: 270; commander of Turkish army, iii: 164; in Caucasus campaign, iii: 260; biography, ix: 270-274. Eperlecques, training area for 30th Div., v: 300. Epieds, German stand at,in retreat from Marne, July 21, '18, v: 184; General Degouette commends Americans for service at, v: 192. Epionville, taken by 91st Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225. Ersatz, German, i: 72. Erskine, Prof. John,member of Army Educational Commission, vii: 282; educational director of A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 283. Erwin, Brig.-Gen. James B., commands 6th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197. Erzberger,leader of German Center Party, vi: Intro. xiii ; becomes Minister of Finance, July, '19, vi: Intro. xiii. Erzerum, captured by Russians, Feb. 15, '16, i: 384, ii: 91, iii: 262. Erzingan, captured by Russians, July 25, '16, i: 386, iii: 263. Eseka, captured by French, Oct. 30, '15, i: 382. Esnes,location of, v: 217; 4th Engineers build road from, to Malancourt, Sept., '18, v: 226. Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382. Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1—3, '18, v: 254. Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211. Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133. Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10—11, '18, i: 395. Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297. Esthonia,early history, vi: 226; independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, [xii: 279] ; area, [xii: 279] ; population, '18, [xii: 279] ; see also Baltic Provinces. Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252. Etraye,threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82; ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86; captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272. Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, [xii: 188] . Europe,area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9; race rivalries in, i: 21; alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2; general conditions, winter '17—'18, v: 1, 113; military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253. Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh, commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110. Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119. Exermont Valley,slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240. Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1. Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288. Explosives, see Ammunition. Extraterritoriality,explained, i: 17; Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18; Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18. [F] Falaba, S. S. , British steamer, sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von,sent to regain Bagdad, ii: Intro. xx , iii: 196; invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218; replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg, iii: 61; biography, ix: 262. Falkland Islands, battle of,British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308; strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70; von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70; Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71; German cruiser Dresden escapes, iv: 74; British casualties, iv: 74; German loss in men and ships, iv: 74; importance of victory, iv: 74; Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79; eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85. Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165. Falmouth , British cruiser,sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386; at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241. Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234. Fanning , U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.
Fanning Island, Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62. Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180. Farewell , poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.Farman airplane, viii: 189. Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S.,commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145; in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219. Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377. Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199. Fayolle, Gen.,commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18, ii: 152; decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60. Fearless , British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30. Ferdinand, Archduke Francis,see Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria. Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria,abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347; proclamation to army, vi: 340; appeals to Germany, vi: 347; character, ix: 378; biography, ix: 378-380. Ferdinand of Bulgaria , poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401. Fère Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58. Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian,comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism, ii: 365-372; sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119. Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18. Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326. Finland,signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393; political history, 1809—1914, vi: 196; granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196; autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196; threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196; socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196; nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196; German aid against Russification, vi: 196; declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198; base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198; Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198; Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198; Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198; White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198; General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199; Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200; new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200; Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200; origin of inhabitants, vi: 200; area and population, [xii: 279] . Finland , U. S. transport,sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392; torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337. Firedrake , British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178. Fisher, Adm. Lord John,responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200; views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203; biography, ix: 288-290. Fisher, Prof. Irving, analysis of high cost of living, Intro. Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335. Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B., Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102. Fismes,captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61; taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July—Aug., '18, v: 189; General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18, v: 192. Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62. Fiume,conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365; arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366; Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference in controversy over, vi: 368-370, [xii: 159] ; occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370; awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370. Five Souls , poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271. Flanders, battles of:Oct., '14,nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299; extent of battle line, iii: 38; Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40; Germans repulsed, iii: 40. Aug., '17,failure of British offensive, ii: 56; Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343; description of, iii: 78-80; duration, iii: 78; objects, iii: 78; Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79; Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79; Allied gains, Sept.—Oct., '17, iii: 79; results, iii: 79. Sept., '18,Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213. Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86. Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388. Fleury, at Verdun,captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386; captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313. Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240. Florence H. , cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.Florina,occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208; occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208. "Flying Dutchman," name applied to Emden , iv: 187. Foch, Marshal Ferdinand,strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213; at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154; theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137; takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130; as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at École de Guerre, ii: 103, 137, 220; share in victory at first Marne battle, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220; author of Principles of War , summary, ii: 104; conception of mind as determining factor in victory, ii: 138; on functions of a general, ii: 138; theories on battle tactics, ii: 138; commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138; organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138; famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33; given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14, ii: 143, iii: 38; floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145; stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220; commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148; appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148; appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148; sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149; French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149; appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41; analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154; made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97; Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170; General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220; commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18; repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33; member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84; text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380; biography, ix: 148-153; Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151; pronunciation of name, ix: 151; bibliography, ix: 153; members of family killed in War, ix: 153; military commandments, xi: 55; conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18, [xii: 277] . Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389. Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218. Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210. Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.
Food,sent to Europe from U. S., '16—'18, [xii: 36] ; importance in winning War, [xii: 40] , [xii: 135] ; War's effect on neutrals, [xii: 42] ; European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, [xii: 42] ; situation in Europe after armistice, [xii: 43] ; world's requirements and supply, '19, [xii: 44] ; use of potatoes as, [xii: 47] ; U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, [xii: 135] ; problem of national self-sufficiency, [xii: 135] ; war-time sugar shortage, [xii: 138] ; national tastes in, [xii: 138] ; scientific rations vs. personal taste, [xii: 139] ; scientific rations as conservation measure, [xii: 139] ; Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, [xii: 139] ; war-time government control, [xii: 140] ; U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17—July 1, '18, [xii: 141] ; see also under each country. Foreign Legion,American enlistments in, '14—'17, iii: 391; in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168; heroic story of, x: 27-32; history, xi: 193. Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400. Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307. Forêt Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248. Forges,captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306; captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224. Formidable , British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20. Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401. Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73. Fortescue, Granville, description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340. Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395. "Fourteen Points," President Wilson's basis for peace, [xii: 163-165] . "Foyers du Marin," "Y" huts for French sailors, vii: 313. "Foyers du Soldats,"comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310; number, vii: 311; locations, vii: 313. Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367. France:Air Service,strength at end of War, viii: 201; personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206. Army,increase in, for '14, i: 132; German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4; military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12; German military critic on, ii: 256; uniform, ii: 286; pre-War organization, iii: 3; morale, '17, iv: 10; relations with A. E. F., v: 22; type of service rifle, viii: 95; medical service, viii: 362-365; Chasseurs, xi: 189; Spahi, xi: 189; Zouaves, xi: 189; Tirailleurs, xi: 191; Foreign Legion, xi: 193; see also Foreign Legion;for military operations, see name of campaign. Artillery,famous "75's," efficiency of, ii: 287; plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14; 520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, Intro. x. Declarations of war,by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140; on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375; on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376; on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382; popular reception of, '14, vi: 95. Food, Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37;world position, 1871, i: 47; world position, '14, i: 59; Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain, i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2; Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98; Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99; Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107; Anglo-French agreement for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220; Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220; pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223; French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382; Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315; claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334; Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334. Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307. Frontiers,topography of German border, ii: 6; defenses, iii: 2; natural gateways on, v: 214. Industries, Internal politics,development of democracy, i: 30; organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97; fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100; nation united in War aims, vi: 101; mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102; Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103; fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103; effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103; Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103; Bonnet Rouge disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17, vi: 104;Painlevé forms new Cabinet, vi: 105; Painlevé ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106; Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106; Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106; growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109; class war, '19, vi: 110; Jaurès parade, '19, vi: 110; significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110; French peace aims, vi: 111; May Day riots, '19, vi: 111; class war intensified, vi: 113. Labor,war achievements, ii: 373-382; shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373; skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374; women as munition workers, ii: 376; foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377; importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377; use of colonials, ii: 377; use of prisoners of war, ii: 377; size of labor army, ii: 377; housing of war workers, ii: 377; co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378; protection for women workers, ii: 379; war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379; state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380; growth of syndicalism, ii: 381; demand for share in management, ii: 381; selective assignment to industries, [xii: 79] . Minerals,German plans for seizure of iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20; coal production, '13—'17, [xii: 48] . Morale,of people during War, i: Intro. xiii , ii: 383-392; war-time unity, ii: 385; factors in war-time unity, ii: 392; depression, '17—'18, v: 2. Munitions,statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373; immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373. Navy,strength in '06, i: 101; increase in, for '14, i: 132; entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12; strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373; war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373; work in Dardanelles, iv: 375; Fusiliers marins, French naval gunners, on Western Front, iv: 376; protection of French coast, iv: 377; anti-submarine activities, iv: 378. Peace Conference,delegates to, [xii: 179] ; see also Peace Conference. Peace Treaty,ratified, Oct. 13, '19, [xii: 264] ; see also Peace Treaty. Population,in 1860, i: 40; in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61; in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61; growth since 1870 compared with that of Germa
Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, Reconstruction, material needs, [xii: 87] . Shipping, war losses, [xii: 87] . War cost,loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2] ; income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., [xii: 4] ; debt to U. S., [xii: 18] , [xii: 31] ; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; value of property loss, [xii: 26] ; André Tardieu's estimate, [xii: 86] ; average daily war cost, [xii: 106] ; total war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107] ; taxation, [xii: 109] ; loans, [xii: 111] ; rise in national debt, [xii: 111-113] , [xii: 114] . War relief, see War relief. Francis Ferdinand, Archduke,heir to Austrian throne, i: 111; murdered with consort at Sarajevo, June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4; responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112; responsibility disclaimed, i: 246; causes and results of murder, vi: 135; national policy, vi: 356. Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313; tragedies of reign, vi: 305; proclamation against Italy, vi: 310; biography, ix: 370-373. Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier, vii: 101. Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111. Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111. Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392. Frantz, Gen. von, protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302. Frauenlob , German cruiser, torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.Frederick William, German Crown Prince,moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13; commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184; renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340; commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10; commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303; detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278; biography, ix: 367-369. Free Milk for France,fund started, vii: 376; object, vii: 376; French testimonials, vii: 379. Freedom of the seas,U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324; Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of, ii: 27; definition, xi: 18. French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116. French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres,report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9; first British commander-in-chief in France, ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180; publishes 1914 , account of military operations of year, ii: 159; summary of 1914 , ii: 160-174; arrival in France, ii: 161; dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France, ii: 164, 169; exposé of British shell shortage, ii: 173; overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports, ii: 174; commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184; official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24; relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52; biography, ix: 177-181; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181. French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380. French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91. Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384. Fresnes-en-Woevre, taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69. Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131. Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von,German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War, ii: 10; summary of his Deductions from the World War , ii: 254; exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260. Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58. Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376. Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47. Fryatt, Capt. Chas.,executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269; attempts to ram U-33 , Mar. 20, '15, x: 265; Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265. Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen., German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201. Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401. Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401. Fyfe, Hamilton, defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190. [G] G-13 , British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12. Gaba Tepe. see Gallipoli Campaign. Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo, for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154. Gädke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270. Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393. Galicia,German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, iii: 135-138;Ludendorff's account, ii: 360; Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124; General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120; Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121; rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121; last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147; Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243. Galliéni, Gen. Joseph-Simon,prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28; biography, ix: 161-164; Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163. Gallipoli Campaign,Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles, ii: Intro. x, xii , 29, 200; reasons for, ii: Intro. xii , 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57; failure of initial naval attack, ii: Intro. xv ; reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: Intro. xv ; weakness, ii: Intro. xvi ; strategy, ii: 27-31; Feb.—Dec., '15, ii: 27-31; Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173; Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure, appointment and personnel, ii: 197; persons named as responsible, ii: 198; summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200; British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200; campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200; Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203; Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53; Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56; military operations, Apr. 25, '15—Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177; Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15, iii: 162; composition of Allied forces, iii: 162; Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32; Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164; composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164; topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23; defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45; British plans for landing attack, iii: 167; Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, x: 35-40;Adm. de Robeck's official report, iv: 36-42 ; Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167;Masefield's description, iii: 352; official report, iv: 36; Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355; Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170; Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May—June, '15, iii: 170; "war of attrition" on Anzac sector, iii: 171; Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173; Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171; Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173; last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15, iii: 173;Masefield's description, iii: 355-358; last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355; last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357; last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173; obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173;
Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174; evacuation, Nov., '15—Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358; casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51; reasons for failure, iii: 177; bibliography, iii: 177; Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343; Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341; Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350; soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353; Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356; Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28; initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28; British plan of operations, iv: 30; preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15—Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30; bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42; Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32; Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 32; Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49; number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33; Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, 47; Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34; French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41; heroic minesweeping, iv: 43; Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45; analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War, iv: 51; cost of expedition, iv: 51; lessons of, iv: 52; mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56; Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330; Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321; see also Dardanelles. Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203. Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287. Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232. Gardens,cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131; by A. E. F., v: 330. Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1. Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65. Garibaldi , Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.Garibaldi Hymn , Italian national anthem, xi: 328.Garrisons, use of small groupes de combat by French, v: 13. Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380. Gas, see Chemical warfare. Gas gangrene, see Gangrene. Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317. Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331. Gaulois ,French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35. Gaza,Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26—27, '17, iii: 192; captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194. Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316. Generalship, British, in the War,analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378; physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371; mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371; personal gallantry, iii: 371; as great "English gentlemen," iii: 371; mental characteristics, iii: 371; mostly conservative men, iii: 372; no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374; personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373; ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373; faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374; desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374; efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374; Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375; faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375; Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375; tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375; final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378; success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378; inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378; chief shortcoming, iii: 378. Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, [xii: 183] . Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311. Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314. George V, King of England,receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97; biography, ix: 392-395. Georgia,early history of people, vi: 231; Republic established, Jan., '18, [xii: 279] ; area and population, [xii: 279] . Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266. Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346. German-Americans,distribution and characteristics, i: 278; Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279. German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380. Germania, To , Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.Germany:Air Service,passing of supremacy, vii: 201; strength at end of War, viii: 202; pre-War record flights, viii: 206; equipment and strength, viii: 206; supremacy over Allies, viii: 207; bombing planes, viii: 221-222; A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221; Gotha bombers, viii: 221; Lizenz bombers, viii: 222; Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248; Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254; military service abolished under Peace Treaty, [xii: 214] ; surrendered to Allies, [xii: 215] . Area, of Republic, [xii: 279] . Army,aristocratic character, i: 69; system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6; tradition of efficiency, i: 72; conception of duties, i: 72; increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131; dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21; loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47; manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65; loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18, ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270; German critic's opinion of, ii: 257; machine-gun equipment, ii: 275; heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282; invisibility of uniform, ii: 286; recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318; desertions, ii: 309; punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318; Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333; agitators undermine morale, ii: 320; reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61; best equipped, iii: 272; infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17; construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37; sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274; return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282; Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79; trench systems, viii: 124-129; adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134; machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134; method of attack, viii: 137; "holding" troops, viii: 144; "shock" troops, viii: 144; training, xi: 195-204; cavalry, xi: 196; discipline, xi: 202; reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, [xii: 209] , [xii: 211] ; reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, [xii: 210] , [xii: 212] ; table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, [xii: 212] ; for military operations, see Western Front; also name of campaign or engagement. Artillery,superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36; guns captured by Allies, July—Nov., '18, iii: 103; development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22; 11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36; long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47; structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46.
Bagdad Railway, interest in, see Bagdad Railway. Belgian neutrality, violation of, see Belgium, Neutrality. Blockade of,effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253; Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318; Allied trade blacklist, i: 335; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; measures to starve Germany, i: 358; objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16; food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294; report of German scientists on, ii: 17; estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17; meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18; statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18; shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18; increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18; reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254; increase in tilled land, ii: 19; international law on, ii: 21; difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86; German isolation, ii: 21; value of, ii: 22; effect on civilian population, ii: 99; use of dog flesh as food, [xii: 41] ; after-War food conditions, [xii: 45] ; U. S. export license system, [xii: 99] ; German trade with neutrals, [xii: 100] ; smuggling, [xii: 100] ; Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, [xii: 102] ; pre-War food production, [xii: 136-138] ; war-time food problems, [xii: 136] . Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, [xii: 186] . Casualties,total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; princes killed in battle, ix: 237; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; total battle deaths, [xii: 288] . China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 206] . Coal,production, 1880—1913, i: 267; secret of power, i: 267; production, '13—'15, [xii: 48] . Colonies,loss of, i: 13; acquisition of African, i: 50, 95; acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81; acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82; South American settlements, i: 84; area and population of African, i: 96, [xii: 279] ; understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200; necessity as outlet for population, i: 262; important motive in war policy, ii: 13; conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256; New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38; Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38; surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, [xii: 206] ; Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, [xii: 209] , [xii: 279] ; distribution among Allies, [xii: 279] ; area and population, [xii: 279] ; see also name of colony. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, Intro. x. Declarations of war,on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375; on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375; by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375; on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375; by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386; by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35; diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389; diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389; Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390; by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390. Defeat, causes of,underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: Intro. ix ; underestimate of British, ii: Intro, viii ; strategic, ii: 15; faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221; collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329; analysis of, ii: 99; German efficiency vs. Allies' "will to win," ii: 100; Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120; failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221; Russian campaigns, ii: 221; adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222; forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222; miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224; launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225; failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255; not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304; Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government, ii: 301-304, 310; Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227; see also under Germany, Strategy;for military operations, see Western Front, also campaign or engagement. Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208] . Food, see Blockade. Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44;influence of industrialism on, i: 77; domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133; Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89; ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13; expansion in South America, i: 84; Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86; jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87; plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88; ambition for "place in the sun," i: 95, ii: 27; enters Triple Alliance, i: 95; dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96; sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192; Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330; Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202; hatred of Great Britain, i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264; Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat Panther to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203; negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197; dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258; von Bülow's statement of policy, i: 173; Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190; ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192; Hymn of Hate , i: 194;negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197; Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204; Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207; unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208; Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209; hatred of France, i: 215; Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23—Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223; Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229; Russian policy, i: 239; statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14; plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15; anti-British plans in East, ii: 27; "Gott strafe England," vi: 251; Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251; desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322; friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344; attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376; relations with Japan, vi: 382; see also under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism. Fortifications, demolition under Peace Treaty terms, [xii: 189] , [xii: 205] , [xii: 211] , [xii: 214] . Health, effect of War on, iii: 406. Industries,rise as industrial power, i: 75-78; state aid, i: 76; influence on foreign policy, i: 77; industrial mobilization, [xii: 80] ; effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, [xii: 97] ; use of potash boycott against U. S., [xii: 98] . Internal politics,political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26; failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32; unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1; political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156; strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: Intro. xi, xv;
powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156; William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97; Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155; composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156; composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156; powers of Emperor, i: 156; dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258; social classes, i: 258; Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258; change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260; struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260; basis of national strength, i: 260; social legislation, i: 264; Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties, vi: Intro. ix-xvi ; party principles compared, vi: Intro. ix, xii ; Social-Democratic leaders, vi: Intro. ix ; Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: Intro. x ; leaders of the Revolution, vi: Intro. x ; strength of Center Party, vi: Intro. xi, xv ; strength of Conservatives, vi: Intro. xi, xiv, xv ; Conservative principles, vi: Intro. xii ; principles of Social-Democrats, vi: Intro. xii ; principles of National-Liberals, vi: Intro. xii ; policies of Center Party, vi: Intro. xiii ; National-Liberal strength, vi: Intro. xv ; strength of Democratic Party, vi: Intro. xv ; Germany politically undeveloped, vi: Intro. xv ; city governments non-partisan, vi: Intro. xvi ; public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250; anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250; Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262; Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260; beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260; "preventive arrests" for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262; Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266; Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 268; labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17, vi: 268; strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260; reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270; Germany faces defeat, vi: 270; Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270; Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government, vi: 270; Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271; Ludendorff's régime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271; revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271; Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272; Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272; establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280; revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277; Ebert, as Chancellor, establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277; Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277; radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278; Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279; spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280; Independents demand immediate social reconstruction before political reform, vi: 280; Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280; Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280; return of "victorious" army to Berlin strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282; Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283; Central Council votes for election of National Assembly, Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283; Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283; Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist régime, vi: 284; hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298; Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290; Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288; Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289; National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290; National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291; Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies, vi: 292; Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292; Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292; composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292; German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293; middleclass "counter strikes" against extremists, vi: 294; Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298; Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300; Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299; second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299; Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet, Apr.—May, '19, vi: 300-301; forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305; press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304; Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304; National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms, June 22, '19, vi: 305. International concessions, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 228] . Iron,plans for annexation of French ore lands, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15; importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267; seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20. Kultur,Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160; great men of, i: 64; significance, i: 64; manifestations, i: 64; spokesmen of, i: 66; gospel of conquest, i: 66; educational program for dissemination of, i: 67; supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148; doctrine of "divine right of kings," i: 68; relation to militarism, i: 69; German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149; strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals, i: 149; Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152; transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152; materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154; national egoism, i: 154; contributions to world culture, i: 154; definition and exposition of, i: 158; compared with culture , i: 158; Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160; right to conquest, i: 161; see also under Germany, Militarism. Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208] . Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, see Luxemburg. Militarism,war as national policy, i: Intro. vii , 70; basic conception, i: 69; glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69; Henri Bergson on, i: 152; Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155; Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162; Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162; Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171; German pride in, i: 163; compared with Christianity, i: 165; compared with British policy, i: 165; force in place of diplomacy, i: 166; "World power or downfall," i: 170; von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171; German statement of policy, i: 171-173;
striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179; Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181; German denial of, i: 182; compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1; statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14; explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260; compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372; pre-War preparedness, vi: 249; see also under Germany, Foreign policy, Kultur, Pan-Germanism. Morale,demands of War on nation, ii: 302; fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311; change between '17 and '18, v: 2. Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208] . Navy,strength in '06, i: 101; negotiations with British for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197; increase in "peace strength" for '14, i: 131; strength threat to British security, i: 196; surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18, i: 400, iv: 142-144;list and description of major units, iv: 383-384; German eye-witness account, iv: 385-387; American eye-witness account, iv: 387-390; British eye-witness account, iv: 390-394; Peace Treaty terms, [xii: 213] ; hemmed in by British, ii: Intro. viii ; efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256; strength of China Squadron, iv: 58; operations in Pacific, iv: 60; strategy of defense, iv: 86; operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91; superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94; use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94; High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96; North Sea raids, iv: 136; mission during War, iv: 138; development, iv: 362; Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380; revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283; morale, iv: 294; mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266; Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, [xii: 212-214] ; see also Submarine warfare. Occupation by Allies, Pan-Germanism,ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe, i: 78, xi: 4; Pan-German League, objects, i: 79; propaganda in U. S., i: 79; policy in South America, i: 84; Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152; Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2; first steps toward under William II, ii: 2; goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13; Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296; compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372; expounded by Friedrich Naumann in Mitteleuropa , vi: 258; see also under Germany,Foreign policy, Militarism. Peace negotiations,Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18, i: 399, vi: 271; armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54; war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14; condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303; Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316; Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331; Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335; drive for "mental armistice," ii: 387-390; armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113; Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183; Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258; Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260; Bethmann-Hollweg proposes "peace of compromise," '17, vi: 262-264; Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266; Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266; forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305; Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302; press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304; National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19, vi: 304; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179] , [xii: 182] ; Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, [xii: 264] ; see also Peace, moves for. Population,in 1860, i: 40; compared with France, 1874—1914, i: 61; emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277; emigration to South America, i: 79; growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262; relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262; rapid increase, i: 277; of Republic, [xii: 279] . Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Propaganda,in U. S. before War, i: 79; activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133; artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149; preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181; appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268; von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273; activities of German agents in U. S., i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348; Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274; instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317; Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347; on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128; following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123; in Spain, [xii: 101] . Railroads,war-time deterioration, viii: 283; efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285; Peace Treaty regulations, [xii: 253] . Reparation, views of U. S. press on, [xii: 24] ; Responsibility for War,German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138; unwillingness to coöperate to prevent World War, i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250; responsibility denied, i: 116-120; Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117; Hellferich's justification, i: 119; statement by German "Intellectuals," i: 120; Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120; German case against Great Britain, i: 121; evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131; complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252; Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250; statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139; Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War, July 23—Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War, i: 246, 250; Dr. Mühlon's disclosures, i: 250-254; Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, [xii: 217] ; see also Causes of the War. Royal family, xi: 149;see also William II; Frederick William. Shipping,increase in tonnage, 1880—1913, compared with British, i: 77; increase in tonnage, '00—'04, i: 263; Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264; German resourcefulness, i: 264; tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264; tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264; tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264; tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264. Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208] . Strategy,seizure of French coal and iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20; general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8; estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4; conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10; topography of German western frontier, ii: 6; invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9; mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14, ii: 11; probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13;
reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13; destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, [xii: 23] ; defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22; East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24; invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25; failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31; military plans for '17, ii: 53; necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65; at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66; selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67; plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149; retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86; causes of failure, ii: 99; faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215; Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233; Col. Gädke on German war plans and results, ii: 270; underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272; fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304; Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion through Belgium, ii: 345; Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346; alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17—'18, v: 3; general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133; see also under Germany, Defeat, causes of;also Western Front; Submarine warfare, see Submarine warfare. Trade, 1880—1914, compared with British, i: 77;tariff policy, i: 78; production and import of grains, ii: 17; dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20; war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, [xii: 100] ; anti-German toy boycott in New York, [xii: 99] ; Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, [xii: 102] ; customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, [xii: 229] ; suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, [xii: 230] . Treaties,pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, [xii: 231] ; with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, [xii: 232] ; with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, [xii: 232] ; with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, [xii: 232] ; see also Brest-Litovsk Treaty; Bucharest, Treaty of; Peace Treaty; Triple Alliance. War booty, value, [xii: 22] . War cost,financial mobilization, ii: 265, [xii: 21] ; gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2] ; method of raising war funds, [xii: 21] ; system of loans, [xii: 21] , [xii: 113] ; estimate of expenditures, [xii: 21] ; currency inflation, [xii: 22] ; war finance system compared with British, [xii: 22] ; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; value of property loss, [xii: 26] ; average daily war cost, [xii: 106] ; total war cost, Aug., '14—Oct. '19, [xii: 107] ; taxation, [xii: 109] ; rise in national debt, [xii: 113] , [xii: 114] . Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, [xii: 214] . Germany and the Next War , book by General von Bernhardi, striking quotations from, i: 179.Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266. Gesnes,location, v: 217; captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240. Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103. Gibbons, Floyd, account of Laconia sinking, iv: 226-229. Gibbs, Philip,analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221; account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337; description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360; analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378. Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272. Gifford, Walter S., Director U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116] . Ginchy,objective in Somme battle, iii: 58; description of battle, x: 147-155. Giolitti, Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123. Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191. Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19. Glasgow , British cruiser,in battle off Coronel, iv: 65; hit by gunfire, iv: 68; in battle of Falklands, iv: 70. Gleaves, Adm., convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106. Glenart Castle , British hospital ship, sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146. Glory of War, The , poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.Glossop, Capt. John C. T., commands Sydney in engagement with Emden , iv: 187. Gloucester Castle , British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324. Gneisenau , German cruiser,in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66; sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308; eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82. God Save the King , English national anthem, xi: 326.Godfrey, Dr. Hollis, member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116] . Goeben , German battle cruiser,eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters, Aug., '14, iv: 13-16; far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16; sold to Turkey, iv: 16; damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365. Gold,Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, [xii: 226] ; deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, [xii: 228] . Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316. Goliath , British battleship,at Gallipoli, iv: 33; sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50. Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380. Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der,heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164; commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199; biography, ix: 268. Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333. Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister,reactionary government of, vi: 143; gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144; issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146. Gompers, Samuel, member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116] . Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6. Good-by-ee , English soldiers' song, xi: 338.Good Hope ,Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64; hit by gunfire, iv: 66; sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308. Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140. Gorizia,Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244; captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246; life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244; key to Isonzo, iii: 239. Goshawk , British destroyer, in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221. Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92. Göttingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303. Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert,at first Ypres battle, ii: 171; responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army, Mar., '18, ii: 190-197; decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60. Gouraud, Gen.,defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18, ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45; qualities as leader, v: 46.
Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225;exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225. Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244. Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382. Granatieri, description of, ii: 242. Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388. Grand Fleet, British, see Great Britain, Navy. Grand Pré, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53. Granger, Dr. Amédée, invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374. Graves, war,A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400; Peace Treaty provisions for care of, [xii: 217] . Great Britain:Air Service,formation of Royal Air Force, viii: 202; strength at end of War, viii: 202; types of airplanes, viii: 203-206; Bristol planes, viii: 203; Handley-Page bombers, viii: 204, 223; D. H.-10 bombers, viii: 204; types of dirigibles, viii: 245; dirigible R-34 crosses Atlantic, viii: 245; dirigibles R-33 and R-34 , description, viii: 254. Army,German contempt for, i: 191; lands in France, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; ammunition shortage, '14, ii: Intro. xiii ;Viscount French's exposé, xiii: 173; deficiency in trained men, ii: 113; deficiency in material, ii: 114; Field-Marshal Haig on value of cavalry, ii: 120; machine-gun equipment, ii: 125, 275; artillery equipment, ii: 125; Haig on effects of growth in artillery service, ii: 125; artillery at Somme battle, '16, ii: 126; ammunition used on Western Front, Aug.—Nov., '18, ii: 130; military hospitals in France, ii: 131; total strength in France, ii: 131; service of supply behind the lines, ii: 131-132; Haig's opinion of British officer, ii: 133; Haig's opinion on present organization, ii: 134; changing civilians into soldiers described by Haig, ii: 135; Haig's tribute to Regular Army, ii: 136; opinion of a German military critic, ii: 256; pre-War organization, iii: 3; Intelligence service, iii: 383; strength, '14—'18, iii: 404, 405; strength in Italy, iii: 405; strength in Mesopotamia, iii: 405; "Pal" regiments, vi: 6; slackers driven into service, vi: 6; origin of nickname "Tommy," vi: 230; types of rifles used, viii: 95; Indian winners of Victoria Cross, x: 85; Senegalese troops, x: 116; British soldier as fighter, xi: 181-189; for military operations, see campaign or engagement. Blockade by Germany, see Submarine warfare. Blockade of Germany, see Germany, Blockade of. Casualties,total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, 405; causes for extent of, analyzed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 118; at Gallipoli, iii: 177; in attempts to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 364; in '17, iii: 382; in German spring offensive, '18, iii: 390; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; total battle deaths, [xii: 288] ; see also campaign or engagement. Coal, Cost of living,increase in, by reduction of imports, ii: Intro. xxii ; price movements in England and U. S. since 1780, Intro. viii-x ; criticism of government policy, [xii: 28] . Declarations of war,on Germany, Aug. 4, '14, circumstances of, i: 145, 375;Sir Edward Grey's statement, i: 218-227; on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375; on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376; on Bulgaria, Oct. 15, '15, i: 382. Food,effect of submarine warfare, vi: 10; police prevent hoarding, vi: 11; government control of, [xii: 34] , [xii: 59] ; Food Control Committee established, [xii: 34] ; sugar shortage, [xii: 34] , [xii: 138] ; meat control, [xii: 34] ; war-time fish supply, [xii: 34] ; wheat control, [xii: 35] ; increase in crop production, '16—'18, [xii: 40] ; work of women in production of, [xii: 40] ; effect of food shortage on dogs, [xii: 40] ; potato crop, [xii: 47] ; war-time problems, [xii: 138] . Foreign policy,value of U. S. good-will, i: 35; world position, 1871, i: 44; Turkish policy at Congress of Berlin, i: 48; acquires control of Egypt, i: 48; extent of colonial empire, i: 59; international position, '14, i: 59; policy of conciliation, i: 59, 107, 218; Anglo-French good-will, i: 98; treaty with France, '04, i: 99; agreement with Russia for control of Persia, '07, i: 104; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, i: 104; negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197; statement of policy by Asquith, Nov., '11, i: 106; agreement with France for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220; negotiations to prevent World War, July—Aug., '14, i: 115, 124,;Sir Edward Grey's account, i: 218-227; Prince Lichnowsky's account, i: 247-249; policy on Belgian neutrality, i: 141, 222, 224; arrangement with Belgium for defense of neutrality, '06, i: 143, 231; promise to defend French coast, Aug. 2, '14, i: 146, 220; statement of war aims by Lloyd George, i: 189; negotiations with Germany for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197; Sir Edward Grey's efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198; agreement with Germany on African expansion, i: 200; agreement for settling rivalries in Turkey, '14, i: 200; question of armed intervention in Moroccan crisis, i: 218; freedom from secret obligations in event of war, i: 218; Sir Edward Grey urges intervention in defense of Belgian neutrality, i: 224; offer of help to Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 232; influence in the East, ii: 27; claims to Turkey under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334; Turkish policy, announced Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334; see also Triple Entente. Industries during War, Internal politics,Imperial unity through war, i: Intro. xiv ; political philosophy compared with German, i: 165; members of War Council, Nov., '14, ii: 198; political conditions, Aug., '14, vi: 1; industrial and social unrest, '15, vi: 2; labor opposition to conscription, vi: 6; Conscription Bill passed, Apr., '16, vi: 6; treatment of conscientious objectors, vi: 8; pacifists indorse Soviet peace aims, '17, vi: 12; Lord Lansdowne's peace letter, vi: 13; Defense of the Realm Act inadequate to prevent strikes, vi: 14; Labor Party platform, '17, vi: 14; conditions at close of War, vi: 15; general elections, '18, vi: 16-17; industrial strikes spread, Jan., '19, vi: 17; ship-builders' strike, vi: 19; Glasgow riots, vi: 19; strike in electrical trades prevented by Defense of the Realm Act, Feb., '19, vi: 20; Lloyd George calls Labor Peace Conference, Feb., '19, vi: 20; commission of inquiry into mining conditions appointed, Feb., '19, vi: 20; truce in labor war till completion of Peace Treaty, vi: 22; after-War problems, vi: 23. Munitions,exposé of shell shortage by Viscount French, ii: 173; production compared with that of Central Empires, [xii: 78] ; work of Ministry of Munitions, [xii: 78] . Navy,protector of lines of supply, i: 15; rise to world supremacy, i: 28; strength in '06, i: 101;
negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197; general strategy during War, ii: Intro. vii , iv: 85-93; ships in Mediterranean at outbreak of War, iv: 13; squadrons in Eastern waters, iv: 58; ships in West Atlantic, iv: 58; problem of maintaining Allied supremacy, iv: 86; Admiral Jellicoe appointed to command of Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88; minesweeping operations, iv: 91; convoy of troopships, iv: 92; bases, iv: 92; extracts from Jellicoe's The Grand Fleet, 1914—1916 , iv: 93-97; unpreparedness, '14, iv: 93; lack of destroyers, iv: 94; Grand Fleet compared with German High Sea Fleet, iv: 96; Jellicoe's reasons for not attacking Germans, iv: 96; make-up of Grand Fleet, Aug., '14, iv: 97; make-up of Grand Fleet at battle of Jutland, iv: 119; Lord Fisher's views on share in Allied victory, iv: 140; statistics on transport of troops, '15—'18, iv: 239; 18-in. super naval guns, viii: 53; see also battle or engagement; Gallipoli Campaign. Peace Conference, Peace Treaty,press views, vi: 22; ratified, July 25—31, '19, [xii: 264] ; see also Peace Treaty with Germany. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, system of war-time government control, [xii: 89] . Royal family, xi: 150-152; Shipping,tonnage, 1880—1913, compared with German, i: 77; government control of ship-building, [xii: 95] ; tonnage in '14, [xii: 95] ; yearly tonnage production, '14—'17, [xii: 96] ; war-time shortage of, [xii: 96] . Strategy,analyzed by Maj.-Gen. Maurice, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv ; naval, iv: 85-93. Trade, 1880—1913, War cost,financial position at start of War, [xii: 1] , [xii: 18] ; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2] ; income tax rates, compared with U. S. and French rates, [xii: 4] ; debt to U. S., [xii: 18] ; exchange rates with U. S., [xii: 19] ; extravagance in expenditure of war funds, [xii: 19-20] ; taxes, [xii: 20] , [xii: 107] , [xii: 108] , 111; money equivalent of manpower lost, [xii: 25] ; value of property loss, [xii: 26] ; currency inflation, [xii: 27-28] ; average daily war cost, [xii: 105] ; total war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107] ; war loans, [xii: 111] ; rise in national debt, [xii: 111] , [xii: 114] . Great Northern, S. S. , speed record as army transport, v: 358.Greece,revolts against Turkey, 1825, i: 34; breaks off diplomatic relations with Central Powers, June 29, '17, i: 390, vi: 345; anti-Allied attitude at Salonika, iii: 206; Venizelos establishes revolutionary government, Sept., '16, iii: 210; Venizelos government recognized by Allies, Jan., '17, iii: 210; King Constantine deposed by Allies, iii: 210, vi: 245; war casualties, iii: 404, [xii: 289] ; prisoners of war, iii: 404; debt to U. S., [xii: 18] ; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180] ; see also Salonika Campaign. Greek fire, composition of, xi: 314. Gregory, Sgt. Earl D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395. Greif , German armed liner, sunk in fight with British Alcantara , iv: 200.Grenades,number of U. S., at front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; ancient method of throwing weapons by hand revived, viii: 119; Germans first to use, viii: 119; Allied unpreparedness at start of War, viii: 119; nature, viii: 119; technique of throwing, viii: 120; kinds, viii: 120, xi: 211. Grenfell, Capt. Francis O., first winner of Victoria Cross in War, x: 10. Gresham, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed in France, xi: 173. Grey, Edward, Viscount of Fallodon,efforts to prevent the War, i: 124-126, 247; mediation in Balkan Wars, i: 198; efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198; negotiations to settle Anglo-German rivalry in Mesopotamia, '12—'14, i: 200; speech before Parliament summarizing events leading to World War, Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; biography, ix: 35-40; bibliography, ix: 40; advocate of League of Nations, [xii: 155] . Grierson, Gen. Sir James, commander of British Second Corps, death in France, ii: 176. Grimancourt, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 10, '18, v: 277. Grimm, Swiss Socialist, expelled by Russian Provisional Government, vi: 380. Grissinger, Col. J. W., Chief Surgeon, Third Army, A. E. F., v: 346. Grodno, captured by Germans, Sept. 2, '15, i: 381, iii: 140. Groupes de Combat, function in French defensive, v: 12. Guatemala,severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 28, '17, i: 390; delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] . Guedecourt, taken by British, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388. Guépratte, Rear-Adm., commands French fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 31. Guillaumat, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, ii: 214. Guillaume, Empereur d'Allemagne , French soldiers' song, xi: 339.Guillemont, taken by Allies, Sept. 3, '16, i: 386. Guillemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290. Gulflight , first American ship sunk by U-boat, May 1, '15, i: 319, 380, iv: 218.Gumbinnen,Russians defeat Germans at, Aug. 16—24, '14, iii: 111; retaken by Germans, iii: 116. Gumpertz, Sgt. Sydney G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396. Guncotton,composition and detonating properties, viii: 2; Gunpowder, black,composition and explosive properties, viii: 2; smokeless, composition and action, viii: 4; muzzle flash, viii: 7; see also Ammunition. Gunpowder Neck, U. S. poison-gas plant at, viii: 179-187. Guns, see Artillery. Guns of Verdun , poem by Patrick R. Chalmers, vi: 91.Guthrie, Col. Percy, first Canadian to enlist, x: 44. Guynemer, Capt. Georges, French "miracle ace," x: 202, xi: 231. Gyles, Midshipman Donald, heroic fight against German destroyers, x: 293-295. Gyroscope, war uses, viii: 348. [H] Haase, Herr,leader German Social-Democratic minority, vi: Intro. xii ; in Ebert ministry, Nov., '18, vi: 278; advocates Bolshevik principles, vi: 299. Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, assassinated, Feb., '19, vi: 80. Hagen position, location in Argonne, v: 218. Hague Conference,establishes Arbitration Tribunal, 1899, i: 94; convened for second time at suggestion of Roosevelt, '07, i: 103; accomplishments, i: 103. Hahn, Maj.-Gen. W. G., commander 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119. Hai River, near Kut-el-Amara, iii: 186. Haifa, captured by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.
Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas,analysis of Western Front campaigns, ii: 112-136; theories on warfare, ii: 118; on causes of German military collapse, ii: 120; on functions of cavalry in the War, ii: 120; on importance of infantry in the War, ii: 123; on importance of artillery in the War, with statistics, ii: 123, 126; on efficiency of British army officers, ii: 133; on British military organization, ii: 134; appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Expeditionary Force, Dec. 15, '15, iii: 46; famous "Our backs to the wall" appeal, Mar., '18, iii: 359, v: 120; personal traits, iii: 373; biography, ix: 181-184. Haiti, delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] . Halahan, Capt., killed at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264. Haldane, Gen.,commander of British Sixth Army, iii: 371; personal traits, iii: 377. Haldane, Lord, mission to Germany, '12, i: 106, 194. Halicz,Russians retire from, June 27, '15, i: 380; captured by Russians, '14, iii: 121; recaptured by Russians, July, '17, iii: 146. Hall, Richard Nelville, brave ambulance driver, story of, x: 95. Hall, Sgt. Thomas Lee, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395. Haller, Gen., leads revolt of Polish "Iron Brigade" against Austria, vi: 216. Hamburg-American Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264. Hamburg-Persian Gulf railway, see Bagdad Railway. Hamburg-South American Line, tonnage, i: 264. Hamel,captured by Germans, Apr. 7, '18, i: 395; work of tanks at Allied attack, July 4, '18, ii: 281; share of 33rd Div. in recapture of, July, '18, v: 260. Hamidieh II, Turkish battery at Gallipoli, armament of, iv: 45. Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian,Allied commander-in-chief at Gallipoli, iii: 162, iv: 32; succeeded by Gen. Monro, iii: 174; despatches to War Office, iv: 35-36. Hampshire , British cruiser, sunk June 5, '16, with Kitchener and staff, i: 385.Handley-Page bombing planes, viii: 196, 204, 223. Hankey, Sir Maurice, secretary, Supreme Peace Council, [xii: 152] . Hanotaux, Gabriel, on U. S. neutrality, i: 290. Hansa Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264. Hapsburgs,rise and downfall, vi: 305; see also Austria-Hungary; Charles Francis; Francis Joseph. Hara, Japanese Prime Minister, see Kei Hara. Harbin, bourgeois government set up by General Horvath at, vi: 192. Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G.,Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101, 403; commands 2nd Div. in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 167; commander, Services of Supply, v: 401. Hardaumont, captured by Germans, Mar. 8, '16, i: 384. Harden, Maximilian,on sordid nature of World War, i: 123; on relations between U. S. and Germany, i: 274; on American war prosperity, i: 311; optimistic view of German food situation, '14, vi: 254; on Allied peace terms, vi: 303. Hardinge, Lord, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370. Harington, Sir John, "brain of British armies in the field," iii: 375. Harper, Harry, description of Zeppelins by, ii: 262. Harper, Gen., of British Fourth Corps, personal traits, iii: 377. Hart, Prof. Albert B., summary of U. S. official correspondence on submarine sinkings, i: 358-362. Hartlepool, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245. Hartmannsweilerkopf, captured by French,Mar. 25, '15, i: 378; Dec., '15, iii: 46. Hartwell, William, first officer of S. S. Brussels , report on Fryatt case, x: 266-269. Harvey, Lieut. F. U. W., wins Victoria Cross at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349. Hassein, King of Hedjaz, joins forces with British, iii: 199. Hatler, Sgt. M. Waldo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401. Haucourt, taken by Germans, Apr. 5, '16, i: 384, iii: 51. Haudromont Quarries, taken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388. Hausen, Gen. von, commander of a German Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184. Hauts de Meuse, location, v: 199. Havre,Belgian government moved to, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376; embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395. Hawke , British cruiser, torpedoed Oct. 13, '14, i: 376.Hay, Maj.-Gen. Wm. H., commander 28th Div., v: 278. Hay, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed, xi: 173. Hays, 1st Lieut. George Price, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391. Hayward, Col. Wm. D., account by, of his colored regiment of "bell-hops and waiters," x: 135-137. Hazois Wood, taken by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263. Hebron, occupied by British, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393, iii: 196. Hedjaz,Arabs aid British in Palestine operations, iii: 196, 199; kingdom established under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334, [xii: 279] ; delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] ; area and population, [xii: 279] . Heeringen, Gen. von, commands German Sixth Army of invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 10. Hela , German cruiser torpedoed off Heligoland, Sept. 13, '14, iv: 207.Helfferich, Karl,on justification of Germany's part in War, i: 119; director of Deutsche Bank, i: 133, 252; German Vice-Chancellor, i: 133, 252; biography, ix: 353. Helgoland , German battleship, mutiny of crew starts revolution, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.Heligoland, Peace Treaty provisions for destruction of fortifications on, [xii: 205] . Heligoland Bight, naval battle of,British victory, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iv: 240-243; Admiral Beatty's official report on, iv: 241. Helmets, steel,devised by French, viii: 64; process of manufacture of French type, viii: 64; rate of production, viii: 65; efficiency as protection, viii: 65; process of manufacture of U. S. Army type, viii: 66-68; bullet-resisting tests, viii: 69-72. Hem, stormed by French in battle of the Somme, July, '16, iii: 58. Henderson, Arthur, biography, ix: 47-50. Henri IV , French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.Henry, Prince, of Prussia,visits U. S., '02, i: 80; escapes from mutiny of German Fleet, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272. Herbebois, taken by Germans, Feb. 21, '16, iii: 48. Heriot, Corp. James D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395. Hermannstadt,captured by Rumanians, Sept. 2, '16, i: 386; Rumanians defeated at, Sept. 29—30, '16, i: 388. Hertling, Count von, German Chancellor,comment on failure of Champagne-Marne Offensive, July 15—18, '18, v: 158; retires as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270. Hertzog, Gen.,anti-British Nationalist leader in South Africa, vi: 49, 50; heads Nationalist delegation to Peace Conference, Jan., '19, vi: 52. Herzegovina,annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356; see also Bosnia-Herzegovina. Hesperian, S. S. , torpedoed by German submarine, Sept. 4, '15, i: 326.Hickey, Gen., commander of 16th Irish Div., iii: 377. Hickory (30th) Division, see U. S., Army. High Sea Fleet, see Germany, Navy. Hill, Corp. Ralyn, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397. Hill 60, at Ypres,captured by British, Apr, 17, '15, i: 378, iii: 42; captured by Germans, May 5, '15, i: 380.
Hill 70, at Loos, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 46. Hill 140, near Souchez, captured by French, Sept., '15, iii: 46. Hill 180, captured by 327th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 7, '18, v: 242. Hill 190, near Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 27, '18, v: 187. Hill 204, near Château-Thierry,captured by 26th Div., July 20, '18, v: 56; dominating situation, v: 133; captured by French and A. E. F., June 6, '18, v: 135. Hill 223, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243. Hill 240, captured by 18th and 28th Infs. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240. Hill 242, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 15, '18, v: 84. Hill 244, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243. Hill 258, captured by 127th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250. Hill 263, captured by 28th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 225. Hill 269,captured by 26th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240; held by 1st Engineers against German attacks, v: 246. Hill 288, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 14, '18, v: 84. Hill 304, at Verdun, battle for, iii: 51. Hill 378, stormed by 79th Div. troops in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov. 5, '18, v: 270. Hilton, Sgt. Richmond H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395. Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von,put in command of German armies in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 353, iii: 112; destroys Russian Army at battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 26—31, '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116, ix: 242;Ludendorff's account, iii: 353; campaigns in Russian Poland, ii: 25, iii: 116-118, ix: 245; Ludendorff's tribute to, ii: 300; appointed Chief of German General Staff, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61; made Chief of General Staff of Central Powers, ii: 331; proclamation against "unconditional surrender," Oct. 24, '18, ii: 335; first meeting with Ludendorff, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353; biography, ix: 242-249; nicknamed "Old Man of the Swamps," ix: 242; decorated for valor, ix: 246; popularity, ix: 249. Hindenburg Line,German strategic retreat to, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70; Germans driven to, Sept., '18, ii: 157, iii: 98, 100; extent and description, iii: 66, v: 216, 301; strategic purpose, iii: 66; devastation of French territory in retreat to, '17, iii: 67; reasons for strategic retreat of '17, iii: 70; 27th and 30th Divs., A. E. F., attacking with British, break through in Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Sept.—Oct., '18, iii: 101, v: 290-295, 301, 393; Michel position on St. Mihiel front, v: 69; Kriemhilde position on Meuse-Argonne front, v: 74, 218; First Army breaks through in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 390. Hines, Maj.-Gen, John L.,promotion, v: 182; commands 4th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202; commands 4th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219; commands Third Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 83, 390. Hintzmann, Korvettenkapitan, German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384. Hipper, Rear-Adm. von,commands German squadron at battle of Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246; commands German advance fleet at battle of Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99, 103, 108, 113. Hirson, captured by Allies, Nov., '18, iii: 103. Hodges, Maj.-Gen. H. F., commander 76th Div., July, '18, v: 196. Hoffman, Sgt. Chas. F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389. Hoffman, Conrad, executive secretary, American Y. M. C. A., work for prisoners in Germany, vii: 309. Hogue , British cruiser, torpedoed by U-9 , Sept. 22, '14,eye-witness accounts, iv: 205, x: 274-280; as told by U-boat commander, x: 279. Holbrook, Lieut.-Com. Norman D., blows up Turk warship in Dardanelles, x: 317. "Holding" troops, German, viii: 144. Holland, see Netherlands. Holland No. 9 , first U. S. Navy submarine, iv: 205.Holy Alliance,formation of, i: 33; defects of, i: 35. Holy War,declared by Turks, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, vi: 330; to destroy British control in East, ii: 27; failure of, ii: 31; response to, in India, vi: 74. Home Rule, Irish, see Ireland. Home Service, Red Cross, activities of, vii: 35. Homs, taken by Allies, Oct., '18, iii: 199. Honduras, delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] . Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace L. A.,commands 3rd British Battle Cruiser Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 117; lost with sinking of Invincible , iv: 120. Hoofien, S., Dutch representative in Palestine, report on American relief work, vii: 366. Hoover, Herbert C.,appointed U. S. Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390; pioneer of American relief in Europe, vii: 85; organizes American Relief Committee, vii: 119; organizes American Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 119, [xii: 136] ; account of interview with Lloyd George on Belgian Relief, vii: 124; biography, ix: 316-323; bibliography, ix: 323; work as U. S. Food Administrator, [xii: 35] ; report on U. S. food exports for relief of Europe, [xii: 42] ; director-general of American Relief Administration, [xii: 141] . Horn, Lieut. Werner, German spy, tries to blow up bridge on Canadian border, i: 316, x: 368. Hornby, Sir Geoffrey Phipps, forces Dardanelles, 1878, iv: 21. Horne, Gen.,commands British First Army in offensive against Cambrai, Sept., '18, ii: 214, v: 213; characterization by Philip Gibbs, iii: 371. Horns, for gas alarm, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324. Horses,utility in the War, viii: 397; hospitals for, viii: 398; number shipped to France by U. S., [xii: 95] , [xii: 278] . Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max, exploit in command of submarine E-9 , iv: 207. Horvath, Gen.,sets up bourgeois government in Siberia, vi: 192; resigns from government, vi: 193. Hospitals:British, in France, ii: 131. French, medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365. United States, see U. S. Army, Medical Service. Hotchkiss machine-gun, viii: 87. House, Col. E. M.,U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84; biography, ix: 70-76. Howitzers, see Artillery. Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia,advocate of closer union within British Empire, vi: 40; for vigorous war policy, vi: 40; delegate to Allied Economic Conference, June, '16, vi: 40; forms "Hughesite" Liberal government supporting conscription, vi: 42. Hulloch, British enter, Sept. 26, '14, iii: 46. Humber , British monitor, description, iv: 281.Humbert, Charles, French Senator, implicated in Bolo Pasha plots, x: 344.
Hungary,war sentiment, '14, vi: 306; parliamentary struggle, '16, vi: 311; Independence Party, leaders and aims of, vi: 311; "Independence and 1848" Party, formation and aims of, '16, vi: 311; Socialist demands for peace, '16, vi: 312; effects of Rumanian invasion, '16, vi: 313; "bloodless" revolution overthrows Hapsburg rule, Oct., '18, vi: 322; National Council, governing body during revolution, vi: 322; Republic established, Nov., '18, vi: 323, ix: 146, [xii: 279] ; Count Karolyi, provisional head of Republic, vi: 323; armistice signed with Allies, vi: 323; Ironworkers' Party, conflict with government, vi: 324; Bolshevists under Bela Kun seize control, Mar., '19, vi: 324-328; military occupation by Allies, Mar., '19, vi: 325; Allies' peace terms rejected, vi: 326; the Red Army, vi: 326; area and population, [xii: 279] ; see also Austria-Hungary. Hunley , Confederate submarine in American Civil War, iv: 203.Hurley, Edward, biography, ix: 335-337. "Hush" ships, description of, iv: 303. Hussein Kamil Pasha, made Khédive of Egypt by British, vi: 69. Hutier, Gen. von,commands Eighteenth German Army, ii: 149; new method of surprise attack, general plan and tactics of, v: 41, viii: 143-145. Hutton, Col. P. C., Chief Surgeon, "Paris Group," A. E. F., v: 346. Hydrogen, use for inflating balloons, viii: 263. Hydrophones, use in detection of U-boats, viii: 17-20, 279-281. Hydroplanes, see Aeronautics. Hymn of Hate , German, against England, i: 194, vi: 253.Hymn of the Lusitania , German, i: 365.[I] I Want to Be an Angel , aviators' song, xi: 338.Igel, Wolf von, German arch-spy in U. S., x: 337; Imecourt, captured by 319th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263. Immelmann, Capt., German ace, death in air duel with Capt. Ball, x: 209-211, xi: 216. Immigration, to U. S. from Europe, i: 37. Imperatritsa , Russian battleship, burns and sinks in Black Sea, Oct. 20, '16, i: 388.Implacable , British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33.In Flanders Fields , poem by Lieut.-Col. John McCrae, xi: 54.Incendiary bullets, viii: 214. Indefatigable , British battle cruiser, sunk at battle of Jutland, iv: 108.Indemnity, see Reparation. Index numbers, for measuring price changes, [xii: Intro. vii ] . India,troops in Palestine and Salonika campaigns, ii: Intro. xxiii ; Suez Canal gateway to, ii: 27; response to appeal of Holy War, ii: 27, vi: 74; casualties, total in War, iii: 404, 405; strength of army, iii: 405; agitation for autonomy, vi: 72; response to British war needs, vi: 72; reasons for loyalty, vi: 73; Nationalist claims for independence, vi: 74; political demands on Great Britain, vi: 75; caste system, description of, vi: 75; influenza epidemic, '18, vi: 76; suffering from famine, '18—'19, vi: 76; Defense of India Act, for suppressing sedition, vi: 77; Bolshevism in, vi: 77; "Black Cobra Bill," for suppressing radicalism, vi: 78; coal production, '13—'16, [xii: 48] ; War cost, Aug., '14—Mar. '19, [xii: 106] ; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179] . Indian, American, as fighter, xi: 175-179. Indo-China, French, Japan's desire for, vi: 386. Indomitable , British cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.Industrial rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246] . Infantry, Field-Marshal Haig's estimate of importance, ii: 123. Infection,in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367; causes, viii: 369; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 288-289; prevention among troops, viii: 392-397, xi: 286-289; see also Disease; Medical science; Sanitation. "Infiltration,"new German method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17, 19; Gen. Gouraud's method of defense against, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148. Inflexible , British battle cruiser,at Gallipoli, iv: 31; damaged by gunfire in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35; at battle of Falklands, iv: 70. Influenza, deaths from, in '18, iii: 405. Insterburg, important junction on Petrograd-Berlin Railroad, iii: 111. Insurance, social, in territories ceded by Germany, funds to be transferred to Allies, [xii: 246] . Intelligence tests for soldiers, viii: 349-351. Inter-Allied Commissions of Control, to supervise execution of military terms of Peace Treaty, [xii: 215] . Inter-Allied Conference, Mar., '16, decides on Somme offensive, iii: 55. Inter-Allied Games, at Pershing Stadium, vii: 313. Inter-Allied General Staff, created, iii: 84. Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, [xii: 139] . Inter-Allied War Council, see Supreme War Council. International law,formulation of, by Grotius, i: 26; German statement of Allied infractions, i: 139; Lansing's proposal for regulation of U-boat war, i: 281, 328; comment of London Times on Lansing proposal, i: 282; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on right of seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; controversy between U. S. and Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 329-335, 339;chronological summary; i: 357-361; U. S. note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 323; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary on submarine warfare, i: 326; President Wilson opposed to principle of McLemore Resolution, i: 327; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; on blockades, ii: 21; see also Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare. International rivalries, factors in, 1890—1914, i: 58-63. International Sanitary Commission, for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398. Intrepid , British cruiser,in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262; sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265. Inventions, displace importance of strategy in war, viii: Intro. vii. Invincible , British battle cruiser,armament, iv: 70; blown up at Jutland, iv: 119; at Heligoland Bight, iv: 241. Ipek, occupied by French, Oct. 16, '18, i: 399. Iphigenia , British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.
Ireland,history of Home Rule movement, vi: 53; Ulster, led by Carson, opposes Home Rule, vi: 53, 60, ix: 50; situation at outbreak of War, vi: 53; loyalty to British in early days of War, vi: 55; Sinn Feiners start separatist propaganda, vi: 55; spread of Sinn Fein movement, vi: 57; Sir Roger Casement's negotiations with Germans, vi: 57; Sinn Feiners organize armed opposition, vi: 57; Irish Volunteers, vi: 57; sympathy with Germany, vi: 57; German arms for Sinn Feiners captured by British, vi: 58; Sir Roger Casement captured, vi: 58, ix: 53; Easter Rebellion, Apr., '16, vi: 58; proclamation of Republic, Apr., '16, vi: 60; Padraic Pearse, Provisional President, vi: 60, ix: 53; collapse of rebellion, May, '16, vi: 60; leaders executed for treason, May 3, '16, vi: 60, ix: 53; Lloyd George's proposal for Home Rule settlement, '17, vi: 61; Irish Convention meets to discover way for settlement, '18, vi: 61-63; De Valera, leader of Sinn Feiners, vi: 61; De Valera elected to Parliament, vi: 62; Sinn Feiners' attitude toward Convention, vi: 62; government's new Home Rule Bill, '18, outline of, vi: 64; struggle over conscription, vi: 64; Sinn Feiners carry parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 64; Irish Republic proclaimed by National Assembly at Dublin, '18, vi: 64; delegates to Peace Conference appointed, vi: 64; movement in U. S. in support of Irish freedom, vi: 65; Irish-American mission to Peace Conference, vi: 65; Peace Conference refuses hearing to Irish cause, vi: 66; Sinn Fein platform, ix: 52; De Valera elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55. Ireland, Maj.-Gen. M. W., Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, v: 346. Iris , British ferryboat in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.Irish-Americans,support for cause of Irish freedom, vi: 65; Irish Race in America Convention, Feb., '19, vi: 65; delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 65. Irkutsk, captured by Czechoslovaks, July 13, '18, i: 397. Iron,importance of Lorraine deposits, i: 267; importance in war, i: 268; French mines coveted by Germany, ii: 13, 15; French mines seized by Germany, ii: 20. Irresistible , British battleship,at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 48. Isherwood, Lieut.-Com., co-inventor of launching device for depth bombs, iv: 331. Ishii, Viscount, biography, ix: 90. Ishtib, occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397. Isonzo Front, see Italian Front. Isonzo River, course, ii: 48. Is-sur-Tille, center of American lines of supply, iii: 83, v: 11, 330. Istria, given by Allies to Italy under secret treaty, '15, vi: 361. Italia Irredenta , definition, xi: 18.Italian Front,Lloyd George advocates strong offensive on, ii: Intro. xx ; most difficult theater of War, ii: 48; general military topography, ii: 48, 49, 236, 244, iii: 226-230, xi: 25; general strategy at start of War, ii: 48, 49, iii: 228-231, 239-241; topography of Isonzo Front, ii: 48, iii: 239; Isonzo campaigns, ii: 49-52, 56-58, 240, 242-250, iii: 239-248; topography of Trentino Front, ii: 49, iii: 230; Trentino campaigns, ii: 49, 51, iii: 230-239; Italian attacks on Gorizia fail, '15, ii: 50, 240; results of '15 campaign, ii: 51; Gorizia captured by Italians, Aug., 16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246; Caporetto disaster and Italian rout, Oct.—Dec., '17, ii: 56-58, 246-250, iii: 80, 246-248, vi: 129, xi: 37; Italian retreat checked by stand at the Piave, Nov., '17, ii: 58, 250, iii: 80, 248; last Austrian offensive, June, '18, ii: 94-96, 250-252, iii: 249; victorious final offensive by Italy, Oct., '18, ii: 96, 252-254, iii: 249; Carso Plateau, description of, ii: 244; Gradisca captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244; Monfalcone captured by Italians, June, '15, iii: 244; casualties and prisoners of war, Austrian and Italian, during Isonzo campaigns, iii: 244, 246, 248; Cividale captured by Austro-Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247; Udine captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247; Italian losses in men and territory in great retreat, Oct.—Dec., '17, ii: 248; Jugoslavs in Austrian army desert to Italians, iii: 249; American reinforcements arrive, July, '18, iii: 249, v: 394; bibliography, iii: 249; aerial cableways across the Alps, viii: 303-306. Italian Front, On the , poem by G. E. Woodbury, vi: 114.Italy:Army,German estimate of effectiveness, '14, ii: 4; Arditi, description of, ii: 240; Bersaglieri, description of, ii: 240; Alpini, description of, ii: 242; Carabinieri, as military police, ii: 242; Granatieri, description of, ii: 242; pre-War organization and equipment, iii: 224-226; effect of enemy propaganda on morale, iii: 247, vi: 128; for military operations, see Italian Front. Casualties,total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, vi: 130; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; total battle deaths, [xii: 288] . Declarations of war,on Austria, May 23, '15, i: 380, ii: 48, 236, vi: 126, 309, xi: 18; on Turkey, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381; on Bulgaria, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382; on Germany, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; belligerency condemned as traitorous by Austrian press, vi: 310. Foreign policy,international position, '14, i: 61; ambition for Mediterranean supremacy, i: 61; member of Triple Alliance, i: 95, 255, ii: 48, vi: 114; war with Turkey for Tripoli, '12, i: 109, vi: 114; neglected by Germany, i: 255; Bissolati's explanation of neutrality, i: 256; refusal to enter War as German ally, ii: 48, xi: 6; Central Powers bargain for neutrality, ii: 48; parliamentary struggle between neutralists and interventionists, ii: 236, vi: 123-126; Salandra and Sonino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 123; Giolitti advocates continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123; attitude toward U. S., ii: 245; public opinion for neutrality in early days of War, vi: 116; pro-German sentiment, vi: 118; pro-Ally sentiment grows, vi: 119; territorial demands on Austria, '14, vi: 120; Avlona occupied, Dec., '14, vi: 120; secret treaty with Allies, Apr., '15, price of entry into War, vi: 122, 361; occupation of Austrian territories following armistice, vi: 129, 364; unpopularity of Austrian alliance, vi: 308; claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334; hostility to Jugoslav expansion, vi: 360-362, 364-370; Adriatic aspirations, vi: 361; Fiume dispute, vi: 365-370. Imports, dependence on, ii: 236, vi: 127. Internal politics,unification, i: 39; parliamentary struggle between neutralists and war party, ii: 236, vi: 123-126; Salandra and Sonnino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123; Giolitti for continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123; D'Annunzio rouses people to side with Allies, ii: 239, vi: 124; strikes instigated by Bolshevik propaganda, iii: 247, vi: 128; political situation preceding entry into War, vi: 114; popular sentiment for neutrality, vi: 116; pro-Ally sentiment, vi: 116, 119; attitude of political parties on neutrality, vi: 117; pro-German sympathies, vi: 118; King Victor takes decisive step for war, vi: 125; obstructionist policy of Catholics and Socialists, vi: 126; fall of Salandra Cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127; coalition government under Boselli takes office, June, '16, vi: 127; pacifist propaganda and riots, vi: 128; fall of Boselli government, Oct., '17, vi: 129; Orlando heads new Cabinet, vi: 129; Cabinet crisis on Fiume question, '18, vi: 369. Navy,strength at outbreak of War, iv: 368; War record, iv: 368; blockade of Jugoslav ports, vi: 369. Peace Conference, delegates to, [xii: 179] . Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 7, '19, [xii: 264] . Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Royal family, xi: 141-143;see also Victor Emmanuel. War cost,Luzzati's statement on, vi: 130; relatively largest of all belligerents, vi: 131; financial position at start of War, [xii: 1] ; debt to U. S., [xii: 18] ; value of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; value of property destroyed, [xii: 26] ; average daily war cost, [xii: 106] ; total war cost, May, '15—Oct., '18, [xii: 107] ; taxation, [xii: 107] , [xii: 109] ; loans, [xii: 113] ; rise in national debt, [xii: 113] , [xii: 114] .
[J] Jablonitza, captured by Russians, Aug. 15, '16, i: 386. Jacob Jones , U. S. destroyer,sunk by U-boat, Dec. 6, '17, i: 393; report of Lieut.-Com. Bagley, iv: 346-349. Jador, battle of, Austrians driven from Serbia, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152. Jaffa, captured by British, iii: 194. Jagow, Gottlieb von, German Foreign Secretary, ix: 127-128. Jametz, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272. Japan,abrogates extraterritorial rights, i: 18; acquires Formosa, 1894, i: 20; acquires Port Arthur and Korea in Russo-Japanese War, i: 20; rise as world power, '05, i: 20; adopts "open door" policy, 1854, i: 38; Root-Takahira agreement on "open door" in China, '08, i: 57; Lansing-Ishii Note recognizes special Japanese interest in China, '17, i: 58; international position in '14, i: 63; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, terms of, i: 104, 107; Ludendorff's comment on entry into War, ii: 357; siege and capture of Kiau-Chau (Tsing Tau), Aug. 23—Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383; total casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; naval strength, iv: 58; naval service to Allies, iv: 367; motive in siding with Allies, iv: 367, vi: 382; sends troops to Vladivostok against Soviet government, vi: 193; the "Yellow Peril," origin of phrase, vi: 248; ultimatum to Germany demanding surrender of Kiau-Chau, Aug. 17, '14, vi: 382; declares war on Germany, Aug. 23, '14, vi: 382; internal politics during War, vi: 384; forces China to accede to "Group Demands," '15, vi: 385; summary of concessions obtained under "Group Demands," vi: 385; ambition for domination in Far East, vi: 386; treaty with Russia, '16, vi: 386; imperialists advocate intervention in Siberia, '17, vi: 386; Terauchi Cabinet opposed by liberals, vi: 386-388; Kei Hara succeeds Terauchi as Premier, '18, vi: 388; opposition by conservatives to Hara government, vi: 388; separatist movement in Korea, vi: 388; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; coal production, '13—'16, [xii: 48] ; delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] ; Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to, by Peace Treaty, [xii: 209] ; ratifies Peace Treaty, Oct. 27, '19, [xii: 264] ; see also Jaroslav, fortress on San,captured by Russians, Sept. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 123; retaken by Germans, May 17, '15, iii: 136. Jassy, Rumanian government moved to, Nov. 28, '16, i: 389. Jastrow, Prof. Morris, Jr., discussion of Bagdad Railway problem, ii: 290-297. Jaulgonne,location, v: 133; captured by 3rd Div., July, '18, v: 383. Jauréguiberry , French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.Jaurès, Jean, French anti-militarist, assassinated, vi: 95. Jebel Shammar, Emirate of, established, '18, [xii: 279] . Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John,appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88; analysis of British and German fleets at start of War, iv: 93-97; biography, ix: 275-282; bibliography, ix: 282. Jericho, captured by British, Feb. 22, '18, i: 393, ii: 196. Jerusalem,captured by Gen. Allenby, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 196, 322-326; Allenby's proclamation to people of, iii: 325; work of Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 323. Jeszcze Polska , Polish national anthem, xi: 331.Jews,distress in war areas, vii: 349; number in Russian Poland, vii: 349, 358, 361, 376; number in Galicia, vii: 349, 376; number in Germany, vii: 349; number in Turkey, vii: 349, 376;outside of Palestine, vii: 368; number in Palestine, vii: 349, 366, 376; number in Serbia, vii: 349, 369, 376; American aid for needy in Palestine, vii: 350, 358, 365-368; American aid for needy in Belgium, vii: 350; organization of war relief agencies in U. S., vii: 351-354; American Jewish Relief Committee formed, vii: 354; funds raised in U. S. for overseas war relief, '16—'17, vii: 355-356; American relief for destitute in Russian Poland, vii: 356-358, 360-363; refugees in interior of Russia, relief activities for, vii: 356, 363-365; conditions in Galicia, vii: 358; number dependent on war relief, by countries, vii: 358, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 376; work of relief commission sent to Europe from U. S., vii: 359-360; American relief for needy in Constantinople, vii: 368; contributions to destitute in Serbia and Greece, vii: 368; aid for war refugees in Spain, vii: 369; relief funds raised in U. S. during '18, vii: 370-374; reports, on after-War distress in Europe, vii: 375-376; extent of relief work in Vilna, vii: 375; number in Lithuania, vii: 376; number in Baltic Provinces, vii: 376; number in Russia, vii: 376; number in Serbia, vii: 376; number in Rumania, vii: 376; number in Bulgaria, vii: 376; number in Greece, vii: 376; number in Hungary, vii: 376; number in Persia, vii: 376. Jihad, see Holy War. Joffre, Marshal Josef Jacques César,fights first battle of the Marne, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 182, iii: 30; controversy with Viscount French on importance of Channel ports, ii: 172; General Joffre and His Battles , book by Raymond Recouly, summary of, ii: 182-189;appointed Commander-in-Chief of French armies, iii: 46; technical adviser to French War Council, iii: 62; biography, ix: 154-161; visit to U.S., ix: 161; bibliography, ix: 161; intimate anecdote of, ix: 269. Johnston, Sgt. Harold I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401. Johnston, Maj.-Gen. W. H.,in command of 91st Div., Aug., '18, v: 196; at Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220. Joint Distribution Committee, for Jewish war relief, formation of, vii: 354. Jonc de Mer Ridge, Germans driven back at, by A. E. F., Oct. 18, '18, v: 296. Jordan River, military operations along, iii: 197. Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, commands Austrian forces to invade Poland, iii: 119. Jugoslavs,in Austrian Army desert to Italians, '18, iii: 249; Austrian and Russian policies toward, vi: 306; attack Hungarian Republic, April—May, '19, vi: 326; racial groups among, with early history, vi: 354; Serbian ambition for unification, vi: 355, 363; clash with Austrian interests, vi: 355-359; meeting of Jugoslav representatives in Corfu plans for united nation, Aug.,'17, vi: 359; conflict with Italy over eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 359-363, 364-370; Hungarian government suppresses Jugoslav Congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363; establish united Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 364; seize Austrian navy and merchant marine, Nov., '18, vi: 364; armed opposition to Italian advance in Carniola, Nov., '18, vi: 364; struggle with Italy for possession of Fiume and Dalmatia, vi: 365-370; establish united kingdom under Prince Alexander of Serbia, Dec. 21, '18, vi: 366; recognized by U. S., Feb. '19, vi: 366; President Wilson's note supporting Jugoslav claim for Fiume, vi: 369; claims for independence recognized by Austria-Hungary in agreeing to armistice, vi: 399; area and population of united kingdom, [xii: 279] ; see also Serbia.
Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90. Justh, Julius, leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311. Jutland, battle of, May 31, '16,description in full, with official reports, iv: 99-136; outline in brief, iv: 99-104; opposing commanders, iv: 99; British ships and men lost, iv: 100; German ships and men lost, iv: 100; moral victory for Germans, iv: 100; criticism of Jellicoe's tactics, iv: 101; greatest naval engagement in history, iv: 102; conditions influencing, iv: 102; strength and composition of fleets engaged, iv: 103-104, 112, 114, 119; disposition of British forces, iv: 104; first phase, iv: 106-113; Beatty's report on first phase, iv: 106-110; Jellicoe's account of first phase, iv: 108; accuracy of German fire, iv: 108; Indefatigable sunk, iv: 108;fight between destroyer flotillas, iv: 109; Queen Mary blown up, iv: 110;critical analysis of first phase, iv: 110-113; second phase, Beatty's report on, iv: 113-115; weather conditions, iv: 113; critical analysis of second phase, iv: 115; third phase, iv: 115-130; Jellicoe's account of third phase, iv: 117-120, 121-129; Third Battle Cruiser Squadron under Hood reinforces Beatty, iv: 117; British miscalculate position, iv: 117; Hood gets into action with enemy, iv: 119; Beatty's report on third phase, iv: 119, 120-121, 129; Invincible blows up, iv: 119;Adm. Hood lost with Invincible , iv: 119-120; Shark , Defence , and Black Prince sunk, iv: 121;low visibility, iv: 121-123; British alter course to avoid torpedo attack, iv: 125; German destroyers sunk, iv: 126; Germans retire under cover of smoke screen, iv: 126; Jellicoe pursues enemy, iv: 127; critical analysis of third phase, iv: 129; fourth phase, iv: 131-136; night fighting and torpedo attacks, iv: 131; Jellicoe abandons pursuit, iv: 133; critical analysis of fourth phase, iv: 133-136; effect of battle on military situation, iv: 135; lessons taught by, iv: 135; account and analysis of, by Arthur Pollen, iv: 144-156; authoritative information incomplete, iv: 146; British lose chance for decisive victory, iv: 152, 156; German eye-witness account, iv: 256; British eye-witness account, iv: 258. Juvigny,captured by French and 32nd Div., A. E. F., Aug., '18, i: 397, v: 62, 258, 384; 32nd Div. casualties at, v: 259. [K] K-13 , British submarine, account of sinking, and rescue of crew, x: 304-315."Kahkos," description, viii: 257. Kaiser, see William II. Kaiser Wilhelm Land, Kakali, captured by Allies, Oct., '15, iii: 204. Kale-I-Sultanie, fort on the Dardanelles, ii: 29. Kaledin, Gen.,commands Russian army at Rovno, iii: 142; leads Cossacks in Siberia, vi: 192. Kambana , Bulgarian newspaper,statement against Russia, June, '15, vi: 342. Kamerun, see Cameroons. Kamio, Gen.,Japanese commander at siege of Tsing Tau (Kiau-Chau), iii: 257. Karaburnu, Greek fort occupied by Allies, iii: 206. Karaurgan, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378. Karlsruhe, Allied air raid on, June 15, '15, i: 380. Karlsruhe , German sea-raider,battle with British cruiser Bristol , Aug. 6, '14, iv: 63; career in Atlantic, iv: 196. Karnes, Sgt. James E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396. Karolyi, Count Michael,pleads Hungary's cause in U. S., '14, vi: 307; leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311; forms "Independence and 1848" Party, '16, vi: 311; appointed Premier of Hungary, Nov., '18, vi: 323; resigns as Premier, Mar., '19, vi: 325; biography, ix: 144-147. Kars, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 1, '15, iii: 260. Katia, battle between Turks and British at, Apr., '16, iii: 191. Katz, Sgt. Philip C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401. Kaufman, Sgt. Benjamin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399. Kautsky, Herr, German Social-Democratic leader, opposes war, vi: Intro. xii. Kavala,bombarded by British warships, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; occupied by Bulgars, '16, iii: 207, vi: 344. Kawachi , Japanese battleship blows up, July 12, '18, i: 397.Keeling Island, destruction on, by landing party from Emden , Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184, 190. Keep the Home Fires Burning , American soldiers' song, xi: 336.Keep Your Head Down, Fritzie Boy , American soldiers' song, xi: 337.Kei Hara, heads liberal Japanese Cabinet, vi: 388. Keirsbilk, Alois Van, Belgian hero, executed for plotting death of Kaiser, x: 357-360. Kellermann, Bernhard, German novelist, description of conditions at front, iii: 286. Kelley, Col., British commander against Sudanese, iii: 191. Kelly, Pvt. John Joseph, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389. Kem, captured by Anglo-American forces, July 15, '18, i: 397. Kemmel, Mount,stormed and captured by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, iii: 91, 360; occupied by Anglo-American troops, Aug. 19, '18, i: 397; key-point in defense of Channel ports, iii: 381; 27th and 30th Divs. in sector, v: 286. Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. C. W., commands 85th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197. Kent , British cruiser,at battle of Falklands, armament, iv: 70; sinks Nürnberg , iv: 74. Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch,speech in Duma predicting revolution, vi: 144; leader of Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148; pacifies revolting Petrograd troops, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 151; Minister of Justice in Prince Lvov's Cabinet, vi: 155; character sketch, vi: 155; abolishes death penalty, vi: 157; Minister of War in Lvov's coalition Cabinet, vi: 160; member of "Group of Toil," vi: 160; becomes Premier and dictator of Russia, vi: 165; struggle with Kornilov for supreme power, vi: 167-171; declares himself Commander-in-Chief, vi: 171; struggle with Soviets, vi: 175-179; overthrown by Bolsheviki, vi: 179-181; biography, ix: 104-109; bibliography, ix: 109. Kermanshah, captured by Russians, Feb. 25, '16, i: 384. Kerosene, amount used by A. E. F., v: 331. Kessler, Count, expelled from Poland, vi: 220. Kessler, George A., starts Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 255. Keystone (28th) Division, see U. S., Army. Kharga, British base in Libyan Desert, iii: 191. Kheyr-ed-Din-Barbarossa , Turkish battleship sunk by British submarine, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381.Khvostov, Russian Minister of Interior, removed from office, Feb., '16, vi: 140. Kiau-Chau (Kiao-Chau),seized by Germany, 1897, i: 15, 82; siege and conquest of Tsing Tau by Japanese, Aug. 24—Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383; German rights transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, [xii: 209] ; area and population, [xii: 279] ; see also Shantung.
Kiel Canal, Peace Treaty provisions for navigation of, [xii: 255] . Kienzle, Herbert, in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 372. Kiev, captured by Germans, Mar. 2, '18, i: 393. Kilid-Bahr,fortification of, on Gallipoli, ii: 29, iv: 24, 45; objective of British landing forces, iii: 167; bombarded, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45; see also Gallipoli Campaign. Killingholme, England, U. S. seaplane station at, iv: 359. Kimigayo , Japanese national anthem, xi: 328.King Edward VII , British battleship sunk by mine, Jan. 10, '16, i: 384.Kiribaba Pass, seized by Russians, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378. Kitchener, Field-Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert,drowned in sinking of cruiser Hampshire , June 5, '16, i: 385, ix: 168; attitude on Dardanelles campaign, ii: Intro. xv ; dispute with Field-Marshal French, ii: 164-169; member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198; responsibility for Dardanelles disaster, ii: 198, 202; influence in War Council described by Winston Churchill, ii: 202; biography, ix: 168-176; bibliography, ix: 176; military commandments, xi: 55. K-K-K-Katy , American soldiers' song, xi: 335.Kluck, Gen. Alexander von,leads invasion of Belgium and France, Aug., '14, ii: 8, iii: 10, xi: 10; occupies Brussels, Aug. 20, '14, ii: 8, iii: 21; defeated at first Marne battle and forced to retreat, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 184, iii: 30-34; strategy of Aug., '14 advance, criticism of, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 168; avoids Paris and crosses the Marne, iii: 28; biography, ix: 266-268. Knights of Columbus,war-time activities of, vii: 328-339; organizing for war work, vii: 330; funds raised, vii: 331; war work expenditures, vii: 332; War Activities Committee, vii: 334; employment bureaus for discharged service men, vii: 338. Knotty Ash Camp, Liverpool, American Y. M. C. A. at, vii: 287. Knox peace resolution,declaring war between U. S. and Germany at end, passed by Congress in substitution for Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 273-277] ; text of original resolution asking the President to make separate peace, [xii: 273-274] ; text of amended resolution, [xii: 277] ; vetoed by President Wilson, [xii: 277] ; President's veto message, [xii: 278] . Kocak, Sgt. Matej, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389. Koenig, Paul,head of Hamburg-American Line secret service, i: 317; German spy in U. S., x: 347. Koenig, Capt. Paul, commander of German commerce submarine Deutschland , personal account of trans-Atlantic trip, iv: 214-216, x: 271-274. Koja Chemen Tepe,at Gallipoli, dominates Anzac positions, iii: 172; Anzac assault on, iii: 173; see also Gallipoli Campaign. Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich,Siberian government of, recognized by Allies, vi: 188; declares himself dictator of Siberia, vi: 194; leader of anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia, vi: 194; biography, ix: 239-241. Kollontai, Mme., member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179. Köln , German cruiser sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.Königin Luise , German raider in English Channel, iv: 197.Königsberg, in East Prussia, Russian objective, iii: 111. Königsberg , German sea-raider, sunk by British monitors, July 11, '15, i: 381, iv: 195.Koran of Caliph Othwan, Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, [xii: 225] . Korea,acquired by Japan, i: 20; struggle for independence, vi: 388. Kornilov, Gen. Laurus,appointed Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies by Kerensky, vi: 164; rebellion against Kerensky, vi: 167-171; imprisoned, vi: 171; leads Cossacks against Bolsheviki, vi: 192; biography, ix: 235-237. Kossaima, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189. Kovel, military importance, ii: 42. Kovno, captured by Germans, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381, ii: 363, iii: 138. Koweit, Sultanate of, established, '18, [xii: 279] . Kriemhilde Position, German line of defense,extent and description, v: 74, 218, 234; A. E. F. breakthrough in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 80-88, 240, 245, 262; see also Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Krithia, at Gallipoli,Allied attacks on, iii: 169-173; see also Gallipoli Campaign. Kronprinz Wilhelm ,comes into Newport News harbor, Apr. 11, '15, i: 378; interned, Apr. 26, '15, i: 380. Kronstadt,captured by Rumanians, Sept., '16, iii: 218; recaptured by Teutons, Oct., '16, iii: 220; military headquarters of Bolsheviki, vi: 164. Krovno, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 4, '16, i: 384. Krupp, Bertha, owner of largest German munition plant, ix: 352. Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Dr. Gustave,head of Krupp Works, visit to England, June, '14, i: 265; husband of Bertha Krupp, ix: 352. Kuban Republic, Kucharzewski, Premier of Poland under German jurisdiction, vi: 214. Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E.,commands 79th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219. Kultur, German, see Germany, Kultur. Kum Kale,French land troops at, for Gallipoli Campaign, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41; Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42; Allied bombardment of, Mar. 4, '15, iv: 44. Kurnah, taken by British, Dec. 9, '14, i: 376, iii: 180. Kuryet-el-Enad, taken by British, Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194. Kusmanek, Gen. von, Austrian commander defending Przemysl, iii: 134. Kut-el-Amara,captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 181; siege and surrender of British at, Dec. 7, '15—Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 318-320; number of British surrendered, iii: 318; conditions in, during siege, iii: 364. [L] La Bassée, captured by British, Jan. 23, '15, i: 378. La Boisselle, captured by Allies in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58. Labor, Labor Peace Conference, British, Feb. 27, '19, vi: 20. "Labyrinth,"captured by French, June 22, '15, i: 380; designation for German trenches between Arras and Neuville St. Vaast, iii: 42. Laconia, S. S. ,Cunard liner torpedoed, Feb. 25, '17, i: 389; eye-witness account, iv: 225-229. Ladd, Anna Coleman, makes copper face masks for mutilated, vii: 68. Lafayette , poem by R. A. Purdy, xi: 18.Lafayette Escadrille,formation, iii: 391; first members, iii: 391; Capt. Thenault appointed commander, iii: 391; first casualties, iii: 391; equipment of fliers, iii: 392; propaganda among Germans, iii: 392; total casualties, iii: 392; story of, x: 196-202. Lafayette Fund, first American war relief organizations vii: 85.
La Fère,British driven from, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375; captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375; recaptured by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399, xi: 52; German base in France, ii: 86; French attacks on, '17, iii: 68. La-Ferte-sous-Jouarre, headquarters of First Army, A. E. F., v: 384. Lamarch, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211. Lamont, Thomas W., Lamprecht, Prof. Karl, German historian, defense of German system of government, i: 155. Landres-St. Georges,captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 263; bombed by A. E. F. airmen, v: 311. Landreville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263. Landsberg, Herr, member of Ebert government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277. Landsturm, German, i: 72. Landwehr, German, i: 72. Lane, Franklin K., on meaning of the War to America, i: 367. Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. Wm. C., Chief Engineer, A. E. F., v: 336. Langres, A. E. F. training schools at, v: 106, 314. Lanrezac, Gen., Viscount French's criticism of, ii: 162. Lansdowne, Lord, letter calling on Allies to state war aims, vi: 12. Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, recognizes Japan's special interests in China, i: 58, vi: 386. Laon,captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375; German base in France, ii: 86; captured by Gen. Mangin, Oct. 12, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52. La Peyrère, Adm., Commander-in-Chief of French navy, '14, iv: 12. La Pultière Wood, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250. Lars Kruse , Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.La Rue Farm, captured by 27th Div., v: 296. La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad,formation, ii: 292; terms of concession to, ii: 292. Last Long Mile, The , British soldiers' song, xi: 337.Latham, Sgt. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393. Latin America, participation in War, vi: 389. Launeville, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266. Laurier, Sir Wilfrid,Canadian Liberal leader, vi: 24; speech pledging War support, Aug., '14, vi: 24; against Imperial federation, vi: 26; declines to form coalition Cabinet, vi: 33. League of Nations,Charles W. Eliot on, i: Intro. xiii ; international co-operation during War, i: Intro. xiii ; summary of provisions, i: Intro. xiv ; proposal to place Fiume under, vi: 369; spirit of, [xii: 155] ; prominent advocates, [xii: 155] ; drafting of Covenant described by Thos. W. Lamont, [xii: 155] ; analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, [xii: 170-178] ; text of Covenant in full, [xii: 182-185] ; countries invited to join, [xii: 186] ; original members, [xii: 186] ; Sir James Eric Drummond, first secretary-general, [xii: 186] ; U. S. Senate opposition to, [xii: 264-270] ; first meeting of Council, Jan. 20, '20, [xii: 270] . Leather, war-time conservation in shoemaking, [xii: 53] . Leave areas, "Y" service at, vii: 269; Lebanon, disposal under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334. Le Cateau,battle of, Aug. 26, '14, criticism of Smith-Dorrien's strategy at, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 162, 174; account of battle, ii: 174-182, iii: 23. Le Charmel,German stand at, July 21, '18, v: 185; Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. at, v: 192. Le Chêne Tondu,German defense of, against 56th Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239. Lee service rifle, viii: 95. Leelanaw, S. S. , American steamship sunk by U-boat, July 25. '15, i: 381.Leipzig , German cruiser,in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65; sunk in battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308; eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 80. Lejeune, Gen., commander of 2nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202. Leman, Gen., defender of Liége, iii: 11. Le Mans, embarkation center for returning A. E. F., v: 395. Lemberg,battle of, and capture by Russians, Sept. 1—3, '14, i: 375, ii: 23, iii: 121, xi: 16; recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, i: 380, iii: 137; military importance, ii: 42; seized by Poles, Nov., '18, vi: 217. Lemert, Sgt. Milo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396. Lemordant, French painter-soldier, x: 169. Lenin, Nicolai,urges defeat of Russia, '14, '15, vi: 140; leader of Bolsheviki, vi: 161-163; overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 179-181; becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 181; policies of government, vi: 181; biography, ix: 109-115; bibliography, ix: 115. Lens,Allied objective in battle of Artois, May, '15, iii: 42; objective in battle of Arras, Apr., '17, iii: 70; held by Germans against Allied attacks in Arras battle, iii: 72. Léon Gambetta , French cruiser torpedoed, Apr. 27, '15, iv: 373.Leonardo da Vinci , Italian dreadnought blown up, Aug. 2, '16, i: 386.Leopold, Prince, commands Bavarians entering Warsaw, iii: 138. L'Epasse Wood, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263. Le Prêtre Wood, captured by 180 Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209. Lescarboura, Austin C.,on trench warfare, viii: 133; opinion on efficiency of tanks, xi: 251; on use of dogs in War, xi: 340. Le Selle River, German stand at, Oct., '18, v: 295. Les Eparges,location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199; captured by French, Sept. 12, '18, v: 212. Les Petites Armoises, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266. Letord bombing airplanes, viii: 223. Letts,peasant inhabitants of Baltic Provinces, vi: 226; early history, vi: 226; rebellion of '05, vi: 227; form Lettish Legion to fight in War, '15, vi: 227; join Bolsheviki, vi: 228. Letvia, Republic of, Leviathan , work as U. S. transport, [xii: 275] .Levicu, Dr., leader in movement for Soviet government in Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300. Lewis machine-gun,description, viii: 81; rejected by U. S. government, viii: 82; use on airplanes, viii: 87; U. S. production figures for aircraft, [xii: 284] . Liberty Loans,U. S., popularity, [xii: 10] ; selection of drive periods, [xii: 11] ; influence on national thrift, [xii: 11-16] ; subscription figures by Federal Reserve Districts, [xii: 12] ; New York City subscriptions, by borough, [xii: 12] ; compared with amount of other U. S. indebtedness, [xii: 16] ; amounts raised, [xii: 113] ; effect on German morale, [xii: 126] ; number of subscribers, [xii: 127] ; methods used in selling campaigns, [xii: 127-134] ; sales psychology, [xii: 132] ; Victory Way, [xii: 133] ; number of persons engaged in drives, [xii: 134] ; statistics, [xii: 134] ; see also U. S., War cost. Liberty motor,description, viii: 199; production figures, [xii: 285] . Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294. Libyan Desert, military operations in '16—'17, iii: 191.
Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, German ambassador to England,negotiations for settlement of Anglo-German rivalries, '12—'14, i: 196, 250; account of events leading to World War, i: 246; author of Memorandum , account of diplomatic experiences in England, i: 250; biography, ix: 131-133. Liebau, Hans, German propagandist in U. S., x: 338. "Liebau Employment Agency," center of German propaganda in U. S., x: 338. Liebknecht, Karl, German radical leader,sketch of, by Sir Thomas Barclay, vi: Intro. x ; votes against war credits, vi: Intro. xii ; protest against War, '14, vi: 249; imprisoned, '16, vi: 262, ix: 140, 141; freed from prison, Oct., '18, vi: 272; leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278, ix: 142; organizes Spartacide demonstrations, Dec., '18, vi: 283; killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 15, '19, vi: 289, ix: 142; biography, ix: 138-143; elected to Prussian Assembly while in prison, ix: 140; expelled from Socialist Party, ix: 141; bibliography, ix: 142. Liége,forts constructed, 1890, i: 143; captured by Germans, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375, iii: 10, xi: 9.Ludendorff's account, ii: 348; Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter,commands First Corps, A. E. F., in Marne defensive, July, '18, v: 56; commands First Corps in St. Mihiel drive, v: 65, 202, 386; appointed commander of First Army, Oct. 16, '18, v: 83, 246, 390; in command of 41st Div., '17, v: 109; commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 220, 388, 390; commands First Army in Meuse-Argonne, v: 390; biography, ix: 218. Lightning (78th) Division, see U. S., Army. Lille,abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; death-rate during German occupation, iii: 406. Lille, Laon and St. Dié , poem by John Finley, vi: 82.Limburg, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91. Limey, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199. Liners, interned German, in U. S. ports, injuries to, iv: 319. Linsingen, Gen. von, commands Austrians operating against Lemberg, iii: 132. Liny-devant-Dun, captured by 11th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271. Lion , British battle cruiser,Beatty's flagship in battle of Jutland, iv: 105; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241; disabled in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246. Liquid fire,first use by Germans in Belgium, July 30, '15, i: 381; how used, viii: 120; story of Germans caught in own trap, x: 18. Lisle, Gen. de, at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171. Lissey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272. Listening device,for detecting submarines, description, iv: 308; see also Literary rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246] . Lithuania,struggle for independence, vi: 234-236; opposed by Polish aspirations, vi: 234; fight against Bolshevism, vi: 236; Cabinet of '18, vi: 236; fight against Polish aggression, vi: 236; Republic established, Apr., '18, [xii: 279] ; area and population, [xii: 279] . Little Russia, see Ukraine. Livonia,early history, vi: 226; Republic established, Apr., '18, [xii: 279] ; area and population, [xii: 279] ; see also Baltic Provinces. Lizenz bombing airplanes, viii: 222. Llandovery Castle , torpedoed, June 22, '18, i: 395.Lloyd George, David,advocates aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: Intro. x, xx ; becomes British Prime Minister, ii: Intro. xx , vi: 10, ix: 28; military policy, ii: Intro, xxi ; becomes Minister of Munitions, May, '15, vi: 5, [xii: 78] ; appeal to munition workers, vi: 5, ix: 27; speeds up British war efforts, vi: 10; statement of Allied war aims, vi: 12; indorses President Wilson's Fourteen Points, vi: 14; conciliatory policy between labor and capital, vi: 20; biography, ix: 21-30; bibliography, ix: 30; see also Peace Conference. Loans, raised by belligerents for conduct of War, [xii: 111] . Locomotives, Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot,leads opposition to Peace Treaty, [xii: 264] ; original reservations to Peace Treaty, text, [xii: 265] ; revised reservations to Peace Treaty, text, [xii: 269] . Lodz, occupied by Germans, Nov. 27, '14, iii: 129. Logan, Col. James A., Chief of Administration (G-1), G. H. Q., A. E. F., v: 101. Loman, Pvt. Berger, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397. Lome, surrender to British, Aug., '14, iii: 252. London,air raids on,Aug. 17, '15, i: 381; Sept. 8, '15, i: 381; Oct. 13, '15, i: 382; Dec. 24, '14, iii: 41; welcome to Pershing, June, '17, v: 97; American Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 288. London , British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107. Long, Long Trail , American soldiers' song, xi: 335.Longueval, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58. Longwy,abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; iron area coveted by Germans, '14, ii: 6. Loos,British attempt to pierce German lines at, '15, ii: 25; captured by British, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46; faulty British generalship in battle of, iii: 375. Lord Nelson , British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.Lorraine,value of iron deposits, i: 267; French offensive in, Aug., '14, iii: 16. Losnitza, Austrians cross Drina at, iii: 151. Losses,see Casualties; Prisoners of war. "Lost Battalion," under Major Whittlesey,cut off from 77th Div., Oct. 2, '18, v: 231, 239; attempts at relief of, fail, v: 241, 242; rescued, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243; units composing, v: 363. Loti, Pierre, description of gas victims, iii: 320-322. Lough Foyle, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357. Louppy, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272. "Lousy Champagne," location, v: 43. Louvain,captured by Germans, Aug. 19, '14, i: 375, iii: 14; burned by Germans, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, iii: 14; description of burning by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 273-277. Louvain, University of, Peace Treaty provisions for restoration by Germany of books destroyed, [xii: 225] . Lowenstein, Milton B., Boy Scout in air service, xi: 116. Lowestoft, attacked by German battle cruiser squadron, Apr. 25, '16, i: 385. Lowicz, occupied by Germans, Dec. 18, '14, i: 376. Lublin, occupied by Austrians, July 30, '15, i: 381. Lublin-Cholm Railway, cut by Germans in '15 offensive, iii: 138. Lubomirsky, Prince, appointed by Germany to Regency Council of Poland, vi: 214. "Lucky Bag," explanation of term, iv: 171. Lucy-la-Bocage, important point near Château-Thierry, v: 132. Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von,War account, ii: 298-365; estimate of own importance to German victories, ii: 298, 300; appointed First Quartermaster-General, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61; denies being Germany's dictator, ii: 333; resignation forced, Oct. 26, '18, ii: 336, vi: 271; opinion of A. E. F., ii: 337; war attitude, explained by himself, ii: 344; brigade commander at start of War, ii: 345; share in capture of Liége, ii: 348; appointed Chief of Staff to Hindenburg in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 351; account of first meeting with Hindenburg, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353; appointed Chief of Staff for operations on southeastern front, Sept., '14, ii: 357; failure of "Spring Drive" loses War, '18, vi: 270; biography, ix: 250-257.
Luderitz Bay, captured by British, iii: 254. Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, American ace, story of, x: 191-196. Luke, Lieut. Frank, Jr.,American aviator, story of, x: 211-214; gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393. Lukin, Gen., heads expedition against Sollum, iii: 191. Lullaby for a Baby Tank , poem by H. T. Craven, xi: 270.Lumber, uses in war, viii: 306-309. Lunacharsky, member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179. Lunéville,captured by Germans, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375, iii: 20; retaken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375. Lupkow Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127. Lurcher , British destroyer at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.Lusitania, S. S. ,German warning against travelling on, May 1, '15, i: 319; sunk by German submarine, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, 380, xi: 20, 237;Lord Mersey's official report, i: 362-365; loss of life, i: 319, 362; U. S. note to Germany on sinking, May 13, '15, i: 320; Roosevelt's statement on, i: 320; Taft's view of action by U. S. over sinking, i: 320; U. S. demands disavowal of sinking by Germany, i: 323; summary of controversy between U. S. and Germany over sinking, i: 358; dimensions, i: 362; number and nationality of passengers on last trip, i: 362; number in crew, i: 362; not armed, i: 363; German hymn of glory over sinking of, i: 365; eye-witness accounts of sinking, iv: 220-222; Capt. Turner's account, iv: 222; Germans celebrate destruction as naval victory, iv: 223. Lutsk,captured by Germans, Sept. 1, '15, i: 381; recaptured by Russians, Sept. 23, '15, i: 382; recaptured by Germans, Sept. 27, '15, i: 382; captured by Russians, June 6, '16, i: 385, iii: 142. Lützow , German battle cruiser sunk at Jutland, eye-witness account, iv: 256.Luxemburg, Duchess of, see Marie Adelaide. Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of,invaded by Germans, Aug. 2, '14, i: 144, iii: 10, vi: 93, xi: 10; annexation sought by Belgium and France, '19, vi: 94; Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 189] . Luxemburg, Rosa,German radical leader, protest against War, '14, vi: 249; imprisoned, '16, vi: 262; leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278; killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289; views on social revolution, ix: 147. Lvov, Prince George E.,Premier under Russian Provisional Government, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155; manifesto on war aims, Apr. 9, '17, vi: 159; forms Coalition Cabinet, vi: 160; biography, ix: 100-102; President of All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils, [xii: 82] . Lynch, George, inventer of impenetrable cloth against barbed wire, viii: 68. Lys, battle of,Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91; Portuguese troops flee under German attack, ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374; Allied lines broken, ii: 153, iii: 91; Germans turn attack to Channel ports, iii: 91. Lysk, Germans defeat Russians at '14, iii: 116. Lynx , British destroyer blown up in Baltic, iv: 197.[M] Ma'an, seized by Arabs, Sept., '18, iii: 199. Maastricht salient, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91. MacArthur, Brig.-Gen. Douglas,leads pursuit of Germans to Vesle River, Aug. 2—3, '18, v: 61; commands 84th Inf. Brig., Oct. 14—16, '18, v: 84; biography, ix: 213-217. Macao, purchase of Portuguese interests at, by Japan, vi: 386. Macdonald, Ramsay,endorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12; defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17. Macdowell, Major T. W., wins Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349. Macedonia,promised to Bulgaria by Germany, ii: 32; occupation of, by Bulgarians, vi: 343-344; military operations in, see Salonika Campaign. Machine-guns, use of,in British Army, ii: 125; British and German equipments, Aug., '14, ii: 275; utility in trench warfare, ii: 288, viii: 134-136; nests, construction of, v: 37; pits, v: 287; number on A. E. F. front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; predecessors of modern types, viii: 78; Hiram Maxim's invention, 1883, viii: 78; German pre-War preparedness, viii: 78; effectiveness, viii: 79, 136; usefulness compared with rifle, viii: 79; German Machine-Gun Corps, viii: 79; principal types, viii: 80-87; Maxim gun, viii: 80, 87; Benet-Mercier gun, viii: 80; Lewis gun, viii: 81-82; Browning gun, viii: 84-87; on airplanes, viii: 86-87, 189-192, 196, 208-216; Hotchkiss gun, viii: 87; German and Allied equipments compared, Aug., '14, viii: 134; tank vs. machine-gun, viii: 150-151; U. S. production figures, [xii: 284] ; number captured by Americans, [xii: 288] . Mackensen, Field-Marshal August von,commander of Teuton forces conquering Serbia, ii: 34, iii: 156; leads invasion of Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 222; leader of offensive through Galicia and Poland, ii: 233, iii: 128; commands Bulgarian forces, iii: 218; biography, ix: 257-261. Madeline Farm,Germans resist attacks on, by 80th and 3rd Divs., Oct. 6, '18, v: 241; captured by Americans, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245. Madelon, Le , French soldiers' song, xi: 339.Madras, bombarded by German raider Emden , Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174. Magdeburg , German cruiser sunk by Russians, Aug., '14, iv: 365.Maghdaba, British defeat Turks at, iii: 192. Magnes, Dr. Judah L., visits Europe for Jewish war relief, vii: 356, 360. Magpies in Picardy , poem by "Tipcuca," xi: 224.Magyars,predominance in Austria-Hungary, vi: 306; loyalty to Empire, vi: 306; rebel against new Czechoslovak government, vi: 399; see also Mahon, Gen., commands British at Salonika, iii: 202. Maidos, defenses of Gallipoli at, iv: 24. Mainz , German cruiser, sunk in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.Mainz, occupation by Allies and conditions for withdrawal from, [xii: 261] . Maize, imports of, by Germany, ii: 17. Majestic , British battleship,at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by submarine at Gallipoli, May 27, '15, iv: 50. Malancourt,captured by Germans, Mar., '16, iii: 51; location, v: 217; 4th Engrs. build artillery road from, to Esnes, Sept., '18, v: 226. Malborghetto, captured by Italians, iii: 244. Mali Journal , Serbian newspaper, on antagonism to Austria-Hungary, vi: 356.Malingering, devices for detection of, viii: 358-361.
Malinov,succeeds Radoslavov as Bulgarian Premier, vi: 346; statement on circumstances of Bulgarian surrender, vi: 347. Malleterre, Gen.,discussion of Allied victory, ii: 206; Professor of Military Geography at École de Guerre, ii: 220; eulogy of Foch and Pétain, ii: 220. Mallon, Capt. George H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397. Malmédy, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, [xii: 188] . Malmö, meeting of Scandinavian rulers at, and pledge of mutual neutrality, vi: 393. Malvy, French Minister of Interior,tried for criminal neglect, iv: 10; implicated in Bonnet Rouge case, vi: 105; exiled from France, vi: 106. Mametz, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58. Manchuria, Japanese penetration of, i: 20. Mangin, Gen.,attacks Germans on Villers-Cotterets and Soissons line, July, '18, ii: 210, v: 159; appointed commander of Verdun sector, iii: 62; successful attack at Verdun, Dec., '16, iii: 62. Mann, Maj.-Gen. William A., relieved of command of 42nd Div., '17, v: 109. Mannerheim, Gen.,commands Finnish White Guards, vi: 198; dictator of Finnish de facto Republic, '18, vi: 200. Manning, Corp. Sidney E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399. Manoury, Gen., commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 182, 184. Mantou, Prof., interpreter to Supreme Peace Council, [xii: 152] . Maple Leaf Forever, The , Canadian national hymn, xi: 330.March, Gen. Peyton C., Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, biography, ix: 210-212. Margate, bombed by German airmen, Oct. 22, '16, i: 388. Marie, Queen of Rumania, appeal for American aid, vi: 349. Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg,resigns in favor of sister, vi: 94; biography, ix: 383-384. Marina, S. S. , British freighter sunk by German submarine, Oct. 28, '16, i: 335, 388.Marines, U. S., see U. S., Marines. Maritz, Col., rebel Boer leader, joins Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, iii: 254, vi: 50. Markomannia , auxiliary to German raider Emden , iv: 170, 172.Marlin aircraft guns,U. S. production figures, [xii: 284] ; see also Machine-guns. Marne,Allied retreat to the, Aug.—Sept., '14, iii: 20-30; topography of salient, v: 42, 133. Marne, battles of:Sept., '14,report of Field-Marshal French on preliminary action, ii: 9; outline of maneuvers, ii: 9; Foch's generalship at, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 220, iii: 31-34; described by French participant, ii: 182; Gen. Manoury's share in victory, ii: 182; military situation preceding, ii: 183; Allied generals under Joffre at, ii: 184; German commanders at, ii: 184; effect of Russian invasion of East Prussia on, ii: 227; analysis of, by a German military critic, ii: 258; detailed account of, iii: 30-36; casualties at, iii: 35. July, '18,Foch's strategy, ii: 77, ii: 154; Ludendorff's account, ii: 322-324; Ludendorff's comment on casualties, ii: 326; Ludendorff's comment on A. E. F. fighting, ii: 326; general account of battle, iii: 95-97, v: 129; detailed account of A. E. F. participation, v: 47-61, 148-192, 382; reasons for failure of German offensive, v: 54; German artillery captured by Americans, v: 56; stand of 38th Inf. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 150-153, x: 381-387; Pershing's message to troops, v: 191; Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192; work of tanks at, viii: 148; see also Aisne-Marne Offensive; Champagne. Marne District, German destruction in, iii: 297-300. Marne (3rd) Division, see U. S., Army. Mars, A. E. F. base hospital at, v: 400. Marseillaise , French national anthem,an Alsatian song, i: 211; effect on French audience, i: 211; words, xi: 326. Marseilles, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395. Marshal, Gen., commander of British capturing Bagdad, xi: 48. Marshall, Louis, President American Jewish Relief Committee, vii: 354. Martin, Miss Winona C., American "Y" worker killed in France, vii: 313. Martin, Dr. Franklin, member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116] . Martinpuich, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388. Mary, Queen of England, biography, ix: 392-395. Masaryk, T. G., leader of movement for Czech independence, vi: 397. Masefield, John,description of British embarkation for Gallipoli, iii: 350; account of Gallipoli fighting, iii: 352, 355-358; description of soldier's life at Gallipoli, iii: 353. Mata-Hari, woman spy,executed by French, Oct. 15, '17, i: 392; discloses tank secret to Germans, x: 360. Matz Valley, German attacks during '18 offensive, ii: 76. Maubeuge, Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103. Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley,Mesopotamian successes, '16—'17, ii: Intro. xviii , 90, iii: 185; biography, ix: 194-199. Maurepas, captured by French during battle of the Somme, iii: 58. Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick, on general strategy of the War, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv. Mauser rifle, description, viii: 95. Max, Burgomaster of Brussels, demand of concessions from Germans, iii: 14. Maxim, Hiram, invents machine-gun, 1883, viii: 78. Maxim machine-gun,description, viii: 80; modified type used by Germans and Austrians, viii: 87. Maximilian of Baden, Prince,appointed German Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270; appeals to Wilson for armistice, vi: 270. Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, biography, ix: 296. Mazurian Lakes,topography of district, iii: 108; difficulty of military operations in, iii: 113; Russian armies annihilated by Hindenburg, Aug., '14, iii: 113-116; second battle, Feb., '15, iii: 130; see also Tannenberg, battle of. McAdoo, William G.,biography, ix: 329-331; Director General, U. S. Railroad Administration, [xii: 88] . McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. U. G.,as colonel commands 38th Inf. Regt. in second battle of the Marne, July, '18, v: 152; commands 180th Inf. Brig, at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 209; biography, ix: 216. McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W.,succeeds Gen. Harbord as Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Aug., '17, v: 102; Pershing's appreciation, v: 403-404; biography, ix: 216. McCaw, Brig.-Gen. Walter D., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 346. McLemore Resolution,warning to Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327; President Wilson opposes, i: 327; defeated, i: 328. McLeod, Marguerite Gertrude Zelle, German spy, discloses tank secret, x: 360. McMahon, Maj.-Gen. James E.,in command of 5th Div., May, '18, v: 128; at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202; relieved of command of 5th Div., Oct., '18, v: 252. McMurtry, Capt. George C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399. McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H.,in command of 78th Div., June, '18, v: 144; at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
Meat packers, profits before and during War, [xii: 56] . Mecca, captured by Arabs, July 15, '16, i: 386. Medeah Farm, captured by 67th French Div., Oct. 3, '18, v: 256. Medical Corps, U. S., see U. S., Army. Medical science,use of X-ray, vii: 221, viii: 373-376; development under war needs, viii: 361-365, xi: 286-291; rifle and shell wounds, relative dangers of, viii: 361; French medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365; danger of infection in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367; treatment of head wounds, viii: 365; treatment of face wounds, viii: 366; treatment of body wounds, viii: 366; treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366; treatment of nerve cord lesions, viii: 366; treatment of fractures, viii: 367; new method of amputation, viii: 367; prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367, xi: 287; prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287-288; treatment of shell shock, viii: 368; causes of infection, viii: 369; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 288-289; mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384; artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388; artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390; reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390; use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390; artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391; prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397; anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393; making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396; see also: Disease; Infection; Reconstruction of disabled; Sanitation; Surgery. Medwa, Turks defeated at, by British, Jan., '16, iii: 191. Mehun, U. S. Ordnance repair shop at, v: 350. Memel,captured by Russians, Mar. 19, '15, i: 378; evacuated by Russians, Mar. 21, '15, i: 378; raided by Russian fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 365; Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 203] . Men of Harlech , Welsh national hymn, xi: 330.Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles T.,commander 42nd Div., '17, v: 109; at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202. Mensheviki, Russian political party, doctrines of, vi: 148. Menshikov, Russian imperialist, outlines plan of conquest, '14, vi: 134. Merchant marine, see Shipping. Mercier, Cardinal Désiré, biography and war-time activities, ix: 341-343. Mersey , British monitor, in Flanders and East Africa, iv: 281.Mersey, Lord, official report on Lusitania sinking, i: 362-365. Merville salient, evacuation of, by Germans, iii: 98. Mesopotamia,German dream of acquisition, ii: 27; British irrigation schemes in, ii: 295; terrain and climate, iii: 178; historic background of modern battlefields, iii: 329-334; disposition under secret treaties of '16—'17, vi: 334; area and population, [xii: 279] . Mesopotamian Campaign,strategic importance and Allied plan of operations, ii: Intro. xvi , 87-91, iii: 178-180; British land troops at Fao to protect oil fields, Nov., '14, ii: Intro. xvi , iii: 180; Gen. Nixon pursues Turks and threatens Bagdad, '15, ii: Intro. xvi , 91, iii: 180-182; British defeated at Ctesiphon and driven into Kut-el-Amara, Dec., '15, ii: Intro. xvi , 91, 182-183; siege of Kut and Gen. Townshend's surrender, Dec. 7, '15—Apr. 29, '16, ii: Intro. xvii , 91, iii: 183-185, 363, 364; British reorganize campaign after Kut disaster, ii: Intro. xviii , 92, iii: 185; British capture Bagdad, Mar. 11, '17, ii: Intro. xviii , 92, iii: 187; British landing force advances to Basra and Kurna, Dec., '14, iii: 180; British capture Kut-el-Amara, Sept., '15, iii: 181; unsuccessful attempts to relieve siege of Kut, iii: 184-185; Gen. Maude placed in command of British, '16, iii: 185; causes of and responsibility for British disaster, report of Royal Commission, iii: 185, 363-370; battle of Sannyat, iii: 185-187; bibliography, iii: 187; personnel of Commission of inquiry, iii: 363; conditions in Kut during siege, iii: 364; casualties in attempts to relieve Kut, iii: 364. Messines Ridge,British mine and blow up German positions, June, '17, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310; nature of German defenses, iii: 77; casualties, British and German, iii: 77; recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 360. Messudiyeh , Turkish warship, blown up in Dardanelles, Dec. 13, '14, i: 376, x: 317.Mestrovitch, Sgt. James I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393. Meteor , German raider in Baltic, iv: 197.Metternich, Prince, theory of government, i: 33. Metz,bombarded by British airmen, Jan. 14, '18, i: 393; entered by French, Nov. 19, '18, i: 400; Allied plan for capture of, Nov., '18, v: 274. Meurer, Vice-Adm., German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384. Meurthe River, line of defense before Nancy, iii: 19. Meuse River,French forced to retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20; German attempt to invade France through valley of, '14, v: 199. Meuse-Argonne Offensive,concentration of A. E. F. for, Sept., '18, ii: 84, v: 75, 218, 388; objectives, ii: 84, 214, 387; topography of battleground, ii: 214, v: 73-74, 90, 217-218; strategic importance, ii: 215, v: 214-216, 387; breakdown of A. E. F. supply service, ii: 215; Ludendorff's comment on, ii: 334; detailed account of battle, Sept. 25—Nov. 11. '18, iii: 100, v: 72-95, 213-253, 260-279; extent of A. E. F. front, v: 72-73, 217, 390; Allied plan of campaign, v: 73, 75, 216, 218; A. E. F. divisions participating, with positions in line, v: 74, 219-222, 388; German defenses, position and strength, v: 74, 217-218, 388; A. E. F. advance to Kriemhilde position, v: 78-82; Allies break through Kriemhilde line, v: 83-88; Germans dislodged and thrown across the Meuse, Nov., '18, v: 88-95; number of French troops participating, v: 220, 388; German strength, v: 220, 388; day by day account of operations, Sept. 25—Oct. 3, v: 222-233; number of Allied airplanes, v: 223, 388; day by day account, Oct. 4—31, v: 234-253; day by day account of last phase, Nov. 1—11, v: 260-279; Argonne Forest cleared of Germans, Nov. 3, '18, v: 266; number of Allied tanks used, v: 315, 388; sector assigned to A. E. F., v: 385; Pershing's official report, v: 386-393; Allies' artillery strength, v: 388; strength of First Army, A. E. F., v: 390, [xii: 280] ; desperate nature of fighting, v: 390-391; Germans appeal for Armistice, Nov. 6, '18, v: 391; German guns captured, v: 393; German prisoners captured, v: 393; casualties of First Army, v: 393, [xii: 280] ; magnitude of operations, v: 393. Mexico, German plot to involve in war with U. S., i: 347. Meyer-Waldeck, Capt., German governor of Tsing-Tau, iii: 257. Mézières,captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375; Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103; captured by French, Nov. 9,. '18, iii: 103; fortified French frontier town, v: 215. Mézières-Sedan railroad, key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387. Mezy, Germans force passage of Marne at, July 15, '18, v: 150. Mice, uses in war, vii: 229.
Michael, Grand Duke,designated as successor by Czar on abdication, vi: 156; renounces succession to Russian throne Mar., '17, vi: 156. Michaelis, Georg,statement of German war aims, ii: 14; appointment as German Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266. Michel position, section of Hindenburg Line on St. Mihiel Front, v: 69. Michitch, Gen., Serbian commander, stops advance of Austrian invaders, Dec., '14, iii: 394. Michler, Gen., decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60. Microphone,instrument for detection of U-boats, iv: 308, xi: 241; see also Hydrophones. Milan, bombarded by Austrian airmen, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384. Miles, Capt. Wardlaw L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399. Militarism, German, see Germany, Militarism. Military commandments, by Kitchener and Foch, xi: 55. Military training, universal,advocated by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: Intro. xii ; German system of, i: 71; Bernhardi's defense of, i: 162; Roosevelt's advocacy of, for U. S., i: 326; abolition of, in Germany under Peace Treaty, [xii: 211] . Milk supply, German, ii: 18. Miller, Lieut. John Q., observation pilot, story of, x: 232-235. Miller, Major Oscar F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402. Millicent Sutherland Ambulance, vii: 107. Milne, Adm., commander of British fleet in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13. Milne, Pvt. W. J., awarded Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349. Milyukov, Paul M., Russian statesman,exposes treachery of Stürmer, Nov., '16, vi: 142; assails Government distribution of food, Feb., '17, vi: 144; Minister of Foreign Affairs in Provisional Government, Mar., '17, vi: 158; statement of loyalty to Allied cause, vi: 158, 159; biography, ix: 102-103. Mines, submarine,North Sea mine barrage, iv: Intro. xi , 324, viii: 274; use of trawlers for sweeping, iv: 292; use in fighting U-boats, iv: 312; use of Paravanes as protection against, iv: 313; methods of laying, iv: 326. Mining, in land operations,blowing up of Messines Ridge by British, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310; of Austrian positions in Alps by Italians, viii: 311. Minkler, C. T., inventor of depth bomb, iv: 330. Miraumont, evacuated by Germans, iii: 64. Mirbach, Count von, assassinated by Bolsheviki, vi: 187. Missionaries, European, as colonial pioneers in East, i: 17. Missions, German Christian, continuity guaranteed by Peace Treaty, [xii: 263] . Missy,scene of hard fighting by 1st Div., July, '18, v: 55; 1st Div. makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., v: 174. Mitau, captured by Germans, Aug. 2, '15, i: 381. Mitrovitza, captured by Germans, Nov. 23, '15, i: 382. Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions under Peace Treaty, [xii: 243] . Mkwawa, Sultan, skull of, Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany, [xii: 225] . Mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions, v: 350, viii: 294-298. Moewe , German raider, activities, iv: 197.Moffat, John,systematizes American war relief, vii: 87; decorated for relief work, vii: 87. Moffett, Capt. Wm. A., commander of Great Lakes Naval Training Station, iv: 318. Moltke , German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.Moltke, Field-Marshal von, views on German strategy, ii: 14. Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von, biography, ix: 264. Monarch , Austrian battleship torpedoed by Italians at Trieste, x: 290.Monastir,evacuated by Serbs, Dec. 3, '15, i: 382; retaken by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, i: 388, iii: 208. Moncy Wood, captured by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240. Mondement, Germans driven back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 33. Mondragon, Gen., of Mexico, designer of self-loading rifle, viii: 90. Money,effect of unsecured paper money on prices, Intro. viii ; inflation chief cause of high prices, Intro. xii , 27; war-time inflation in U. S., Intro. xii ; inflation throughout world, Intro. xiii ; functions, Intro. xv ; standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuating cost of living, Intro. xv ; inflation defined, [xii: 28] ; effects of inflation, [xii: 29] ; revaluation of gold standard, [xii: 31] ; see also Prices. Monfalcone, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244. Monge , French submarine, rammed by Austrian warship, x: 295.Monitors,revival of discarded naval type, iv: 280; description of British type, iv: 281; service at Dardanelles, iv: 282; service at Trieste, iv: 283; service in Serbia, iv: 283; construction of, iv: 284. Monmouth , British cruiser,in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65; struck during battle, iv: 66; sunk by Nürnberg , iv: 67, ix: 308. Monneaux, location, v: 133. Monro, Gen., Sir Charles,sent to India to develop military resources, ii: Intro. xviii ; succeeds Gen. Hamilton at Gallipoli, iii: 174; conducts evacuation of Gallipoli, iii: 174. Monroe Doctrine,barrier against European expansion in America, i:37; interpretation under Roosevelt, i: 84; upheld by Roosevelt against German coercion of Venezuela, i: 86. Mons,captured by Germans, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375; British retreat from, Aug., '14,Viscount French's account, ii: 162; John Buchan's description, iii: 277-281; British gallantry at, xi: 10. Monsard, taken by Fourth Corps, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206. Mont Blanc, captured by 2nd Div., v: 393. Mont Mare Wood, passage by 89th Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 210. Mont St. Père-Chartèves, location, v: 133. Mont St. Quentin, captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68. Mont Sec, dominating position on St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 199. Mont Wood, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264. Montauban, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58. Montblainville, captured by 28th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 325. Montdidier,captured by French, Aug. 11, '18, i: 397; 1st Div. relieves French near, v: 29. Montdidier-Noyon defensive,by Allies, June 9—15, '18, iii: 94, v: 129, 139-141; conditions leading to German attack, v: 139; Allied use of artillery during, v: 139. Monte Nero, captured by Italians, iii: 244. Montecuccoli, Adm., responsible for development of Austrian navy, iv: 364. Montenegro,declares war on Austria, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375; declares war on Germany, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375; forced to surrender to Austria, Feb., '16, vi: 358-359; joins Jugoslav union, vi: 366; battle deaths, [xii: 288] . Montfaucon,German stronghold in Meuse-Argonne sector, v: 78, 218; captured by 79th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 224-225. Montfaucon Wood, captured by 37th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224. Montmédy, captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375. Montmirail,German objective in last drive on Paris, v: 36; headquarters of 28th Div., June, '18, v: 143.
Montrebeau Wood, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 237. Montrieul-aux-Lions, headquarters of 2nd Div., June, '18, v: 143. Moore, Rear-Adm. Sir Archibald, second in command of British in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246. Morale,Allied and German during winter, '17—'18, v: 1; German, weakened by failure of great offensive, July, '18, v: 53; American, under hardships of Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 87, 232; Allied and German, Sept., '18, v: 213. Moranville, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 9, '18, v: 277. Morava-Maritza Valley, approach to Constantinople through Serbia, iii: 150. Moravia,early history, vi: 396; nationalistic aspirations, vi: 396. Moresnet, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, [xii: 188] . Moreuil salient,military operations in, Aug.—Sept., '18, iii: 98; Allied attack on Albert-Montdidier line, iii: 98; Albert captured by British, Aug., '18, iii: 98; British attack on the Scarpe, Sept., '18, iii: 98. Morgan, Miss Anne, war relief activities, vii: 92. Morine Wood, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240. Morocco,French control of, recognized by Great Britain, '04, i: 99, 202; Kaiser's famous speech at Tangier on German policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202; European crisis on dispatch of German gunboat Panther to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203; storm center of European diplomacy, i: 202; Prince Lichnowsky's views on German policy, i: 204; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208] . Mort Homme, Mortars, see Artillery. Morton, Maj.-Gen. Charles G.,commands 29th Div., June, '18, v: 146; takes command of sector on right bank of Meuse, Oct. 10, '18, v: 246. Moscow,municipal elections annulled by reactionary Protopopov, '17, vi: 143; Conference called by Kerensky, '17, vi: 167; meeting of Soviet Congress, Mar., '18, vi: 185. Moselle River, German attempt to enter France through valley of, '14, v: 199. Mosley, Brig.-Gen. G. Van H., Chief of Co-ordination, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102. Motors, Motor Transport Corps, U. S., see U. S., Army. Motor trucks,important function in Verdun defense, iii: 50, viii: 289-291; mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions, v: 350, v: 294-298; armored cars, viii: 286; Paris buses as war transports, viii: 286; use as ambulances, viii: 287; number in use by belligerents, Aug., '14, viii: 288; number in use at front, June, '15, viii: 288; number shipped to France from U. S., viii: 288, [xii: 95] , [xii: 286] ; Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294. Mott, Dr. John R., General Secretary, Y. M. C. A. War Work Council, vii: 261. Mount Vernon , U. S. transport torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337.Mousquet , French destroyer sunk by Emden , Oct. 28, '14, iv: 181.Mouzay, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272. Mücke, Lieut. Hellmuth von, account of exploits of German raider Emden , iv: 167-187, 190-194. Mudros, British advance base for Gallipoli campaign, iii: 164, iv: 30. Mühlon, Dr. William, disclosures of German complicity in forcing War, i: 133-136, 250-254. Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H.,commands 28th Div., May, '18, v: 128; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220. Mules, number shipped to France by U. S., [xii: 95] , [xii: 286] . Mülhausen, captured by French, Aug. 8, '14, iii: 16. Müller, Capt. Karl von, commander of German raider Emden , iv: 166. Munich,murder of Kurt Eisner and Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 298; Spartacides establish Soviet, vi: 300; Soviet overthrown by Noske, May, '19, vi: 301. Münsterberg, Prof. Hugo, on "Russian Peril," vi: 250. Murfin, Capt. O. G., in charge of U. S. Navy mine bases, iv: 325. Murman Region, Murmansk, fighting between Allies and Bolsheviki at, vi: 187. Murray, Gen., commands British troops defending Suez, iii: 191. Mush,captured by Russians, Feb. 18, '16, i: 384, iii: 263; evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386. Mushi, captured by British, Mar. 13, '16, i: 384. Mustard gas,use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 171-172, xi: 321; use of "Sag Paste," as protection against, v: 324; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 186. [N] Namazieh Battery, at Gallipoli, iv: 45. Namur, forts of,constructed, 1890, i: 143; captured by Germans, Aug., '14, i: 375, iii: 14-15. Nancy,German advance on, checked, Aug., '14, iii: 19; important frontier fortress, v: 199, 215. Nantillois, captured by 315th Inf., Sept. 28, '18, v: 228. Napier, Rear-Adm. T. D. W., commander of British 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at Jutland, iv: 120. Naples, bombed by German aviators, Mar. 11, '18, i: 395. Napoleon, Fort, at Gallipoli, bombarded by French battleship Gaulois , Mar. 2, '15, iv: 43. Narew, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 111. Narodna Odbrana , Serbian patriotic society, accused of responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112.Narodni Savet z, Bulgarian patriotic organization, vi: 341.Narrows, at Dardanelles, defenses of bombarded by Allies, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45. Narva, captured by Germans, Mar. 5, '18, i: 393. Nasarie, taken by British, '15, iii: 181. Nasmith, Lieut.-Com., captain of British submarine E-11 in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210. Nasrullah Khan, instigator of Habibullah Khan's assassination, vi: 80. National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87; National anthems, words and histories of, xi: 325-332. National Council of Austrian Women, peace appeals, '17, vi: 314. National Guard,U. S., federalized, Aug. 5, '17, i: 390; see also U. S., Army. National Volunteers, Irish organization enlisted to aid British, vi: 57. National War Work Council,of American Y. M. C. A., formation, vii: 262; see also Y. M. C. A. Nationalism,problems of, i: 23; development in Europe since 1648, i: 26; factor in racial unification, v: Intro. viii ; growth during 19th century, v: Intro. ix ; see also under name of country. Nations of the world, political positions in 1871, i: 44-60. Naumann, Friedrich, author of Mittel Europa ,statement of German war aims, vi: 258; views on trench frontiers, viii: 126. Nautilus , submarine invented by Robert Fulton, 1800, iv: 202.
Naval Batteries, U. S., on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45. Naval power,influence on result of War, i: 13; function as protector of supply routes, i: 15; development as adjunct to colonization, i: 28. Naval raids, German bombardment of English coast towns, iv: 244-246. Naval stations, British, around the world, i: 15. Navarino, battle of, 1827, i: 34. Navies, see under each country. Navigation, freedom of, for Allies,over German waterways, Peace Treaty provisions, [xii: 247-253] ; Elbe, Oder, Niemen, and Danube internationalized under Peace Treaty, [xii: 248] . "Navy Hut," American "Y" center at Brest, vii: 302. Nazareth, captured by British, Sept. 21, '18, iii: 198. N-C Flying Boats,development and description, viii: 236-240; N-C-4 first airplane to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240. Near East,European rivalries in, i: 38; German policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89; see also Balkans; Germany, Foreign policy. "Near victories," of the War, ii: 206. Nebraskan, S. S. , American steamer attacked by German submarine, May 25, '15, i: 320.Neibaur, Pvt. Thomas C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399. Nembo , Italian destroyer, battle with Austrian U-boat, Oct. 16, '16, iv: 369.Nesle, occupied by French cavalry Mar., '17, iii: 68. Netherlands,international position in '14, i: 61; refuses to cede Dutch Flanders to Belgium, vi: 89; strength of army, '14, vi: 375, 378; maintains armed neutrality, vi: 375-377; neutrality condemned by British press, vi: 376; effect of submarine warfare on, vi: 377-378; merchant marine seized by Allies, Mar., '18, vi: 378; claims Scheldt and Maestricht
Maastricht area, '18, vi: 378; generous host to Belgian refugees, vii: 168-175; war-time increase in shipping, [xii: 101] . "Netherlands Overseas Trust," vi: 377. Neufchateau, training area for 26th and 42nd Divs., v: 6. Neutrals, Neuve Chapelle,captured by British, Mar. 9—10, '15, i: 378, iii: 41; faulty British generalship at, iii: 375. Neuve Eglise, captured by British, Sept. 2, '18, i: 397. Newbolt, Sir Henry, account of Smith-Dorrien's battle at Le Cateau, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 176-182. New Guinea, German, captured by Australians, '14, vi: 38. New Mexico , U. S. battleship, propelled by electricity, iv: 322.New Zealand,war casualties, iii: 404, 405; strength of army, iii: 405; area and population, vi: 37; loyalty to Great Britain, vi: 46; war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107] , [xii: 114] ; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179] . New Zealand , British cruiser,in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv 241; in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246. Niblack, Rear-Adm. Albert P., biography, ix: 295. Nicaragua, delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] . Nicholas, Grand Duke,Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies, iii: 119; removed as Commander-in-Chief and sent to Caucasus, Sept., '15, iii: 140, 262; biography, ix: 229-231. Nicholas, King of Montenegro,surrenders to Austrians, Feb., '16, vi: 359; deposed, vi: 366. Nicholas II, Czar of Russia,takes personal command of army, Sept., '15, iii: 140, vi: 141; influence of Rasputin over court, vi: 141; issues undated order for dismissal of Duma, '17, vi: 144; abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156; biography, ix: 374-376. Nicholson U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.Niemen, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 110. Niemen River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, [xii: 248] . Nietzsche, Friedrich,German apostle of gospel of force, i: 67, ii: 2; striking quotations from, i: 179-180. Nieuport, captured by Germans, Oct. 24, '14, i: 376. Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192. Nightingale, Florence, pioneer army nurse, vii: 11. 1914 , by Viscount French, account of military operations of year, summary with extracts, ii: 159-174.Nish, captured by Bulgars, Nov. 5, '15, i: 382, iii: 158; retaken by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, iii: 213. Nish-Salonika Railroad, cut by Bulgarians, iii: 158. Nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166. Nitti, Francesco S., Italian minister, opposes policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366. Nivelle, Gen. Robert,succeeds Joffre as French Commander-in-Chief, ii: Intro. xx , iii: 62; in supreme command of Allied forces on Western Front, '16, ii: 54; plans campaign of '17, ii: 54; defends Verdun, '16, iii: 54, 61, 310; biography, ix: 167-168. Nixon, Gen. Sir John,commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 182; responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 367. "No Man's Land," definition, v: 17. Nolan, Brig.-Gen. D. E.,Chief of Intelligence (G-2), G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 221. Nonsard, captured by 1st Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211. Norman Compensating Foresight, use in range-finding, viii: 211. North German Confederation, formation, i: 43, ii: 1. North German Lloyd Line, tonnage and capital, i: 264. North Pacific Islands, North Sea,Allied mine barrage, iv: Intro. xi , 324-330, viii: 274; problem of belligerents in, iv: 86, 91; German naval raids, iv: 136. Northern Pacific, S. S. , speed record as transport, v: 358.Norway, pro-Ally sympathies, vi: 394. Noske, Gen.,suppresses Berlin Spartacides, vi: 289; overthrows Munich Soviet, vi: 300-301. Nottingham , British cruiser,sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241. Nouart, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264. Novo Georgievsk,Russian attack at, Oct., '14, iii: 126; captured by Germans, Aug., '15, iii: 138. Noyon,captured by French, Aug. 28, '18, i: 397, ii: 158; occupied by French, March 18, '17, iii: 68; see also Montdidier-Noyon defensive. Nugent, Gen., commander of 36th Ulster Div., iii: 377. Nur-el-Bahr , British cruiser sunk off Sollum, Nov. 6, '15, ii: 190.Nürnberg ,German cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65; sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 74. Nurses,U. S. Army Nurse Corps, vii: 203; see also [O] O Patria, O Rei, O Povo , Portuguese national hymn, xi: 329.Obrenovatz, captured by Austrians, Oct. 18, '15, i: 382. O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, escape from German prison, x: 257. Observation balloons, see Aeronautics. Ocean , British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31, 35, 48.Oches, taken by 77th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266. Oder River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, [xii: 248] .
Odessa, importance as military base, iii: 161. Ogons Wood, captured by A. E. F., Oct. 5, '18, v: 230, 237, 239. Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning , American soldiers' song, xi: 337.O'Kelly, J. T., Irish representative to Peace Conference, vi: 65. Okuma, Count,influence on Japanese foreign policy, vi: 384; biography, ix: 87. "Old Dutch Cleansers," nickname for 9.2-in. British howitzers, v: 308. Old Hickory (30th) Division, see U. S., Army. O'Leary, Jeremiah, pro-German propagandist in U. S., x: 345. O'Leary, Sgt. Michael, wins Victoria Cross, x: 71. Oman, Omsk, capital of All-Russian Government, vi: 191. Onslow , British destroyer at battle of Jutland, iv: 121."Open Door" policy in China, i: 57; Opium Convention, Jan. 23, '12, put into force by Peace Treaty, [xii: 232] . Opium War, against China, 1840, i: 38. "Oppy Line," captured by British in Arras battle, iii: 72. Optical glasses, for A. E. F., viii: 326. Orange Free State,becomes part of Union of South Africa, 1899, vi: 47; opposition to Great Britain, vi: 50-52; see also South Africa, Union of. Orders in Council,British, establish blockade of Germany, i: 312, 318, ii: 16, 21; see also Germany, Blockade of. Orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358. Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele,Italian statesman, forms coalition cabinet, Oct., '17, vi: 129; foreign policy, vi: 362, 366; demands Fiume for Italy, vi: 368; withdraws from Peace Conference on Fiume crisis, vi: 368; biography, ix: 85-87. Orly, U. S., aircraft factory at, v: 313. Ornes, captured by Germans, '16, iii: 48. Orphans, see War relief. Orsova,captured by Rumanians, Sept. 7, '16, i: 386, iii: 218; evacuated by Rumanians, Nov. 24, '16, i: 389, iii: 222. Orsova Railway, captured by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221. O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F.,commander, 27th Div., v: 196, 281; account of history of 27th Div., v: 281-300. O'Shea, Corp. Thomas E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393. Ossowetz,besieged by Germans, iii: 118, 130; captured, Aug., '15, iii: 138. Ostend,seat of Belgian government moved to, Oct. 5, '14, i: 376; occupied by Germans, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376, iii: 38; raided by British May, '18, iv: 279; evacuated by Germans, xi: 52. Ostrovo, Lake, Allied counter-attack against Bulgars at, Sept., '16, iii: 208. Otranto , British auxiliary cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65.Ourcq River,crossed by 42nd Div. in pursuit of Germans, July, '18, v: 50, 187; course and topography of region, v: 133; A. E. F. fighting at, commended by Gen. Degoutte, v: 192. Over There , American soldier song, xi: 336.Over-There Theater League, organization and activities, vii: 277, 339-342. Ovillers, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58. Oxygen, for gas victims, iii: 320. Oxygen helmets as defense against poison gas, viii: 173. [P] Paderewski, Ignace Jan,returns to Poland as popular hero, vi: 220; becomes Prime Minister, vi: 223; defeated for presidency, vi: 225; biography, ix: 95-98. Paës, Dr. Sidonio, President of Portugal, assassinated, Dec., '18, vi: 374. Paget, Sir Ralph, Chairman, International Sanitary Commission for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398. Painlevé, Paul, succeeds Ribot as French premier, '17, vi: 105. "Pal" regiments, British recruiting device, vi: 6. Palestine,strategic importance, ii: Intro. xviii, xxi , 87-90; conquered by Gen. Allenby, ii: Intro. xx , 92-94, 218, iii: 192-200, 322-326; capture of Gaza, Mar. 26—27, '17, ii: 92, iii: 192; capture of Jerusalem, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 193-196;description of Allenby's entry, iii: 322-326; British and Turkish manpower, ii: 93, iii: 200; destruction of Turkish army, Sept., '18, ii: 94, 218, iii: 198; Damascus captured, Oct. 1, '18, iii: 199; Aleppo captured, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200; bibliography, iii: 200; disposition under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334; Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 322; area and population, [xii: 279] . Palmer, Frederick,comment on Marne fighting, July, '18, v: 158; tribute to 1st Div., v: 234. Pan-Germanism, see Germany. Pan-Slavism, aspirations, i: 244;"Greater Serbia" propaganda, i: 244; fight for control of Ukraine by Russia, vi: 241; Russia aims at annexation of Ruthenia, '14, vi: 241; Bulgaria's attitude toward, vi: 340; see also Slavs. Panama,declares war on Germany, Apr, 7. '17, i: 389; Peace Conference delegate, [xii: 180] . Panama Canal, U. S. gains control of, i: 84. Pannes, captured by 42nd Div., v: 211. Panther , German gunboat sent to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203.Paolucci, Dr., helps Lieut.-Col. Rossetti to sink Austrian warship Viribus Unitis , x: 297-303. Papacy, relation to Italian government, i: 61. Papeete, bombarded by German fleet, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 62. Papen, Capt. Franz von,German Military Attaché in U. S., dismissed for unneutral conduct, i: 276; share in passport frauds, i: 314; activities as arch-spy in U. S., x: 328-329. Parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263. Parades,first American troops in Paris, July 4, '17, v: 107; Allied troops on Bastille Day in Paris, July 14, '18, v: 147; 27th Div. in New York City, Mar. 25, '19, v: 299. Parajd, captured by Rumanians, Oct. 5, '16, i: 388. Paravane, protective device against submarine mine, iv: 313. Paris,air raids on,Jan. 29—30, '16, i: 384; Mar. 11, '18, i: 395; German advance on, '14, ii: 6, iii: 28, vi: 97; bombarded by long-range gun from St. Gobain Forest, ii: 154, iii: 88, viii: 45-47; welcome to Gen. Pershing, June 13, '17, v: 97; German drive on, May 27—Aug. 6, '18, battles in Marne salient, v: 129-139, 141, 147; parade of Allies, July 14, '18, v: 147; panic in, during German drive, '18, v: 378; May Day rioting, May, '19, vi: 111. Paris Conference, 1856, guarantees Turkish power in Europe, i: 39. "Paris Group," organization of, Medical Department, A. E. F., v: 346. Pasha Dagh,Australian objective in Gallipoli attack, iii: 170; see also Gallipoli Campaign. Pashitch, Nicholas, Premier of Serbia,negotiations with Italy for settling Adriatic rivalry, vi: 362; biography, ix: 120. Passchendaele Ridge,captured by British, Oct.—Nov., '17, ii: 56, 79; recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 377. Passenheim, Russians defeated at, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iii: 116. Passport frauds, German activities in U. S., i: 314, x: 333.
Patriotic songs, xi: 332-335. Patrol boats, work in combating submarines, iv: 292. Patrolling, training A. E. F. in, v: 117. Patrols, German system of, in the Vosges, v: 26. Patterson, Miss Hannah J., awarded D. S. M. for work on Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, [xii: 125] . Pau, Gen. Paul, commands French forces invading Alsace, Aug. 14, '14, iii: 16. Peace Conference, Paris,U. S. delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400; conciliatory attitude of Austrian delegates, vi: 321; negotiation with Hungarian Soviet, Apr., '19, vi: 326; Fiume crisis, vi: 366-370, [xii: 159] ; prestige of Japanese delegation, vi: 388; dispute over Teschen district, vi: 400; inside story of, by Thos. W. Lamont, financial adviser to U. S. delegation, [xii: 149-163] ; complexity of task, [xii: 149] ; rapidity of work, [xii: 149] ; open diplomacy, [xii: 149] ; Supreme Council, members and method of evolving Peace Treaty, [xii: 150-153] ; "Big Four," [xii: 150] , [xii: 152] ; "Big Three," [xii: 150] ; Conference procedure, [xii: 156] ; commissions, [xii: 156] ; delays, [xii: 156] ; language difficulties, [xii: 157] ; Reparations Commission, organization and work, [xii: 158] , [xii: 219-221] ; Shantung controversy, [xii: 160] ; Germans excluded from negotiation, [xii: 161] ; Belgian demands, [xii: 161] ; signing of Peace Treaty with Germany, ceremonies, [xii: 165-169] ; list of delegates, [xii: 179-182] ; see also Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19. Peace moves,President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 335; response to Wilson's note, i: 336; Wilson's "Peace without victory" speech, i: 336; Pope Benedict's appeal, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390, ix: 405; Germany accepts Pope's offer, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390; text of letter from Emperor Charles of Austria-Hungary to Prince Sixtus making secret offer of peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63; German attempts in '16 and '17 fail, ii: 270, 316, vi: 263; German moves condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303; Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331; Russian Provisional Government urges Allies to revise peace aims, May, '17, vi: 161; German Socialists demand peace without annexations, '15, vi: 258; Bethmann-Hollweg proposes peace of understanding, '16—'17, vi: 262; German popular demand for "peace without annexations or indemnities," vi: 266-268; Emperor Charles forces offer by Teutonic allies, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313; demonstrations in Sofia, vi: 346; see also Armistice; and under each country. Peace Treaty with Germany,Versailles, '19, criticism by British liberal press, vi: 22; terms presented to Germans, May 7, '19, vi: 302, [xii: 161] ; condemned by German press, vi: 302-304; Germany consents to sign, June 22, '19, vi: 304, [xii: 163] ; how drafted, described by Thos. W. Lamont, financial adviser to U. S. delegation, [xii: 149-161] ; text, work of technicians, [xii: 150] ; French demands, [xii: 153] ; evolution of Covenant of League of Nations, [xii: 155] ; Belgian demands, [xii: 161] ; ceremonies of signing, [xii: 165-169] ; analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, [xii: 170-178] ; signed June 28, '19, [xii: 179] ; text in full, [xii: 179-263] ; preamble, giving list of nations allied against Germany, and their delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 179-182] ; League of Nations, text of Covenant, [xii: 182-185] ; boundaries of Germany, [xii: 186] ; provisions concerning Luxemburg, [xii: 189] ; demolition of German fortifications, [xii: 189] , [xii: 205] , [xii: 211] , [xii: 214] ; Sarre Basin settlement, [xii: 189-194] ; Alsace-Lorraine, provisions for return to France, [xii: 194-197] ; Germany acknowledges independence of Austria, [xii: 197] ; provisions for independence of Czechoslovak State, [xii: 197] ; independence and boundaries of Poland, [xii: 198-200] ; plebiscite for East Prussia, [xii: 200] ; provisions concerning Memel, [xii: 203] ; Danzig made free city, [xii: 203] ; plebiscite provisions for Schleswig, [xii: 204] ; Heligoland, destruction of fortifications on, [xii: 205] ; provisions concerning Russo-German relations, [xii: 205] ; Brest-Litovsk Treaties abrogated, [xii: 205] ; German colonies surrendered to Allies, [xii: 206] ; German rights in China surrendered, [xii: 206] ; German rights in Siam surrendered, [xii: 208] ; German rights in Liberia surrendered, [xii: 208] ; German rights in Morocco surrendered, [xii: 208] ; German rights in Egypt surrendered, [xii: 208] ; Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to Japan, [xii: 209] ; reduction of German army and military equipment, [xii: 209-212] ; universal military service abolished in Germany, [xii: 211] ; new German army, table of organization for, [xii: 212] ; German navy, surrender and reduction, [xii: 212-214] ; German wireless stations, regulation by Allies, [xii: 214] ; German military air service abolished, [xii: 214] ; existing German air service surrendered to Allies, [xii: 215] ; Interallied Commissions of Control to supervise execution of military terms, [xii: 215] ; repatriation of prisoners of war, [xii: 216] ; war graves, care of, [xii: 217] ; punishment of Germans guilty of war crimes, [xii: 217] ; reparation terms imposed on Germany, [xii: 217-225] ; Reparation Commission, formation and functions, [xii: 219-221] ; shipping, restitution for Allied shipping sunk, [xii: 222] ; reconstruction, German obligations, [xii: 223] ; coal, German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, [xii: 224] ; dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, [xii: 224] ; submarine cables, German, surrendered to Allies, [xii: 225] ; trophies of war, return of, to France by Germany, [xii: 225] ; Koran of Caliph Othman, return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, [xii: 225] ; Sultan Mkwawa, skull of, return by Germany to Great Britain, [xii: 225] ; Louvain, University of, restoration by Germany of books destroyed, [xii: 225] ; art objects, carried by Germans from Belgium, restoration of, [xii: 225] ; gold, restriction on German export of, [xii: 226] ; Armies of Occupation, Allied, in Germany, expense to be borne by Germany, [xii: 226] ; ceded territories, share in German national debt, [xii: 226] ; Alsace-Lorraine, exempt from share in German national debt, [xii: 226] ; Poland, share in German national debt, [xii: 227] ; international concessions, surrender by Germany of rights in, [xii: 228] ; gold, deliveries of, by Germany to Allies, [xii: 228] ; customs duties, regulations imposed on Germany, [xii: 229] ; privileges for Allied shipping to be granted by Germany, [xii: 230] ; trade competition, Germany to suppress unfair methods, [xii: 230] ; Allied nationals, treatment of, by Germany, [xii: 230] ; pre-War treaties between Allies and Germany revived, [xii: 231] ; treaties among Teutonic allies abrogated, [xii: 232] ; treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated, [xii: 232] ; treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated, [xii: 232] ; Opium Convention, Jan, 23, '12, put into force, [xii: 232] ; debts, between German and Allied nationals, methods of payment, [xii: 232-236] ; property rights of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany, methods of restitution, [xii: 236-240] ; contracts, between German and Allied nationals, status and methods of discharge, [xii: 240-243] ; Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions, [xii: 243] ; literary rights, provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246] ;
artistic rights, provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246] ; industrial rights, provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246] ; ceded territories, social insurance funds of, to be transferred to Allies by Germany, [xii: 246] ; aerial navigation, rules for, [xii: 246] ; freedom of transit, for Allied goods and nationals through Germany, [xii: 247] , [xii: 253] ; ports, Allied, discrimination against, by Germany forbidden, [xii: 247] ; navigation, Allied, over German waterways, [xii: 247-253] ; Elbe, internationalized, [xii: 248] ; Oder, internationalized, [xii: 248] ; Niemen, internationalized, [xii: 248] ; Danube, internationalized, [xii: 248] ; Rhine, international control and rules for navigation, [xii: 250-253] ; use of northern German ports by Czechoslovak State, [xii: 253] ; German railways, provisions relating to, [xii: 253] ; Kiel Canal, rules of navigation through, [xii: 255] ; labor, international organization for improving conditions of, [xii: 255-261] ; guarantees for execution, exacted from Germany, [xii: 261] ; Armies of Occupation, conditions for withdrawal, [xii: 261] ; Savoy, neutralized zone of, provisions concerning, [xii: 262] ; German Christian missions, continuity guaranteed, [xii: 263] ; prize courts, provision concerning decisions of, [xii: 263] ; signed, June 28, '19, [xii: 264] ; ratified by Germany, July 10, '19, [xii: 264] ; ratified by Great Britain, July 25—31, '19, [xii: 264] ; ratified by King of Italy, Oct. 7, '19, [xii: 264] ; ratified by France, Oct. 13, '19, [xii: 264] ; ratified by Japan, Oct. 27, '19, [xii: 264] ; U. S. Senate opposition to, [xii: 264-278] ; Fall amendments to, defeated in U. S. Senate, Oct. 2, '19, [xii: 264] ; original Lodge reservations defeated in U. S. Senate, Nov. 19, '19, [xii: 265-266] ; original Lodge reservations, text, [xii: 265] ; defeated in U. S. Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, [xii: 266-269] ; Pres. Wilson's opinion on Lodge reservations, [xii: 267] ; revised Lodge reservations, text, [xii: 269] ; efforts of Congress to declare peace by joint resolution in substitution for, [xii: 271-278] ; Knox Resolution, [xii: 273] , [xii: 277] ; President Wilson's message vetoing Knox Resolution, [xii: 278] . Pearce, Padraic, Provisional President of Irish Republic, vi: 60, ix: 53. Peck, Pvt. Archie A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400. Penang harbor, attacked by Emden , Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178. People's Relief Committee, for Jewish relief, formation, vii: 354. Pepper Hill, at Verdun, attacked by Germans, Apr. 18, '16, iii: 52, 304. Periscope, description, viii: 165, xi: 245. Perkins, Pvt. Michael J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391. Permanent Blind Relief War Fund, organization and activities, vii: 255-259. Péronne,French objective in Somme battle, iii: 55; captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68. Péronne-Ham sector, Allied drive on, Sept., '18, ii: 158. Pershing, Gen. John J.,offers A. E. F. to Foch, Mar. 28, '18, v: 30, 120, 380, ix: 153; sails for Europe, May, '17, v: 97; reception in England, June, '17, v: 97; reception in France, June, '17, v: 97; reasons for selection of American Army zone, '18, v: 110; farewell speech to 1st Div., Chaumont-en-Vixen, Apr., '18, v: 121; urges attack with A. E. F., July, '18, v: 158; extract from report on Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 182; assumes tactical command of American forces in battle area, v: 192, 384, ix: 205; extract from report on St. Mihiel attack, v: 212; starts Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 213; extract from report on preparation for Meuse-Argonne attack, v: 218; divides A. E. F. combat units into two Armies, Oct. 9, '18, v: 246, 390; personal message to each soldier in A. E. F., v: 353; official report on A. E. F., v: 373-404; appeal to War Dept. for troops, Dec., '17, v: 373; insists on independent American Army in France, v: 385; Alsatian ancestry, ix: 166; origin of name, ix: 166; biography, ix: 199-210. Pershing Stadium, vii: 313. Persia,divided into " spheres of influence" by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104, vi: 335; sympathy with Turkey, vi: 330; pro-German sentiment, vi: 336-337; Great Britain in control, '19, vi: 338. Persia, S. S. , British merchantman,sunk in Mediterranean, Dec. 30, '15, i: 384; eye-witness account, iv: 224. Peru,dispute with Chile over Tacna-Arica district, vi: 390; delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] . Pétain, Marshal Henri Philippe,defender of Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 50, 54, 304, xi: 22; eulogy of, by Gen. Malleterre, ii: 220; biography, ix: 164-166. Peter I, King of Serbia,accompanies his nation in retreat, iii: 281, 284; reënters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397; foreign policy, vi: 355; biography, ix. 398-399. Petrograd,food shortage in, vi: 141; workmen's delegates on War Industrial Committee arrested, vi: 143; during the Revolution, vi: 144-153. Petroseny, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386. Peuvillers, captured by 128th Inf. Regt., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272. Peyton, Maj.-Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191. Pflanzer, Gen. von, Austrian commander in Bukovina, iii: 132. Philippines, acquired by U. S., i: 56. Phillipeville, bombarded by Goeben , Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14. Phonotelemeter, description of, viii: 20. Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride),use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 168-170; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 184. Photography in war,work of U. S. Signal Corps, v: 319; use in artillery range-finding, viii: 14; value of aerial photography, viii: 226, 331; types of aerial cameras, viii: 228, 332-334; De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333; work of U. S. aerial photographers, viii: 228, 235; personnel of Photographic Section, U. S. Air Service, viii: 234; future, viii: 234; making pictorial history of War, viii: 329-331; production of photographic supplies by U. S., viii: 355; mobile developing laboratories, viii: 335; see also Aerial photography. Piave River, Italian stand at, after Caporetto rout, ii: 58, 250, iii: 248. Picardy Front,German choice for final drive, '18, ii: 69; advantages of, for German offensive, '18, ii: 69. Pichon, Stephen, French Foreign Minister, speech before Chamber of Deputies on secret Entente agreements of '16—'17, vi: 334. Pigeons, war uses, v: 239, 319, viii: 328. Pike, Lieut.-Col. Emory J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400. Pill-boxes,description, iii: 79, viii: 130; battle tactics in use of, viii: 130-133. Pilsudski,Gen. Joseph, leads Polish troops against Russia, vi: 202; jailed by Germans, vi: 214; assumes dictatorship of Poland, vi: 219; dictatorship not recognized by Allies, vi: 222; Minister of Foreign Affairs in Paderewski cabinet, vi: 223; becomes president of Polish Republic, vi: 225; biography, ix: 92-95. Pirot, occupied by Bulgars, Oct. 28, '15, i: 382.
Pistols,Schwarzlose automatic pistol, mechanism, viii: 90; use as military weapon, viii: 116-117. "Place in the sun,"speech by Kaiser, '01, i: 95; definition of phrase, ii: 27; German control of Balkans as means of attaining, ii: 27. Plava, captured by Italians June 10, '15, i: 380, iii: 244. Players, The , poem by Francis Bickley, ix: 290.Pleinchamps Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239. Ploechti, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222. Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert,commander of British Second Army, ii: 214; a great military chief, iii: 375; offensive in Flanders, Sept., '18, v: 213. Plunkett, Rear-Adm. Chas. P., commander of U. S. Naval Railway Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 45. Plunkett, Sir Horace, Irish leader, chairman of Irish Convention, '18, vi: 62. Plymouth, England, U. S. subchaser base, iv: 359. Poincaré, Raymond,President of French Republic, biography, ix: 14-19; bibliography, ix: 19. Points d'Appui , definition, v: 13.Pola,Italian naval raid on, Nov. 2, '16, iv: 369; Italians sink Austrian dreadnought at, May 14, '18, iv: 372; Austrian dreadnought Viribus Unitis blown up by Italians at, Nov. 1, '18, x: 297-303. Poland,topography, iii: 106-108; German invasion of, and unsuccessful attacks on Warsaw, Sept., '14—Feb., '15, iii: 116-118, 124-127, 128-132; Austrian invasion of, iii: 118-120; conquered by Austro-German forces, July—Sept., '15, iii: 137-141, vi: 311; battle of the Salients, July, '15, iii: 138; Warsaw captured by Germans, Aug. 4, '15, iii: 138; civilian deaths due to war-time privation, iii: 406; early history and pre-War condition, vi: 201; Russian promise of autonomy, '14, vi: 201; Austrian Poles support Central Powers, vi: 202; Poles under Pilsudski fight against Russia, vi: 202; war-time destitution in, vi: 204-210; German reforms in, vi: 208; German policy, vi: 210-213; Germany promises reëstablishment of Polish Kingdom, Nov. 5, '16, vi: 210; Germany demands Polish troops, vi: 213; freed by Russian Revolution, vi: 213; Germany sets up Regency, vi: 214; denied representation at Brest-Litovsk by Germany, vi: 214; revolt against Teuton domination, '18, vi: 216; capture of Lemberg from Ruthenians, Nov. 5, '18, vi: 217; proclamation of Republic, vi: 218-219; Pilsudski becomes dictator, Nov., '18, vi: 219; Germans expelled, Dec., '18, vi: 220; political struggle between classes, vi: 220; Conservatives support Paderewski, vi: 220; Warsaw Revolt against Pilsudski fails, vi: 220-222; war against Bolsheviki, vi: 222-224; war with Ukraine over Cholm, vi: 222, 248; dispute with Czechs over Teschen, vi: 222, 400; compromise cabinet of Paderewski and Pilsudski, Feb. 9, '19, vi: 223; Provisional Government recognized by Allies, Feb., '19, vi: 225; Pilsudski elected President, vi: 225; claims for Danzig, vi: 225; Peace Treaty provisions for independence and boundaries of, vi: 226, [xii: 18-200] ; American war relief for Jews in, vii: 356-358, 360-363, 375; value of property loss, [xii: 26] ; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180] ; share in German national debt, Peace Treaty provisions, [xii: 227] ; area and population, [xii: 279] . Political parties, see under countries. Pommern , German battleship torpedoed by British submarine E-9 , July 2, '15, iv: 208.Pont-à-Mousson, on Toul-St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 119. Pontoons, viii: 299-300. Pontoporros , auxiliary to German raider Emden , iv: 172.Pope, see Benedict XV. Pope, Corp. Thomas A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397; Poperinghe line, British-American line of defense in Flanders, v: 287, 289. Population,decrease in births due to War, iii: 406; effects of War on, [xii: 25] . Port Arthur,seized by Russia from China, i: 20; acquired by Japan, i: 20; 11-in. siege guns first used by Japanese at, viii: 34. Ports, French,selected for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110; Allied, Peace Treaty provisions against discrimination by Germany, [xii: 247] . Portugal,international position in '14, i: 62; rout of army before German offensive, Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374; war casualties, iii: 404, v: 364; prisoners of war, iii: 404; internal strife, vi: 372-375; enters War as British ally, vi: 373; President Paës assassinated, Dec. '18, vi: 374; Royalist uprising suppressed, '19, vi: 375; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180] . Posen,revolt of Polish population against Germany, vi: 225; awarded to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226. Potash, German boycott of U. S., [xii: 98] . Potatoes, Potsdam Conference of German war leaders,July 5, '14, i: 136; decision for war, i: 249. Potts, Pvt. Frederick, wins Victoria Cross at Gallipoli, x: 138. Powder, see Ammunition. Power plants, built by A. E. F. Engineer Corps, v: 333. Pozières, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58. Prague, meeting of Czechoslovak representatives at, Apr. 2, '18, vi: 398. Prauthory, Haute-Marne, headquarters, 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119. President Lincoln , U. S. transport,sunk, May 31, '18, i: 395, iv: 337; eye-witness account, iv: 340. Press:Austria-Hungary,Tageblatt demands war, '14, vi: 306;Hungarian journals support war, vi: 307; Pester Lloyd for war, '14, vi: 308;Oesterreichische Rundschau attacks Italy, '15, vi: 310;Vossische Zeitung on strikes, Jan., '18, vi: 314;Arbeiter Zeitung , radical organ, vi: 315;Arbeiter Zeitung on peace terms, vi: 322;Has Haroda on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396. Bulgaria,statement against Russia by Kambana , June, '15, vi: 342. Germany,Militärische Rundschau advocates immediate war, '14, vi: 249;Socialist organ Vorwärts supports Kaiser, vi: 249; Liller Kriegszeitung preaches hate of England, vi: 252;optimistic attitude of Frankfurter Zeitung , Nov., '14, vi: 253; Maximilian Harden ridicules in Zukunft talk of German starvation, vi: 254; alarm over prospects of starvation, '15, vi: 255; submarine warfare urged, vi: 256, 265; on German successes, '15, vi: 258; Vorwärts demands statement of peace aims, vi: 258;Frankfurter Zeitung on seriousness of Allied blockade, '15—'16, vi: 261;Vorwärts on food shortage, vi: 261;demand war to finish, '17, vi: 264; gospel of hate against England, vi: 264-265; Taglische Rundschau on German demoralization, Dec., '18, vi: 284;Vorwärts on industrial unrest, Dec., '18, vi: 286;comments on Ebert as President, vi: 293; on peace terms, vi: 302-304; Maximilian Harden on peace terms, vi: 303. Great Britain,condemns Dutch neutrality, vi: 376. Italy,Corriere della Sera and Secolo advocate conciliation with Jugoslavs, vi: 362. Serbia,expressions of hatred for Austria-Hungary by Politika , Mali Journal , Balkan , Zastava, vi: 356; Samouprava denounces Italian treaty, '15, vi: 361. Turkey,Ikdam for war, vi: 330;Tanine on Dardanelles expedition vi: 330;Hillal acclaims victory, '15, vi: 331. United States,attitude on U. S. neutrality, i: 308; on Lusitania sinking, i: 319; on Arabic torpedoing, i: 322; on German indemnity, [xii: 24] .
Pressel, Dr. Wilhelm von, builds first spur of Bagdad railway, 1871, ii: 291. Pressure gauges, on airplanes, viii: 220. "Preventive arrests," for suppressing pacifist agitation in Germany, vi: 262. Prices,analysis of, by Prof. Irving Fisher, [xii: Intro. vii-xvii ] ; high cost of living as result of War, [xii: Intro. vii ] , [xii: 143] ; index numbers, [xii: Intro. vii ] ; rise in U. S., '13—'19, [xii: Intro. vii-viii ] ; influence of unsecured paper money on, [xii: Intro. viii ] ; chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780, xii: Intro. viii ; before and after great wars of history, [xii: Intro. ix ] ; percent. rise in warring countries, [xii: Intro. x ] ; present high level not due to scarcity, [xii: Intro. x ] ; inflation as cause of high prices,[ xii: Intro. xii ] , [xii: 27] ; countries arranged in order of high prices, [xii: Intro. xii-xiii ] ; extent of currency inflation, [xii: Intro. xiii ] ; high cost of living as breeder of Bolshevism, [xii: Intro. xiii-xiv ] ; purchasing power of wages, '13—'18, [xii: Intro. xiv ] ; remedies for high cost of living, [xii: Intro. xiv-xv ] ; standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuation in, [xii: Intro. xv ] ; effect of wars on, [xii: 27] ; reduced production as cause of high prices, [xii: 27] , [xii: 38-40] ; "fair price" lists, [xii: 54] ; rise in U. S., '14—'18, [xii: 56-59] ; present, compared with Civil War days, [xii: 57] , [xii: 75] ; effects of government control in Great Britain, [xii: 59] ; government control in U. S., [xii: 59] ; see also Cost of living, under name of country. Prilep,captured by Bulgars, Nov. 17, '15, i: 382; occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397. Primers, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6. Prince George , British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.Prince, Norman, member Lafayette Escadrille, death, iii: 391. Princes' Island, conference of Russian factions at, fails, vi: 188. Princess Royal , British cruiser,in Battle of Jutland, iv: 108; in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246. Principles of War , treatise by Marshal Foch, ii: 80, 104, ix: 152.Prinz Eitel Friedrich , German raider,puts into Hampton Roads for repairs, Mar. 10, '15, i: 378; interned by U. S., Apr. 7, '15, i: 378. Priority system, among U. S. industries during War, [xii: 73-75] . Pripet marshes,Russian offensive against Austria, June, '16, ii: 42; description, iii: 108. Prisoners of war,classified by countries, iii: 404; work of Swiss Red Cross for, vi: 380; work of American Y. M. C. A. for, vii: 302-310; Crown Princess of Sweden's work for, vii: 308; Peace Treaty provisions for repatriation of, [xii: 216] . Austria-Hungary,captured by Serbs,description of, iii: 395; humane treatment by Serbs, iii: 400; total lost in War, iii: 404. French,diary describing life in German prison, iii: 300; total lost in War, iii: 404. German,captured in Somme battle, iii: 60; in battle of Cambrai, iii: 82; in St. Mihiel drive, iii: 99, v: 71, 207; during Allied drive, July—Nov., '18, iii: 103; total in War, iii: 404; at Cantigny, v: 33; taken by A. E. F. in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56; first capture by A. E. F., v: 113; clothed by U. S. Salvage Service, v: 331; captured in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 394; total captured by A. E. F., [xii: 288] . Russian,sufferings of, in German prison camp, iii: 300; total lost in War, iii: 404. Turkish,captured by British in Palestine campaign, ii: 94, iii: 199; total lost in War, iii: 404. United States,first captured by Germans, iii: 84; total lost in War, iii: 404; work of American Red Cross for, vii: 37-39, 71. See also under battle or campaign; countries. Prize courts, Peace Treaty provision for decisions of, [xii: 263] . Profiteering, [xii: 55] ;U. S. meat-packers' profits before and during War, [xii: 56] . Prohibition,U. S. war-time act passed, July 7, '17, i: 390; Russian government forbids sale of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135; voluntary abstention urged in England by Lloyd George, '14, vi: 2-3; use of vodka substitutes in Russia, vi: 138; imposed by Bela Kun's government in Hungary, vi: 325. Propaganda, see Property rights, of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions for restitution of, [xii: 236-240] . Protopopoff, Russian Minister of Interior,in German employ, ii: 59, vi: 143; causes Rumanian entry into War for German interest, ii: 59; gains power at court through Rasputin, vi: 143; reactionary policy, vi: 143; surrenders to Duma during Revolution, March, '17, vi: 153. Provence II , French cruiser sunk by U-boat, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376.Pruitt, Corp. John H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390. Prussia,war with Denmark, 1864, i: Intro. vii , 41; autocratic form of government, i: 29; assumes leadership of German states under Bismarck, i: 40; population in 1860, i: 40; Seven Weeks' War against Austria, 1866, i: 41; representation in Imperial Bundesrat, ii: 71; traditional policy of force, i: 150; controlling share in government of German Empire, i: 156; King of, powers as German Emperor, i: 156; relations with Great Britain, stages in evolution of, i: 168; Prussianization of Germany, i: 258; plan of imperial development, ii: 1; see also Germany. Przasnyz,captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '15, i: 378, iii: 131; recaptured by Russians, Feb. 27, '15, i: 378. Przemysl,invested by Russians, Sept. 16, '14, i: 376, iii: 123-124; Russians forced to raise siege, Oct. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 125; reinvested by Russians, Nov. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 127, xi: 16; captured by Russians, Mar. 22—23, '15, i: 378, iii: 134, 292-293, xi: 16; number of Austrians surrendering, i: 378, iii: 134, 293; recaptured by Austro-German forces, June 1—2, '15, i: 380, ii: 234, iii: 136. Pskov, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393. Psychological tests, for gauging intelligence of army recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351. Psycho-physiological tests, for determining fitness of recruits for specific duties, viii: 351-356. Putnik, Field-Marshal, Commander-in-Chief of Serbian army, iii: 150. Pys, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64. [Q] "Q" ships, British decoys for U-boats, iv: 296. Quebec,not enthusiastic for War, vi: 26; failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 30; move for secession from Dominion, vi: 33, 36; Draft Boards defeat conscription by blanket exemptions, vi: 36; draft riots, vi: 36; see also Canada.
Queen , British battleship at Dardanelles, iv: 33.Queen Elizabeth , British dreadnought at Dardanelles, ii: Intro. xv , iv: 31.Queen Mary ,British cruiser blown up at Jutland, iv: 110, 258; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241. Queenstown, Ireland, base for U. S. destroyer and subchaser detachment, iv: 357. Quennemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290. Quien, Gaston, betrayer of Edith Cavell, x: 352. Quinn, Jim, citation for D. S. C., July 18, '18, v: 171. [R] R-34 , British dirigible,crosses Atlantic, viii: 245; similarity to Zeppelin, viii: 254. Races, European rivalries, i: 21. Rada, Central Council of Ukraine, formed after Russian revolution, vi: 243. Radio, see Wireless. Radoslavov, Vassil, Bulgarian Premier,heads patriotic organization, Narodni Savet z, vi: 341; statement of Bulgarian war demands, vi: 341; German sympathies, vi: 343; resigns, June 17, '18, vi: 346. Raemakers, Louis, Dutch cartoonist of the War, ix: 190. Rafa, Turks defeated by British at, Jan., '17, iii: 192. Raids, Raikes, Lieut.-Com. Robert H. T.,commander of British submarine E-54 , battle with German U-boats, iv: 212. Railroads,German ambition for Calais-Persia route, ii: 2; Russian military, iii: 105; Petrograd-Berlin, iii: 111; Transylvanian, cut by Rumanians, iii: 218; Orsova, taken by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221; Cernavoda-Constanza, captured by Teuton allies, Oct., '16, iii, 221; in Trentino, iii: 230; in Isonzo sector, iii: 239; in Uganda, iii: 255; in Transcaucasia, iii: 260; number of troop trains needed to move a U. S. division, v: 20; French, available for A. E. F. use, v: 110; St. Mihiel-Metz, cut, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206; German lines of communication in occupied territory, v: 215; Mézières-Sedan, key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387; built by Engineer Corps, A. E. F., in France, v: 333, 334, 403, [xii: 283] ; equipment sent to France from U. S., v: 403, [xii: 95] , [xii: 286] ; war functions, viii: 283; collapse of Russian system, under war stress, viii: 283; work of German railroads during War, viii: 283-285; narrow-gauge, at the front, viii: 302; see also Bagdad Railway. Railway Artillery Reserve,U. S., formation, v: 305; units composing, v: 305; engagements on Western Front, v: 306-308; see also U. S. Army, Artillery. Rainbow (42nd) Division, see U. S., Army. Rambucourt, on Toul sector, v: 116. Ramscappelle, German success at, Oct. 30, '14, iii: 40. Ramsey , British patrol boat, sunk by German auxiliary cruiser Meteor , iv, 197.Ramsgate, bombarded by German destroyers, Nov. 25, '16, i: 389. Range-finder, telescopic, structure and use of, viii: 9. Range-finding, see Artillery; Hydrophones; Microphone; Phonotelemeter. Rapallo Conference, iii: 84. Rappes, Bois des, captured by 3rd Div., Oct., '18, v: 85. Rasputin, Gregory,influence over Czarina and Russian court, vi: 141; assassinated, '16, vi: 141; influence places Protopopov in power, vi: 143; biography, ix: 345-347. Ravaruska,Russian success in battle of, Sept. 4—10, '14, iii: 122; captured by Austro-German forces, June 20, '15, iii: 136. Rawlinson, Gen., commander of British Fourth Army, ii: 214, iii: 371. Raynal, Major, defender of Fort Vaux, iii: 55, 313. Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., commander,30th Div., June, '18, v: 146; commands 2nd Corps, v: 290, 382, 394; biography, ix: 223-224. Read, Lieut.-Com., pilots N-C-4 , first airplane across Atlantic, viii: 240. Rebais, Germans beaten back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 32. Reconstruction of devastated war areas, German obligations under Peace Treaty, [xii: 223] . Reconstruction of disabled,American help for vocational training of French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95; program of European belligerents, vii: 175; in U. S. Army, vii: 175-186, 210-216, 222, 233-239; importance of first aid, vii: 178; treatment of shell-shock, vii: 179; percent. of injured returned to service, vii: 180; system of vocational training for U. S. service men, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239; educational personnel for training of U. S. service men, vii: 180, 185; care of blinded U. S. service men, vii: 182, 213; correcting speech defects in U. S. military hospitals, vii: 182, 213; work of U. S. dental officers, vii: 210; in civilian industries, vii: 240-245; mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384; artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388; artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390; remaking shell-torn faces, viii: 390; artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391; see also Recouly, Raymond,account of first Marne battle, ii: 182-186; account of Verdun battle, ii: 186-189. Recreation, for service men, see Recruiting, see under country. Red Army,in Russia, organized by Trotzky, vi: 185; in Munich, raised by Munich Soviet, vi: 300; in Hungary, under Communist Government, vi: 326. Red Cross:American,relief work in Italy, ii: 250, vii: 42, 82; Henry P. Davison, Chairman of War Council, vii: 1; war-time activities, summary, vii: 1; amount of contributions to, vii: 1; increase in membership, vii: 1; personnel in France, vii: 1; Clara Barton, mother of, vii: 12; peace time activities, vii: 14; war organization, vii: 15-27; raising war funds, vii: 15-27; total relief expenditures, vii: 27; range of activities, vii: 29; location of base hospitals, vii: 30; location of ambulance companies, vii: 30-31; sanitary service, vii: 31-32; nursing personnel, vii: 33; canteen service, vii: 33, 42, 47-49, 54, 57; auxiliary activities for service men's comfort, vii: 34; recruiting services of nation's womanhood, vii: 34; home service work, vii: 35; services abroad, vii: 35-40; hospital work in France, vii: 37, 45; work for American prisoners in Germany, vii: 37-39, 71; relief activities in England, vii: 40, 45; with the Navy, vii: 41; relief work among belligerents during U. S. neutrality, vii: 43-46; hospital work in Germany, vii: 45; hospital work in Austria-Hungary, vii: 45; relief for Serbia, vii: 45, 84; stories of overseas service with fighting men, vii: 47-72; work for wounded, vii: 49-54, 56, 60-64; ambulance service at the front, vii: 49-51; tales of wounded, vii: 51-54; hotels for service men in Paris, vii: 54; supplying delicacies to wounded, vii: 56; huts, vii: 59; entertainment, vii: 60; as bureau of information, vii: 62-64;
helping doughboys shop in France, vii: 64; department store for overseas service men, vii: 66; production of surgical dressings, vii: 67; production of nitrous oxide, vii: 68; baths and laundries behind the lines, vii: 70; Children's Bureau, activities for welfare of child war sufferers, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90; relief among Allied civilians, vii: 73-85; relief among French refugees, vii: 73; fight against tuberculosis in France, vii: 75; education of French disabled, vii: 79; relief for Belgian refugees, vii: 82; relief in Rumania, vii: 84; work in Palestine, vii: 84; Institute for the Blind, vii: 259; letters of appreciation from refugee children, xi: 60; Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90-93; help by Boy Scouts, xi: 108; letter from "Chinese citizen boy," xi: 179. International, in Switzerland, vi: 380;World League of, vii: 3; history of development, vii: 4-14; Florence Nightingale, first field nurse, vii: 11; U. S. becomes member, vii: 14. Red Cross Nurse , poem by Edith Thomas, vii: 279."Red Monday," during Russian Revolution, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150. "Red Week," rioting during, in Italy, June, '14, vi: 114. "Reds," see Bolshevism. Reeves, Col. Ira L., mlitary superintendent, A. E. F. University at Beaune, vii: 283. Refrigerating plants, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 403. Refugees, see War relief. Regan, 2nd Lieut. Patrick, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395. Reichstag, German,limitations as legislative body, i: 71; composition and powers, i: 156. Reims (Rheims),abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; re-occupied by French, Sept. 15, '14, i: 376; Cathedral bombarded by Germans, iii: 74, vi: 97; attacked by Crown Prince, June, '18, iii: 95; description of surrounding country, v: 43; gateway between Germany and France, v: 215. Reiter's Morganlied , German air, xi: 335.Relief, see War relief. Religion,diversity of, obstacle to world federation, i: 25; work of Y. M. C. A. with troops overseas, vii: 283-285. Remington self-loading rifle,description, viii: 89; see also Rifles. Remonville,location, v: 217; captured by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262. Remounts,construction of depots for, by A. E. F., v: 333; procuring of, for A. E. F., v: 399. Renault tank,description, viii: 156; see also Tanks. Rennenkampf, Gen.,commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110; driven out of East Prussia by Hindenburg, ii: 25, 229, iii: 116; Ludendorff's account of retreat, ii: 355; see also East Prussia; Tannenberg, battle of. Renner, Dr.,becomes Austrian Chancellor, '19, vi: 319; Bolshevik uprising against, vi: 321; conciliatory attitude at Peace Conference, vi: 321. Renwick, George, description of Munich under Red Terror, vi: 301. Repair shops, U. S. Ordnance, in France, v: 350. Reparation, by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions, [xii: 217-225] . Reparation Commission, formation and functions, [xii: 158] , [xii: 219-221] . Repatriés, returned French exiles, xi: 75. Repington, Colonel,military correspondent of London Times , exposes British shell shortage, May, '15, ii: 174. Replacement system, plan for A. E. F., '17, v: 102, 399. Respirators,number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324; utility as defense against poison gas, viii: 174-178; see also Chemical warfare. Responsibility for the War, see Germany, Responsibility for War. Retreats, famous examples of, in history, iii: 280. Return, The , poem by John Freeman, ix: 331.Reval, seized by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393. Reventlow, Count Ernst Zu, condemnation of democratic rule in Germany, vi: 284. Reville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272. Revolver, use as military weapon, viii: 117. Reynolds, Col. C. R., Chief Surgeon, Second Army, v: 346. Rheims, see Reims. Rhine River,French strategy in regard to, ii: 8; German fortifications on, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 189] ; Peace Treaty provisions for international control and navigation, [xii: 250-253] . Ribot, Alexandre, succeeds Briand as French Premier, '17, vi: 103. Rice, Brig.-Gen. John H., Chief Ordnance Officer, A. E. F., v: 350. Richthofen, Capt. Baron Manfred Freiherr von, career as aviator, x: 253-255. Rickenbacker, Capt. Eddie, career as aviator, x: 259-264. Rieka, Slav name of Fiume, vi: 365. Rifles,type used by A. E. F., description and reasons for adoption, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105; U. S. production figures, v: 347, [xii: 284] ; types, viii: 84, 88-105; Browning automatic, viii: 84; automatic, difference from machine-gun, viii: 88; importance of rapid fire, viii: 88; self-loading, compared with machine-gun, viii: 88; principal self-loading types, viii: 89-91; Remington, viii: 89; Sjorgen, viii: 89; Winchester, viii: 89; rifle fire and artillery compared, viii: 92; range of military rifle, viii: 92; "danger zone" in rifle fire, viii: 93; advantages of sharp-nosed bullet, viii: 93; comparison to gas engine, viii: 94; British service rifles, description, viii: 95; Lee type, viii: 95; Enfield-M type, viii: 95; French service rifle, description, viii: 95; German Mauser, description, viii: 95; sighting devices, viii: 96-102; definition of "bore," viii: 111; definition and purpose of "rifling," viii: 111. Rifle lights, viii: 75. "Rifling" of gun, definition and purpose, viii: 111-112. Riga, occupied by Germans, Sept. 3, '17, i: 390, iii: 147, iv: 136. Riga,Gulf of, description, iv: 136-137; German naval operations in, '15—'17, iv: 137-138; battle of, and capture of dominating islands by Germans, Oct. 12—18, '17, iv: 137-138. Rintelen, Capt. Franz von, German agent in U. S., i: 315. Ritchings, Lieut.-Col. Arthur, rise from constable to lieutenant-colonel, x: 378. River Clyde , British transport at Gallipoli, iii: 168, iv: 39.Riviera, A. E. F. leave area, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 269. Rizzo, Commander Luigi,sinks Austrian battleships in motor-boat attack, iv: 370; sinks Austrian battleships, Wien and Monarch , in Trieste harbor, x: 290. Road to France, The , poem by Daniel M. Henderson, vi: 131.Roads, construction by A. E. F. in France, v: 334, 403. Robb, 1st Lieut. George S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402. Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, succeeds Vice-Adm. Carden in command of Allied fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 32. Roberts, Lieut. E. M., record as aviator, x: 249-252. Roberts, Corp. Harold W., American tank driver, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402, xi: 386. Robertson, Gen. Sir William,appointed British Chief of General Staff, ii: Intro. xviii ; biography, ix: 184-186. Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., commander U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.
Rockwell, Kiffin, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed in Vosges, iii: 391. Rodman, Admiral, biography, ix: 293-295. Rodzianko, Michael V., President of Russian Duma, vi: 150. Rogers, Maj.-Gen. H. L., Chief Quartermaster of A. E. F., v: 332. Rohrbach, Paul, German publicist, on Anglo-German rivalry, vi: 251. Romagne, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 14, '18. v: 250. Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, American cemetery at, v: 403. Romani, Turks defeated by British at, Aug., '16, iii: 192. Romanoffs,see Nicholas II; Russia, Royal family. Romorantin, U. S., aircraft plant at, v: 313. Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 28, '18, v: 188. Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, war record, x: 238. Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, war record, x: 241. Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin,record as aviator, x: 241-249; killed in air fight, x: 245-249. Roosevelt, Theodore,fight against "big business," i: 293; against U. S. neutrality, i: 299; temperament contrasted with that of Pres. Wilson, i: 299; probable course of action if President during War, i: 302; pro-German sentiments in '14, i: 309; statement on Lusitania sinking, i: 320; statement on universal military training, Nov., '15, i: 326; attacks Pres. Wilson's note asking belligerents for statement of war aims, i: 337. Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore, Jr.,commands 26th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 126; at Sedan, Nov. 7, '18, v: 269; war record, x: 241. Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, Jr.,"Y" worker in Bordeaux, vii: 267; in charge of Aix-les-Bains leave area, vii: 269. Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57. Rosenwald, Julius, member, Advisory Commission of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116] . Rossetti, Lieut.-Col. R.,sinks Austrian warship Viribus Unitis in Pola harbor, x: 297-303. Rosyth,advance base for British battle cruisers, iv: 91, 94; meeting place for arranging surrender of German fleet, iv: 384. Roulers, German base in France, ii: 86. Rowlatt, Justice, author of "Black Cobra Bill" of India, '18, vi: 78. Royal Air Force, British, see Great Britain, Air Service. Royal Edward , British transport sunk, Aug. 13, '15, i: 381.Royal families, see country. Roye, captured by Allies, Aug. 27, '18, i: 397, ii: 157. Rozyshche, captured by Russians, June, '16, iii: 144. Rue, training area for 27th Div., '18, v: 286. Ruggles orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358. Ruhleben, German prison camp, American "Y" work at, vii: 303. Rule Britannia , British patriotic song, xi: 333.Rumania,gains independence from Turkey, i: 92; intervention in Second Balkan War, '13, i: 206; declares war on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; Germany declares war on, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386; Turkey declares war on, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386; Bulgaria declares war on, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386; reasons for entry into War, ii: 59, iii: 214, vi: 348-349; betrayed by Russia, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349; natural resources, ii: 59; invades Transylvania, ii: 60, iii: 217, vi: 313, xi: 28; conquered by Teuton forces under Mackensen and Falkenhayn, ii: 60, iii: 218-224, vi: 349, xi: 29; topography, iii, 214; failure of Allied support, iii: 214; army, training and equipment, iii: 215; strategy of campaigns, iii: 216; Bucharest captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222; government moved to Jassy, Nov., '16, iii: 223, vi: 349; prisoners of war, iii: 404; total casualties, iii: 404, vi: 353, [xii: 289] ; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405; attacks Hungarian republic, '19, vi: 326; race problems, vi: 348; policy of neutrality, vi: 348; secret treaty with Allies as war price, iii: 349; suffering under Teuton invasion, vi: 349, 353; struggle with Russian Bolsheviki in Bessarabia, vi: 350-352; signs peace treaty with Central Powers, May 7, '17, vi: 352; peace terms imposed by Germany, vi: 352; conditions after armistice, Nov., '18, vi: 353; royal family, ix: 399-402; debt to U. S., [xii: 18] ; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; value of property loss, [xii: 26] ; war cost, Aug., '16—Oct., '18, [xii: 107] ; rise in national debt, [xii: 114] ; Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180] ; former treaties with Germany abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 232] ; area, '19, [xii: 279] ; population, '19, [xii: 279] . Rumania , poem by George Edward Woodberry, vi: 347.Rumanian National Hymn, xi: 329. Rumanian Relief Committee of America, vii: 109. Rumeli Medjidieh Battery,Fort at Gallipoli, iv: 45; bombarded by Allied fleet, iv: 45. Rupel, Greek fortress, seized by Bulgars, May, '16, iii: 207. Rupert Brooke , poem by Moray Dalton, vii: 285.Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, army commands, iii: 10, 61. Ruroede, Carl, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333. Russell, Bertrand, British philosopher,dismissed from Cambridge University for supporting conscientious objectors, vi: 8; on effects of War, vi: 11. Russell , British battleship sunk in Mediterranean, Apr. 27, '16, i: 385.Russia:Army,mobilization, July 31, '14, i: 375, iii: 264; German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; man-power available, ii: 27; lack of resources to equip manpower, ii: 27-28; shortage of ammunition, ii: 231, iii: 264; machine-gun equipment, ii: 232; artillery equipment deficient, ii: 232; collapse of, v: 113, vi: 157, 164;Ludendorff on, ii: 340; Gen. Denikin's report, iii: 146, 267-270; organization and strength, iii: 104; weaknesses, iii: 105; Czar takes personal command, Sept. 8, '16, iii: 140; leading commanders pledge support to Republican Government, Mar., '17, iii: 145; vice in, iii: 267; causes of demoralization, iii: 268; balloting substituted for fighting, iii: 268; desertions, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164; Bolshevist propaganda in, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164; Cossack cavalry, strength, vi: 146; fraternization with enemy, vi: 157, 161; Kerensky abolishes death penalty, vi: 157; Red Army raised by Trotzky, vi: 185; for military operations, see Russian Front; battle or campaign. Casualties,total in War, iii: 404; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 406; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; battle deaths, [xii: 288] . Coal, production, '13—'17, [xii: 48] . Cost of living, percent. rise during War, Intro. x. Declarations of war,pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114; by Germany against, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375; by Austria against, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; on Bulgaria by, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382; on Turkey by, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376; reception by populace, iii: 264, vi: 134-135; ultimatum to Bulgaria, Oct. 4, '15, vi: 343. Food,shortage, vi: 141, 144, 145; potato crop, [xii: 47] . Asiatic expansion, i: 20; seizure of Port Arthur from China, i: 20; gains freedom of action in Black Sea, 1871, i: 47; world position in '14, i: 62; ambitions in Near East checked by Congress of Berlin, i: 93; German influence, i: 95, 240; Entente Cordiale with France, 1891, i: 98; member of Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106; settlement of Persian question with Great Britain, '07, i: 104; Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107; Balkan policy, i: 114; pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114; negotiations in attempt to prevent the War, i: 126-129; hatred of Germany, i: 242; German view of, i: 242; betrayal of Rumania by German agents in Government, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349; imperialistic ambitions, vi: 132; treachery of Government exposed by Milyukov, Nov., '16, vi: 142; secret treaties made public by Trotzky, vi: 183; Soviet Government makes peace with Germany, vi: 183-185; relations of Soviet with Allies, vi: 187-188; hostility to Ukrainian nationalistic aspirations, vi: 241; treaty with Japan, '16, vi: 386; for relations with Finland, see Finland. Foreign policy,inadequate for war needs, ii: 27-28; hampered by lack of port facilities, iii: 161; chaotic condition during War, [xii: 82] . Industries,war enthusiasm, Aug., '14, iii: 264, vi: 134-135; prohibition of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135; revolutionary outbreaks before War, vi: 132-134; Socialists oppose War, vi: 134; attack of Duma on War Office for inefficiency, Aug., '15, vi: 136; Minister of War Sukhomlinov arrested and disgraced, vi: 136; request for new ministry refused by Czar, '15, vi: 136; Duma dissolved, Sept., '15, vi: 136; peace sentiment, '15, vi: 138; Lenin advocates defeat of Russia, vi: 140; Stürmer succeeds Goremykin as Prime Minister, vi: 140; Duma reconvenes, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140; attack of Socialist Cheidze on Government, vi: 140; influence of Rasputin at Court, vi: 141; Rasputin murdered, vi: 141; Stürmer becomes Foreign Minister, July, '16, vi: 142; Stürmer dismissed under accusations of corruption and treachery, vi: 142; repressive policy of Protopopov, Minister of Interior, '17, vi: 143; Golytsin succeeds to Premiership, '17, vi: 143; threats of revolt in Duma, Feb., '17, vi: 144; Revolution starts in Petrograd, Mar., '17, vi: 145; Duma disobeys Czar's order of dismissal, Mar., '17, vi: 146; leaders and policies at start of Revolution, vi: 148; revolutionary scenes in Petrograd, Mar. 11—15, '17, vi: 148-156; Czar disregards appeals for liberal ministry, vi: 150, 151; Red Monday, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150-153; arrest of ministers of old régime, vi: 153; reform vs. revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 153-157; Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates formed, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 155; Provisional Government under Prince Lvov formed by Duma, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155; Czar abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156; struggle between Provisional Government and Soviet on war policy, vi: 158-160; fall of Liberal ministry and formation of coalition cabinet, vi: 160; peasant societies, vi: 160; statement of policy by coalition Government, vi: 161; Bolshevist uprising suppressed, July, '17, vi: 161-165; Kerensky becomes virtual dictator, vi: 165; rivalry between Kerensky and Kornilov for power, vi: 167-171; Moscow Conference, vi: 167; Kornilov rebellion fails, vi: 169; Kerensky declares Russia a Republic, Sept. 15, '17, vi: 171; Bolshevist revolution overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 171-181; Lenin becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, vi: 181; Trotzky becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs, vi: 181; Bolshevist program, vi: 181; opposition of middle classes to Bolshevik rule, vi: 181; Constituent Assembly dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185; Congress of Soviets substituted for Constituent Assembly, vi: 185; reign of terror under Bolshevist régime, vi: 187. Internal politics,Black Sea fleet bombards Bosphorus forts, iv: 49; strength of Black Sea fleet, iv: 50; development, iv: 364; strength of Baltic fleet, iv: 364; war record, iv: 364-366; part in Revolution, iv: 366, vi: 164. Navy,Brest-Litovsk Treaty ends war with Central Powers, Mar., '18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183; armistice with Germany signed, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113; movement for peace by radicals and conservatives, '15, vi: 138; Soviet demands immediate Socialist peace conference, vi: 161; nature of Bolshevik peace propaganda, vi: 171-175; Versailles Treaty, provisions on, Russo-German relations, [xii: 205] ; treaties with Germany abrogated by Versailles Treaty, [xii: 232] . Peace negotiations, Prisoners of war, iii: 404.military, iii: 105; Petrograd-Berlin line, iii: 111; importance of Warsaw as junction, iii: 138; Brest-Litovsk line, military importance, iii: 138; collapse under war stress, viii: 283. Railroads, Royal family, xi: 145-149;currency inflation by Bolsheviki, [xii: Intro. xiii ] ; financial position at start of War, [xii: 1] ; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2] ; debt to U. S., [xii: 18] ; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; value of property loss, [xii: 26] ; average daily cost, [xii: 106] ; total cost, Aug., '14—Oct., '17, [xii: 107] ; taxation, [xii: 109] ; loans, [xii: 113] ; rise in national debt, [xii: 113-114] . War cost, Russian Front,German analysis of strength and strategic importance, Aug., '14, ii: 12-16; strategic plans of Russia and Central Powers, ii: 22, iii: 109-110;Gen. Gourko's explanation, ii: 225; Russian invasion of Galicia, '14—'15, ii: 22-24, 26, iii: 118-124, 127, 132-134; Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, ii: 23, iii: 121; operations in East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, iii: 110-116;Gen. Gourko's account, ii: 227-229; Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357; battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116; campaigns in Poland, ii: 25, 26, 229, iii: 116-120, 124-127, 128-132, 137-141;Ludendorff's account,ii: 361-365; Przemysl, siege and capture by Russians, ii: 26, iii: 123, 125, 127, 134, 292, xi: 16; successful Teuton counter-offensive in Galicia under Mackensen, May, '15, ii: 26, 233, iii: 135-137, 294-296, vi: 258, 311;Ludendorff's account, ii: 360; Warsaw, German attacks on and capture, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138; Brusiloff's offensive in Galicia, '16, ii: 42-44, 235, iii: 141-145; Russian collapse, '17, ii: 54, iii: 146, v: 113, vi: 157, 164;Ludendorff on, ii: 340; Gen. Denikin's report, iii: 267-270; campaigns in Caucasus and Armenia, ii: 91-92, iii: 260-263, vi: 331, xi: 29; capture of Erzerum, Feb. 16, '16, ii: 91, iii: 262-263; effect of invasion of East Prussia on first Marne battle, ii: 227; reasons for weakness of Russian fortresses, ii: 230; Przemysl recaptured by Teuton forces, June 1—2, '15, ii: 234, iii: 136;
Lemberg recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, ii: 234, iii: 137; topography, iii: 106-109; last Russian offensive in Galicia, July, '17, iii: 146; battle experiences on, iii: 316; activities of A. E. F. against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193; description of Russian trenches, viii: 123; see also East Prussia; Galicia; Mazurian Lakes; Poland. Russky, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading Galicia, iii: 119. Ruthenians,clash with Poles for control of eastern Galicia, vi: 217, 248; cultural freedom under Austrian rule, vi: 241; attempts at forced Russification during Russian occupation of Galicia, vi: 243. Ryan, Michael J., Irish-American delegate to Peace Conference vi: 66. [S] Saarbrücken, British air raid on, Oct. 25, '17, i: 392. Saarburg, occupied by French, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375. "Sacred Egoism," Italian foreign policy of, vi: 120. "Sacred Way, The," highway to Verdun, iii: 50. Sag paste, developed by U. S. Chemical Warfare Service as protection against mustard gas, v: 324. Saïd Pasha Zagloul, Egyptian Nationalist leader, vi: 70. Sailly-Saillisel, objective in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58. St. Benoit, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 13, '18, v: 211. St. Dunstan's Home for British blind, vii: 259. St. Etienne, captured by 71st Brig., Oct. 8, '18, v: 257. St. Gobain,German defensive system captured by Allies in last drive, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52; Germans bombard Paris from Forest of, iii: 88, viii: 45-47. St. Louis , French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.St. Maurice Ridge, captured by 27th Div., v: 296. St. Mihiel,occupied by Germans, Sept. 26, '14, i: 376, iii: 37, v: 199; recaptured and salient wiped out by A. E. F., Sept. 12—15, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, xi: 46;Pershing's report, v: 384-386; strategic importance of A. E. F. operations, ii: 84, v: 200, 208, 384, 385-386; strength of A. E. F, and French troops attacking, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 203, 385, 386; German prisoners captured in operations against, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 208, 212, 386; German artillery captured at, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 212, 386; Allied casualties in reduction of salient, iii: 99, v: 71, 212, 386; topography of salient, v: 65, 199; list and disposition of A. E. F. and French divisions in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386; strength of German troops defending sector, Sept., '18, v: 201, 208; strength and activities of Allied air service in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 206, 309, 386; effect of victory on A. E. F. morale, v: 386. St. Nazaire, debarkation and embarkation port for A. E. F., v: 339, 396. St. Pierremont, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265. St. Quentin,German base in France, ii: 86; Germans break through British lines at, Mar., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91;Philip Gibbs's account, iii:381-390; unsuccessful French attacks on, Mar., '17, iii: 68; captured by British, iii: 101. St. Quentin Canal, part of Hindenburg Line defenses, v: 292, 301. St. Remy, captured by 26th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12, '18, v: 69, 212. Saionji, Marquis, Japanese statesman,causes fall of Terauchi Cabinet, vi: 388; personal sketch, ix: 92. Sakharoff, Gen.,Russian commander on Galician Front, iii: 142; sent to defend Rumania against German invasion, '16, iii: 221, 223. Salandra, Antonio, Italian Premier,pro-Ally policy brings Italy into war against Germany, ii: 236-239, vi: 123-126; Cabinet of, forced to resign, June, '16, vi: 127. Salonika Campaign,Maj.-Gen. Maurice on general military aspects of, ii: Intro. xix ; Allies fail to defend Rumania, ii: 62; Allies' reasons for undertaking, iii: 201-202; attitude of Greece on Allied occupation of Greek territory, iii: 202, 206; strategy and military operations, iii: 202-213; Allies land first troops, Oct. 3, '15, iii: 202; Allied strength, Oct., '15, iii: 202; Allies driven by Bulgars across Greek frontier, Oct.—Nov., '15, iii: 204-205; Uskub captured by Bulgars, Oct. 9, '15, iii: 204; Allies fortify Salonika position, iii: 205; Bulgars occupy Greek territory, May, '16, iii: 207; Gen. Sarrail proclaims martial law in Salonika, iii: 207; Allies increase forces, May—Aug., '16, iii: 207; Monastir captured by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, iii: 208-210; Gen. d'Esperey succeeds Gen. Sarrail in command of Allied armies, iii: 212; Allied and Bulgarian strengths, Sept., '18, iii: 212; final Allied offensive crushes Bulgaria and forces surrender, Sept.—Oct., '18, iii: 212-213. Salvage service,British, activities of, ii: 131; A. E. F., activities of, v: 331, viii: 345-348; general functions, xi: 308-313. Salvation Army,war work, vii: 379-400; tales of experiences in war service, vii: 379-393; "Ma" Burdick, soldiers' friend, vii: 384; care of soldiers' graves in France, vii: 391; home service, vii: 393; huts and hostel service, vii: 395; clothing bureau, vii: 397; work with A. E. F., vii: 397; as soldiers' forwarding agency, vii: 399; employment bureaus, vii: 399; finances, vii: 400. Samoa, German,captured by New Zealanders, vi: 38; area and population, [xii: 279] . Samogneux, captured by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48. Samouprava , Serbian journal, denounces terms of Italian secret treaty with Allies, vi: 361.Sampler, Sgt. Samuel H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397. Samsonoff, Gen.,commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, defeated and killed in battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 228, iii: 111-116; Gen. Gourko's account of fate, ii: 228; Ludendorff's account of fate, ii: 355; see also Tannenberg, battle of. San, battle of the, May 15—17, '15, iii: 136. San Diego , U. S. cruiser sunk by mine, iv: 216.San Francisco , U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.San Giovanni di Medua, concentration of Serbian refugees at, iii: 284. Sanders, Gen. Liman von, head of German Mission in Turkey, iii: 164. Sandlin, Pvt. Willie, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397. Sanitation,Red Cross Sanitary Service, vii: 31-32; Division of Sanitation, U. S. Army Medical Corps, war-time activities, vii: 191, 253; prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397; making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396; taught by movies in war zone, xi: 89; see also Sanniyat, British repulsed at, in attempt to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 185. Santos-Dumont, development of aircraft by, xi: 221-223. Sapieha, Prince Eustace, attempted coup d'état against Pilsudski fails, vi: 222. Sarajevo, see Serajevo. Sarrail, Gen.,commands a French Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184; defender of Verdun, '14, ii: 188, iii: 303; commander of French forces at Salonika, iii: 62, 202. Sarre, battle of the, Aug. 18, '14, iii: 18.
Sarre Basin, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 189-194] . Save River, Austrians cross in invading Serbia, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 151. Savoy, neutralized zone of, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 262] . Sawelson, Sgt. William, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400. Saxony, Spartacide revolt in, Feb., '19, vi: 299. Sayville wireless station, taken over by U. S. Govt., July 8, '15, i: 381. Sazonov, Serge,resigns as Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, July 23, '16, vi: 142; biography, ix: 98-99. Scandinavia, neutrality, vi: 392. Scapa Flow,British naval base, iv: 93; German warships interned at, iv: 143. Scarborough, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245. Scarpe sector, British drive on, Aug., '18, ii: 158. Scharnhorst , German cruiser,in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66; sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 72, xi: 308;eye-witness account, iv: 82. Scheidemann, Philip,leader of German Social-Democratic majority, vi: Intro. xii ; member of Ebert Government, Nov., '18, vi: 277; elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292; biography, ix: 135-138. Scheldt River,Belgian claims to Dutch territory at mouth of, vi: 89; strategic position, vi: 375. Schleswig,Danish attitude toward, vi: 393; plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty for, vi: 394, [xii: 204] . Schlieffen, Gen. Count von, author of plan of German campaigns, Aug., '14, ii: 345. Schmidt, Adm., German commander in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366. Scholz, Walter, accomplice in German plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 371. School,of the soldier, xi: 159; of the squad, xi: 161. Schools, general educational program,for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290; for children in war zones, xi: 65-66; U. S. Army training schools, see U. S., Army. Schwab, Charles M., biography and war service, ix: 332-334. Science, in the War,Field-Marshal Haig's tribute, ii: 124; displaces importance of military strategy, viii: Intro. vii. Scots Wha Hae wi' Wallace Bled , Scottish national song, xi: 331.Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101. "Scrap of paper," Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146. Seaplanes, see Aeronautics. Sea Scouts, British, coast guard duty, xi: 94. Sea tanks, Italian, description, iv: 272. Sebastopol, importance as seaport, ii: 28. Secours National,American Committee of the, organization and activities, vii: 105; see also War relief. Sector, defined, v: 14. Sedan,key-point in German lines of supply, ii: 87; A. E. F. advance on, Nov., '18, iii: 103, v: 92, 269, 391, xi: 53; see also Mézières-Sedan railroad. Sedd-el-Bahr,fort on Gallipoli, ii: 30, iv: 24, 42; see also Gallipoli Campaign. Seeadler , career as German raider, iv: 198.Seed-Time , poem by Josephine Preston Peabody, vii: 283.Seeger, Alan, poet-soldier, x: 142. Seibert, Sgt. Lloyd M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402. Seicheprey, German raid on A. E. F. lines at, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122, xi: 43. Seitz, Karl, Austrian president, advocates union with Germany, vi: 322. Seleucia, ruins of ancient Greek capital, in Mesopotamia, iii: 331. "Self-determination," not recognized in Europe before War, i: 16. Seligman, Prof. Edwin R. A., on the cost of the War, [xii: 105-114] . Selivanoff, Gen., commands Russians besieging Przemysl, iii: 132. Selle, battle of the, Aug. 19, '14, iii: 18. Semenoff, Gen., Cossack commander under Kolchak, vi: 192. Semmer, Marcelle, French heroine, story of, x: 181. Send Out the Army , British soldiers' song, xi: 337.Senegalese, description as fighters, x: 116. Senlis, German atrocities at, iii: 334-337. Senussi, Moslem league, invades Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190. Septsarges Wood, fighting at, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224. Serajevo,Archduke Francis Ferdinand and consort murdered at, i: 111, vi: 306, xi: 4; attacked by Serbians, Sept., '14, iii: 153. Serapeum, Turkish attack near, in advance on Suez, iii: 190. Serbia,Balkan ambitions in conflict with Austrian interests, i: 110, vi: 306, 354-357, 363; Austria charges with responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112, 246; Austrian ultimatum to, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375; conciliatory reply to Austrian ultimatum, i: 113; Russian pledge of aid against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114; Austria declares war on, July 28, '14, i: 115, 243, 375; Austrian reasons for war against, i: 243, ii: 27, 33; anti-Austrian societies, i: 244; declares war on Germany, Aug. 9, '14, i: 375; Bulgaria declares war on, Oct. 14, '15, i: 382; conquest of, by Teutonic allies, ii: 32-36, iii: 148-160, 281-286, 393-400, vi: 357-358, xi: 18; Allies refuse aid against conquest by Central Powers, ii: 35, iii: 156, 393, 400; Allies prevent attack by, on Bulgaria, ii: 36, iii: 156; unprepared for war, iii: 148, vii: 146; lack of artillery and ammunition, iii: 148, 393; size, organization, and fighting qualities of army, iii: 148, vii: 144; topography, iii: 150; generalship during War, iii: 150; typhus epidemics, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148; retreat into Albania, '15, iii: 158-160, 281-286, 400, vi: 357-358, vii: 151-158; army and government take refuge at Corfu, iii: 160, 286; effect of defeat on Allied cause, iii: 160; casualties during retreat into Albania, iii: 284, vi: 358; American and Allied relief work in, iii: 398, vii: 109, 144-168; prisoners of war, iii: 404; total war casualties, iii: 404, [xii: 288] ; early history, vi: 354; Austrophile policy, vi: 355; Russophile policy, vi: 355; anti-Austrian expressions by press, vi: 356; clash with Italy over Fiume and eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 360-363, 364-370; statement of war aims, vi: 363; letters of appreciation for American relief, vii: 158-166; debt to U. S., [xii: 18] ; money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25] ; value of property loss, [xii: 26] ; war cost, July, '14—Oct., '18, [xii: 107] ; rise in national debt, [xii: 114] ; delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] ; see also Jugoslavs. Serbia , poem by Florence Earle Coates, vi: 353.Sergy,captured by 42nd Div., July, '18, v: 59, 188; Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192. Serieux Farm, captured by 181st Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229. Seringes-et-Nesles,captured by 42nd Div., v: 59, 188; Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192. Serre, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64. Services of Supply (S. O. S.), see U. S., Army. Seven Weeks' War, between Prussia and Austria, 1866, i: 41. Severn , British monitor,in attack on German cruiser Königsberg , iv: 195, 282; description, iv: 281. Seydlit z, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
Shabatz, Austrians cross into Serbia at, Aug., '14, iii: 151. Shantung,Germany gains forced concessions in, 1897, i: 82; Japan's desire for, iv: 367, vi: 382, 385; Japanese demands for, at Peace Conference, [xii: 160] ; German rights in, transferred to Japan by Peace Treaty, [xii: 209] ; see also Kiau-Chau. Shell-shock, treatment, vii: 179, viii: 368-369. Shells, see Ammunition. Shipping,British position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282; German position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282; U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; list of American ships attacked by German U-boats, i: 356; list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357; list of sinkings by German raider Emden , iv: 189; tales of heroic captains of merchant ships, x: 322-324; value of tonnage sunk, [xii: 26] ; statistics on world tonnage, Aug., '14—Dec., '17, [xii: 91] ; statistics on losses, Aug., 14—Dec., '17, [xii: 92] ; neutral, chartered by U. S. for war service, [xii: 98] ; war-time increase in neutral, [xii: 100] ; Peace Treaty provisions for replacement by Germany of Allied shipping destroyed, [xii: 222] ; Peace Treaty provisions on privileges to be granted to Allied shipping by Germany, [xii: 230] ; see also Germany, Blockade of; Submarine Warfare. "Shock" troops, German, viii: 144. Shotgun, use in modern warfare, viii: 114-116. Shrapnel,compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287, viii: 8; invention, viii: 72; description, viii: 72; manufacture, viii: 72-74; see also Ammunition. Siam,delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] ; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208] . Siberia,Russian expansion in, i: 20; early history, vi: 189; relations with Russia, vi: 189; movement for autonomy, vi: 189; Bolsheviki suppress Duma, vi: 189; anti-Bolshevik elements form All-Russian Government at Omsk, vi: 191; "Coöperatives," nature of, vi: 191; Gen. Horvath sets up bourgeois government at Harbin, vi: 192; Czecho-Slovak prisoners in, form anti-Bolshevik army, vi: 192; Vladivostok captured by Czecho-Slovaks, June, '18, vi: 192; unofficial Allied intervention, vi: 192; intervention in, by U. S. troops, vi: 192-193; reactionary factions gain control, vi: 193; Kolchak makes himself dictator, vi: 194; anarchy and civil war, vi: 194; Japanese policy in regard to, vi: 386; American Y.M.C.A. in, vii: 293. Sibert, Maj.-Gen. William L., commander of first American forces in France, June, '17, v: 106. Sidi Ahmed, heads Moslem forces invading Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190. Sidi Barrani, occupied by British, Feb., '16, iii: 191. Siebs, Paul, share in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 373. Siegfried Line, see Hindenburg Line. Signalling,means of, viii: 322; work of U. S. Army Signal Corps in France, viii: 322-329; use of pigeons in, viii: 328; see also U. S. Army, Signal Corps. Silesia, Upper, awarded to Poland by Peace Conference pending plebiscite, vi: 226. Silistria, retaken by Bulgaria, vi: 344. Silver, rise in value, due to War, [xii: 32] . Sims, Adm. William Snowden, biography, ix: 291-293. Sinai Desert, Turkish advance through, against Suez, iii: 191. Sinn Fein, see Ireland. Sirius , British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.Siwa, captured by British, Feb. 5, '17, iii: 191. Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon-Parma, letter of Emperor Charles to, making peace offer to Allies, Mar., '17, ii: 63, vi: 315. Sjorgen self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89. Skinker, Capt. Alexander R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397. Skobelev, Minister of Labor in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160. Skoda howitzers, viii: 22; Skoropadski, Gen., Cossack dictator in Ukraine, vi: 247. Slack, Pvt. Clayton K., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396. Slang, soldiers', expressions of, xi: 362. Slavs,distribution and culture, i: 238; in Austro-Hungarian empire, vi: 306-307; antagonism to Latins, vi: 359; antagonism to Teutons, vi: 360; see also Jugoslavs; Pan-Slavism; Russia; Serbia. Slovaks, see Smile, Smile, Smile , American soldiers' song, xi: 335.Smith, Lieut.-Col. Frederick E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400. Smith, Maj.-Gen. W. R., commander, 36th Div., July, '18, v: 196. Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace,commander of British Second Corps, ii: 162, 174; Viscount French's criticism of, for fighting Le Cateau battle, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 162-164, 174; Sir Henry Newbolt's account of stand at Le Cateau, ii: 174-182; Viscount French's praise of, for stand at Le Cateau, iii: 28. Smoke screen, uses in naval warfare, iv: 311. Smoke shells, use in covering infantry advance, ii: 126. Smokeless powder, see Ammunition. Smuggling of war supplies into Germany, [xii: 100] . Smuts, Gen. Jan Christaan,sent by Peace Conference on mission to Hungary, vi: 326; biography, ix: 187-190; advocate of League of Nations, ix: 190, [xii: 155] . Sneezing gas, use in chemical warfare, viii: 171. Snowden, Philip,British Labor Party leader, indorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12; defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17. Socialism,fallacy of, i: Intro. xi ; Socialists, see under country. Soissons,occupied by Germans, May 29, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93; Allied drive against, in Aisne-Marne counter-offensive, July 18—21, '18, v: 130, 158-183; recaptured by French, Aug. 2, '18, v: 188. Soldau,captured by Russians, Aug., '14, iii: 111; recaptured by Germans, Aug., '14, iii: 114. Soldier, The , poem by Rupert Brooke, x: facing p . 1.Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils,in Germany, rise, vi: 280, 283; dissolution ordered by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283. Soldiers' Committees, in Russia, cause of army demoralization, iii: 268. Soldiers' Councils, of Austria,vote against soviet form of government, Apr. 10, '19, vi: 320; seize control of Vienna, Apr. 18, '19, vi: 321. Soldier's creed, xi: 170. Soldiers' songs, xi: 335-339.
Somme, battles of:July—Sept., '16, ii: 44-47, 148, iii: 55-62, 63, 64, xi: 24;Allies' aims, ii: 44, iii: 55; battle line at start, ii: 46; results, iii: 56, 61, 63;Haig's report, ii: 46-47; loss of German morale, ii: 47; effect on battle of Verdun, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314; British artillery at, ii: 126; Foch in command of French, ii: 148; Inter-Allied Conference decides on unified offensive, Mar., '16, iii: 55; Allied man-power, iii: 55; amount of ammunition used, iii: 56; description of initial bombardment by John Buchan, July 1, '16, iii: 57; Allies' first objectives, iii: 58; Maurepas captured by French, iii: 58; Pozières captured by British, iii: 59; Thiepval stormed by British, iii: 59; Combles evacuated by Germans, iii: 59; works of tanks at, iii: 59, 64; Germans captured, iii: 60; extent of battle area, iii: 61; casualties, German and Allied, iii: 61; a "blood-bath" for Germans, iii: 63; effect on Germany, iii: 63; importance, iii: 63. Mar.—Apr., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91;Philip Gibbs's account of German break through British lines, iii: 381-390; German method of attack, iii: 88; Albert captured by Germans, iii: 89; results in establishment of Allied unity of command under Foch, iii: 89; British casualties, iii: 390. Sommerance, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248. Sommerville sector, held by Americans, '17, v: 111. Song of the Dardanelles , poem by D'Annunzio, ix: 343.Sonnino, Baron Sidney,advocates Italy's entry into War on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123; becomes Italian Foreign Minister, vi: 120; insists on fulfillment of secret treaty with Allies, vi: 362, 366; policy at Peace Conference, vi: 369; biography, ix: 82-85. Sothern, E. H., helps organize Over-There Theater League, vii: 339. Souchez, captured by French, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46. Souchon, Adm., Commander of German cruisers Goeben and Breslau , iv: 14. South Africa, Union of,forces under Gen. Botha conquer German Southwest Africa, '14—'15, iii: 253-255, vi: 50; strength of army, iii: 405; war casualties, iii: 405; formation after Boer War, vi: 47; British policy in, vi: 47; political parties and policies, vi: 47-49; Gen. Botha leader of loyal Afrikander Party, vi: 47; Unionists, vi: 47; Gen. Hertzog organizes Nationalist Party, vi: 47-49; Nationalists oppose participation in War, vi: 49; Boer rebellion under Maritz and De Wet suppressed by Botha, '14, vi: 49-50; parliamentary elections of '15 show strong anti-British sentiment, vi: 50-52; Nationalists' attitude prevents conscription, vi: 52; Nationalists send delegation to Peace Conference to plead for independence, vi: 52; war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107] ; rise in public debt, [xii: 114] ; delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 179] . South Pacific Islands, German, Southwest Africa, German,conquered by Allies, iii: 253-255, vi: 50; area and population, [xii: 279] . Soviet, see Bavaria; Bolshevism; Hungary; Russia; Saxony; Spartacides. Spad biplane, viii: 194. Spahis, description, xi: 189. Spain,as a naval power, i: 28; loss of colonial empire, i: 35; international position in '14, i: 62; policy of neutrality during War, vi: 370; growing dislike for Germans, vi: 371; war-time prosperity, vi: 372; German propaganda in, [xii: 101] . Spartacides, German,beginnings, vi: 260; leaders, vi: 278; excluded by Ebert from Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 278; urge social revolution, vi: 279; allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280-281; program rejected by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283; plan revolution against government of Majority Socialists, vi: 283; insurrection of Jan., '19, vi: 287-290; Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, vi: 289; defeated in elections for National Assembly, Jan., '19, vi: 290; instigate labor strikes, vi: 294; establish Soviet in Munich, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300-301; establish Soviet in Leipzig, Feb., '19, vi: 299; second Berlin insurrection suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299-300; see also Germany, Internal politics. Spee, Adm. Count Maximilian,commander of German Far East Squadron, strategy of operations, iv: 59-62; defeats British in battle off Coronel, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-69; biography, ix: 306-309. Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348. Spheres of influence, of Great Powers, i: 18. Spies,German, in United States, x: 326-348, 350; in England, x: 348; the "spy mill," x: 355; disclosure of tank secret by Mata-Hari, x: 360; dynamiting of Canadian railroad bridge, x: 368; plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 369-377; within French lines, x: 379. Spires of Oxford , poem by Winifred M. Letts, xi: 210.Spitaals-Bosschen, captured by 91st Div., Oct. 31, '18, v: 279. Sports, in A. E. F.,at Winchester Camp, vii: 288; in Army of Occupation, vii: 293; general athletic program under Y. M. C. A., vii: 313-317. Springfield rifle,standard arm of U. S. troops before War, v: 347; reason for abandonment during War and adoption of British type, v: 347, viii: 96; comparison of new U. S. type with, viii: 102-105; see also Rifles. Spruce, use in aircraft construction, viii: 308. Srpska Narodna Himna , Serbian national anthem, xi: 328.Stage Women's War Relief, organization and activities, vii: 343-349. Stanislau,captured by Austrians, Feb., '15, iii: 132; recaptured by Russians, Mar., '15, iii: 132; recaptured by Austrians, June, '15, iii: 136. Star shells, iv: 334, viii: 334. Star-spangled Banner , American national anthem, xi: 325.Stark, Col. Alexander, Chief Surgeon, First Army, v: 346. Stefanik, Gen., member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399. Stenay, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272. Stern, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. G., share in development of tanks, viii: 155. Stock Exchange, New York, effect of War on, [xii: 32] . Stokes, Anson Phelps, Secretary of Yale University, educational survey of A. E. F., vii: 281. Stokes mortar, use as "artillery of accompaniment," viii: 141. Stone, Lieut.-Com. A. J., inventor of "Y" gun for launching depth bombs, iv: 332. Stonne, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268. Storage tanks built by A. E. F. Engineers in France, v: 334. Storstad, S. S. , Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229.Strassburg , German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.Strategy, of the War,Maj.-Gen. Maurice on, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv ; Allied miscalculation of German strength, Aug., '14, ii: Intro. vii ; British policy of combined land and naval attack, ii: Intro. viii ; factors in formation of British military policy, ii: Intro. viii ; importance of Eastern and Western theaters of war compared, ii: Intro. x-xxiii , 11-14, 87-90;Field-Marshal French's opinion, ii: 171-172; Lloyd George favors aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: Intro. x, xx ; comparative advantages for Allies of Dardanelles and Austrian campaigns, ii: Intro. xii ; advantageous position of Central Powers, ii: Intro. xiii ; comparison of, in World War with that of Civil War, ii: Intro. xiii ; value of Mesopotamian campaign, ii: Intro. xvi , 87-90; reasons for British campaign in Palestine, ii: Intro. xviii, xxi , 87-90; British position in secondary theaters of war, '17, ii: Intro. xix ; advisability of Salonika expedition, ii: Intro. xix ; Allies' problem, ii: Intro. xxi ; Allies at strategical advantage, Aug., '18, ii: Intro. xxiii ; general German war plans, '14, ii: 1-6, iv: 4-6, viii: 133; French plans, '14, ii: 6-11;
German mistake in attacking France instead of Russia first, Aug., '14, ii: 11-16; probable results of a vigorous German offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13; economic strategy, Allied blockade and German U-boat warfare, ii: 16-22; absence of unified Allied plan prior to '16, ii: 40; German battle positions compared with Allied, ii: 41; Allied plan for overcoming German advantage of position, ii: 41; German plans for '17, ii: 53; Allied plans for '17, ii: 54; reasons for German offensive of '18 and choice of front, ii: 63-69, 288; object of war, ii: 68; choice of Picardy front by Germans for final drive, '18, ii: 69; importance of Amiens, ii: 69; German operations in final drive, spring, '18, ii: 70-80, 97; Foch's defense against German drive, spring, '18, ii: 76, 77; theories of Foch on, ii: 80-82, 103-110, 137; destruction of opposing army the essential, ii: 80; of Foch, in Allied counter-offensive, July—Nov., '18, ii: 82-87, 97, v: 213; Allied, in Turkey, ii: 87-94; causes for failure of German war plans, ii: 99; German in '14, compared with that in wars of 1866 and 1870, ii: 115; necessity of frontal attacks on Western Front, ii: 116; Field-Marshal Haig's theories on, ii: 118-120; war of position on Western Front, ii: 148; task of Allied reserves during German offensive, '18, ii: 151; Russian war plans, explained by Chief of Staff Gen. Gourko, ii: 225; Germans defeated in open warfare, '18, ii: 288-290; importance of Bagdad railway, ii: 290; defined, iv: 1; relation of naval, to land, iv: 2; offensive defined, iv: 4; essentials of naval, iv: 4; criticism of Allied lack of action in Mediterranean, iv: 13; British and German aims in North Sea, iv: 86; Lord Fisher's criticism of British, iv: 140; German alternatives, '17—'18, v: 3; old-fashioned studies useless in present War, v: 40; see also campaign, engagement, or front; Foch; Germany; Tactics. Strauss, Rear-Adm. Joseph, in command of U. S. mine laying operations, iv: 328. Stretchers, improved types, viii: 377. Strong, Maj.-Gen. Frederick S., commander 40th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197. Strong, Dr. Richard P., in charge of U. S. typhus relief in Serbia, iii: 398, vii: 148. Strumnitza, French headquarters established at, Oct., '15, iii: 204. Stryj, captured by Germans June 1, '15, iii: 136. Strypa River, crossed by Russians June 8, '16, iii: 144. Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick, British commander at Battle of Falklands, iv: 69, ix: 308. Stürgkh, Carl, Austrian Premier, killed, Oct. 21, '14, vi: 312. Stürmer, Boris,Russian cabinet member, German agent, ii: 59; succeeds Goremykin as Premier, vi: 140; becomes Foreign Minister, vi: 142; dismissed from office under charges of treason, vi: 142. Stuttgart, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 22, '15, i: 382; Oct. 1, '17, i: 392. Sub-chaser No. 28 , experiences when disabled at sea, iv: 352-354. Sublime Porte, name for Turkish Foreign Office, i: 90. Submarines,development and early history, iv: 201-205, xi: 241-245; voyage of German commerce submarine Deutschland across Atlantic, iv: 214, x: 271-274; life aboard, iv: 235-239; greatest achievement of War, viii: Intro. viii ; description, viii: 264-266; see also name of submarine. Submarine warfare,Lansing's proposal for regulation of, i: 281, 327; comment of London Times on Lansing proposal, i: 282; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; Germany announces blockade of Great Britain, effective Feb. 18, '15, i: 314, 358, ii: 21, iv: 217, vi: 256; controversy between U. S. and Germany over, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339, iv: 223;chronological summary, with list of ships sunk, Aug., '14—Apr., '16, i: 357-361; President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note, i: 317; American ship William P. Frye sunk, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319; Falaba sunk, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;American tanker Gulflight torpedoed, May 1, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218; German warning to neutrals to keep off Allied ships, May 1, '15, i: 319; Lusitania sunk, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 220;Lord Mersey's official report, i: 362-365; controversy between U. S. and Germany on Lusitania sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361; American steamer Nebraskan attacked, May 25, '15, i: 320; Arabic sunk, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 360, iv: 223;Germany pledges to warn before sinking, i: 325, 361; Hesperian torpedoed, Sept. 4, '15, i: 325;controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking of Ancona , Nov. 8, '15, i: 326, 361, iv: 223; Germany to sink armed merchantmen without warning, Mar. 1, '16, i: 327; British passenger steamer Sussex sunk, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, xi: 20;survivor's description, x: 281-288; U. S. threatens to sever relations with Germany over Sussex sinking, i: 329-331, 361; German apology for Sussex sinking, i: 333; activities of U-53 off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334; freighter Marina sunk, Oct. 28, '16, i: 334; Arabia sunk, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334;Germany declares unrestricted warfare, Feb. 1, '17, i: 339, 344, ii: 22, 272, iv: 223, vi: 265, xi: 35;Ludendorff's account of decision, ii: 306-307; Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of reasons for unrestricted warfare, i: 344; U. S. severs diplomatic relations with Germany over, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345; U. S. merchantmen ordered armed, i: 347; American steamer Algonquin sunk without warning, Mar. 2, '17, i: 348; influence of unrestricted warfare in forcing U. S. into War, i, 348, 368, ii: 53; President Wilson's speech before Congress, stating case against Germany and asking for declaration of war, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355; list of American ships attacked, i: 356; list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357; Persia sunk, Dec. 30, '15, i: 361, iv: 224;effectiveness, ii: Intro. xvii , 22, 54, iv: 239; German purpose in, ii: 22, 53, iv: 7-8, 140; British drive against German submarine bases, '17, ii: 56; Ludendorff on failure of ruthlessness, ii: 308; efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 318; methods of combating, iv: Intro. xi , 284-287, 304-317, 324-334, viii: 17-20, 266-282, 343-344, xi: 239; North Sea mine barrage, iv, Intro. xi , 324-330, viii: 274; Aboukir , Cressy , and Hogue sunk by U-9 , Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280;exploits of British submarine E-9 , iv: 207; exploits of British submarines in Dardanelles, iv: 209-212; Laconia sunk, Feb. 25, '17, iv: 225;Belgian Relief ship Storstad torpedoed, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229; Alnwick Castle sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230;hospital ships sunk without warning, iv: 232; Belgian Prince sunk July 31, '17, iv: 232;use of air- and sea-planes for detecting U-boats, iv: 284-287; net traps, iv: 305-307, 308, viii: 274; torpedoes, description and method of use by U-boats, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-248; depth-bombs as anti-submarine weapon, iv: 307, 312, 317, 330-332, viii: 281-282, xi: 239; nets across British Channel, iv: 307, viii: 274; use and description of sound-detecting devices for locating U-boats, iv: 308-310, viii: 17-20, 279-281; zigzagging, iv: 310; smoke screen, iv: 311; camouflaging ships, iv, 311, viii: 343;
arming merchant ships, iv: 314, viii: 278; U. S. transport Tuscania torpedoed, iv: 336; U. S. transport Covington sunk, July, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport Mount Vernon torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport Antilles torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport Finland torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport President Lincoln sunk, May 31, '18, iv: 337, 340; U. S. destroyer Cassin torpedoed, iv: 343; U. S. destroyer Jacob Jones sunk, Dec. 6, '17, iv: 346; Italian cruisers Amalfi and Garibaldi sunk, iv: 369; French cruiser Léon Gambetta sunk by Austrian U-boat, iv: 373; French cruiser Provence II sunk, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376; French battleship Danton sunk, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376; French anti-submarine campaign, iv: 378; first attack on American convoy, June 22, '17, v: 107; effect on British food supply, vi: 10; effectiveness of destroyers in combating, viii: Intro. viii ; fantastic proposals for fighting U-boats, viii: 266-274, 276-278; account of experiences by survivor of a rammed U-boat, x: 295-297; value of tonnage sunk, [xii: 26] ; see also Germany, Blockade of; Shipping. Sudanese, defeated by British, May, '16, iii: 191. Suez Canal,neutralized, 1888, i: 16; construction of, by French, 1869, i: 48; Great Britain gains control, 1875, i: 48; importance, ii: 27; German designs on, ii: 27; Turkish operations against, ii: 31, iii: 189-192. Suffolk , Adm. Craddock's flagship in West Atlantic, iv: 63.Suffren , French battleship,at Gallipoli, iv: 31; mysterious disappearance, iv: 376. Sugar, Sugar Equalization Board, U. S., functions, [xii: 46] . Sukhomlinov, Russian Minister of War, arrested and disgraced, '15, vi: 136. Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P.,placed in command of Fifth Corps, Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 250, 391; as brigadier-general commands 1st Div. at Soissons, July, '18, v: 167; at St. Mihiel, Sept., 318, v: 202; tribute to, by Frederick Palmer, v: 235; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 391. Sunshine (40th) Division, see U. S., Army. Supplies, lines of, to field armies, ii: 69. Support, line of, definition and description, v: 12. Supreme Naval Council, Allied, formed, Dec. 4, '17, i: 393. Supreme War Council, Allied, formed, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392, iii: 84. Surgery,early history, vii: 4-6; in U. S. Army, vii: 219-224; use of X-ray in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376; war-time evolution in methods, viii: 361-365; treatment of head wounds, viii: 365; treatment of face wounds, viii: 366; treatment of body wounds, viii: 366; treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366; treatment of nerve-cord lesions, viii: 366; treatment of fractures, viii: 367; new method of amputation, viii: 367; prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367; prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 289; artificial arms, viii: 384-388; artificial legs, viii: 388-390; use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390; reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390; artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391; see also Infection; Medical Science; Reconstruction of disabled; U. S. Army, Medical Service. Surveillance, line of, definition and description, v: 12. Sussex , British passenger steamer,sunk by U-boat, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, xi: 20;survivor's description, x: 281-288; U. S. threatens to sever diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of, i: 329-331, 361; German apology for sinking, i: 333. Suvla Bay, at Gallipoli,Allied landing at, Aug. 7, '15, i: 381, iii: 173; see also Gallipoli Campaign. Suwalki,Russians cross into East Prussia near, iii: 111; captured by Germans, iii: 116; evacuated by Germans, Oct. 9, '14, iii: 118. Schwarzlose automatic pistol, description, viii: 90. Sweden,international position in, '14, i: 62; policy of neutrality, vi: 394; relations with Finland, vi: 395; Crown Princess of, work for war prisoners, vii: 395. Swierzynski, Joseph,forms Polish cabinet, vi: 219; declares Poland republic, vi: 219. Swift , British destroyer, account of night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.Swift, Maj.-Gen. Eben, commands 82nd Div., June, '18, v: 143. Swiftsure , British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.Swinton, Maj.-Gen. E. D.,on development and war functions of tanks, ii: 273-290; conceives idea of tank as war weapon, Oct., '14, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256. Switch position, defined, v: 16. Switzerland,system of citizen army, i: Intro. xii ; international position, '14, i: 62; policy of armed neutrality during War, i: 140, vi: 379; antagonism between French and German elements, vi: 379-380; implication of Intelligence Dept. of General Staff in unneutral conduct, vi: 380; Foreign Minister Hoffman forced out of office by neutralist sentiment, vi: 380; Gustave Ador heads Foreign Office, vi: 380; Red Cross activities, vi: 380; Geneva designated as seat of League of Nations, vi: 382, [xii: 183] . Sydney , Australian cruiser, destroys German raider Emden , Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185-190.Synchronizers, for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 86, 190-192, 208-210, 214. Syria,placed under French control by secret treaties of '16—'17, vi: 334; area and population, [xii: 279] . [T] Tachometer, aero engine revolution counter, viii: 218. Tactics,battle of maneuver and of line compared by Foch, ii: 108; new French plan of defense, June, '18, ii: 208; trench warfare and "war of movement," compared by German military critic, ii: 259; German method of attack by infiltration, iii: 386, v: 17-19; French trench defensive organization, v: 12-17; parallel of resistance, v: 12; line of resistance, v: 12; line of surveillance, v: 12; line of support, v: 12; center of resistance, v: 14; adaptation of American divisional organization to French scheme of defense, v: 19-21; elements of limitation in offensives, v: 23; American patrolling activities, v: 27, 117; use of gas-projector batteries by Germans, v: 28; value of villages in stabilized warfare, v: 31; method of overcoming machine-gun nests, v: 39; von Hutier's method of surprise attack, v: 41, viii: 143-145; Gen. Gouraud's system of defense against attack by infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; A. E. F. training for open warfare, v: 114; new German tactics in drive of Mar., '18, v: 161; use of masked machine-gun fire in defensive, v: 287; see also Strategy;Trench warfare; battle or campaign. Taft, William Howard, statement on U. S. action on Lusitania sinking, i: 320. Tagliamento River,reached by Austro-Germans in invasion of Italy, Nov., '17, ii: 58, iii: 248; see also Italian Front. Tailly, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
Talaat Bey, Turkish Minister of Interior, responsibility for Armenian massacres, vi: 332. Talley, Sgt. Edward R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396. Tanine , Turkish newspaper, comment on Dardanelles expedition, vi: 330.Tanks,Field-Marshal Haig on effectiveness, ii: 123-124; use in Allied counter-offensive, July 18, '18, ii: 210, 281; development, description, and battle uses, v: 314, viii: 140-143, 148-161, xi: 251-264;Maj.-Gen. Swinton on, ii: 273-290; German opinion of value, ii: 273-274; invention suggested by American farm tractors, ii: 274, xi: 256; purpose in development of, ii: 275, viii: 140-141, xi: 253-256; Maj.-Gen. Swinton conceives idea for, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256; fore-runners of idea, ii: 276; British experimentation, '15—'16, ii: 277, viii: 155, xi: 257; origin of word "tank," ii: 277; first quantity production begun by British, Feb., '16, ii: 277; first use in action at battle of the Somme, Sept., '16, ii: 277, iii: 59, viii: 141, xi: 251-253; successful surprise attack at battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20, '17, ii: 280, 283, iii: 80, viii: 142,156;Philip Gibbs's description, iii: 337-340; use in Allied retreat, Mar.—June, '18, ii: 280; British "Whippets," ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262; use in Allied attack at Hamel, July 4, '18, ii: 281, 282; lead in Allied surprise attack at Amiens, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281; use by Allies in second battle of Cambrai, Sept. 27—Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281; first time manned by Americans, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281; development by French, ii: 282, viii: 152-155, xi: 257; German type, ii: 282, viii: 159; effectiveness compared with field artillery, ii: 283; saving of war material in use, ii: 284; casualty rate among troops attacking with, ii: 284; in drive against Soissons, July, '18, v: 177; number in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 223, 388; number of U. S. tanks in France, v: 350; value as infantry support, viii: 141-143; tank vs. machine gun, viii: 150-151; decisive factor in smashing German trench system, viii: 150-152, xi: 261; uses in peace times, viii: 151; French invention for crushing barbed-wire entanglements, viii: 153; Boirault machine, viii: 153; French electric tank, viii: 155; French "baby" Renaults, viii: 156, xi: 260; British and French types compared, viii: 156; U. S. types, viii: 158; requirements for successful tank, viii: 158; future possibilities, viii: 160; account of an American tank-man, x: 58-62; German method of defense against, xi: 264; account of battle between, xi: 265-266; sensation of riding in, xi: 269-270; for U. S. Tank Corps, see U. S., Army. Tannay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268. Tannenberg, battle of,Hindenburg crushes Russian armies invading East Prussia, Aug., '18, ii: 24-25, iii: 112-116. Gen. Gourko's account, ii: 228-229; Ludendorff's comments on,ii: 353-354; Tardenois salient,strategic aspects, with description of terrain, ii: 210-212, v: 42-43, 58; see also Marne, battles of, July, '18. Tarnopol, captured by Russians, Sept. 27, '14, iii: 120. Tatarli, captured by Allies, Oct., 15, iii: 204. Taube airplanes, record flights by, viii: 206. Taxation,in paying for cost of War, [xii: 108-114] ; see also under each country. Tchitcherin, Russian Soviet Commissary for Foreign Affairs, vi: 187. Tear gas,see Chemical warfare; Chlorpicrin; Zylyl bromide. Teleferica, Italian aerial cableway in the Alps, viii: 303-306. Telegraphy,development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 315-318, 320-322; U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323, 325. Telephones,development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 316-320; U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323-326. Terauchi, Count, Japanese Prime Minister,militarist policy, vi: 386-388; biography, ix: 90. Tereschenko, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160. Teschen, dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia for possession of, vi: 400. Tetanus, causes and treatment of, in army, vii: 253, viii: 367, xi: 287. Teutonic Allies, see Central Powers. Thann, captured by French, Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16. Theatricals, for service men, see Entertainment. Thenault, Capt., French commander of Lafayette Escadrille, iii: 391. There Will Come Soft Rains , poem by Sara Teasdale, ix: 274.These Be the Days That Call for Men , poem by John Trotwood Moore, iii: Intro. x. Thetis , British cruiser blown up at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262, 264."They shall not pass," French watchword at Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21. Thiaucourt,captured by 2nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 68, 206, 210; American cemetery at, v: 400. Thiaumont,captured by Germans, June 23, '16, i: 386, iii: 55, 313; recaptured by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61. Thiepval,Allied objective in Somme battle, iii: 58; stormed by British, Sept, 26, '16, iii: 59. Thomas, Albert, French Socialist leader, on French labor during War, ii: 373-382. Thomas, J. H., British labor leader, conference with Lloyd George on strike by "Triple Alliance," vi: 22. Thrasher, Leon, U. S. citizen killed in sinking of Falaba by U-boat, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319. Three Emperors' League, 1872, i: 95. Thuringen , German battleship, crew first to mutiny, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.Tiger , British cruiser,hit at battle of Jutland, iv: 108; in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246. Tilsit, occupied by Russians, Aug. 24, '14, iii: 111. Timber, war uses, viii: 306-309. Tirailleurs, description, xi: 191. Tirgu-jiuly, Rumanians defeated at, by Germans, iii: 221. Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von,share in developing German navy, iv: 363, ix: 301; biography, ix: 298-306; submarine policy, ix: 302. Tisza, Count Stephan,Hungarian Premier, attitude on War, vi: 306; political opposition to, '16, vi: 311; Rumanian policy assailed in Parliament, vi: 313; biography, ix: 144-147. T. N. T., see Trinitrotoluol. Togoland,conquered by Allies, Aug.,'14, iii: 252; area and population, [xii: 279] . "Tommy Atkins," nickname for British soldier, origin, vi: 230;description as fighting-man, xi: 181-189. Torcy,location, v: 37, 133; Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. fighting at, v: 192; captured by First Corps, July 18, '18, v: 383. Torpedoes,description and use, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-258; device for launching from air, iv: 335. Toul,headquarters of First Army, Aug., '18, v: 193; important fortified city, v: 199. Toul sector, taken over by A. E. F., Jan. 19, '18, v: 115. Tours,A. E. F. Air Service Training School at, v: 313; headquarters of S. O. S., v: 332. Towers, Commander, in command of N-C flying boats on trans-Atlantic flight, viii: 240. Townshend, Gen. Sir Charles,besieged in Kut-el-Amara by Turks, iii: 183, 318-320, xi: 29; forced to surrender Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 319, xi: 29; biography, ix: 194. Tracer bullets, viii: 211. Tractors, artillery,U. S., number in use in France, v: 350; supplant horses, viii: 40.
Transloy-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar.,'17, iii: 66. Transports,Ludendorff's account of German efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 317-318; account by Adm. Gleaves of first expedition of U. S. troops to France, June,'17, iv: 157-162; list of ships carrying U. S. troops across Atlantic for first time, June,'17, iv: 160; equipment and escort of, by U. S. Navy, iv: 160, 165; transportation of A. E. F. overseas, with statistics on number of troops carried and number and nationality of troopships and convoys used, iv: 162-165 , v: 285, 379, [xii: 94-95] , [xii: 283] ; British, statistics on troops carried, iv: 239; U. S., attacked by submarines, accounts of, iv: 335-343. Transvaal, see South Africa, Union of. Transylvania,invasion of, by Rumanians, Aug.,'16, ii: 60, iii: 217-218; desire for possession cause of Rumania's entry into War, iii: 214, vi: 349; topography of frontier, iii: 214; Rumanians defeated and expelled from, by Falkenhayn, Sept.—Oct.,'16, iii: 220; attitude of inhabitants to Rumanian invasion, vi: 313. Trawlers,use in patrol and minesweeping, iv: 292; battle with submarine, iv: 294. Treaties,Allied agreement not to make separate peace, i: 146; treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany, Mar.,' 18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183, 268; Quadruple Treaty (Treaty of London) between Italy and Allies, price for Italian participation in War, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361; Trotzky publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183, ix: 118; secret agreements among Allies for partition of Turkey, '16—'17, vi: 334; agreement between Rumania and Allies as price for Rumanian entry into War, '16, vi: 349; treaty of Bucharest between Rumania and Central Powers, May,'17, vi: 352; pre-War agreements between Germany and Allies revived by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 231] ; agreements among Central Powers abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 232] ; treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 232] ; treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 232] ; see also Alliances; Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19. Trebizond, captured by Russians, Apr. 18,'16, ii: 92, iii: 263. Treitschke, Heinrich von,German historian, exposition of Kultur, i: 66; theory of supremacy of State, i: 148; biography, i: 174; philosophy compared with Carlyle's, i: 175; theory of German greatness, i: 175; hatred for England, i: 175; summary of political philosophy, i: 177; American student's recollection of, i: 178. Trench Duty , poem by Siegfried Sassoon, ix: 282.Trench feet, viii: 396. Trench warfare,adoption by Germans after retreat from Marne, Sept., '14, ii: Intro. vii , 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253; opposed by Field-Marshal French, ii: 171; compared with "war of movement" by German military critic, ii: 259; description of German trench system, ii: 275, viii: 124-130; use of barbed wire as defensive barrier, ii: 276, viii: 136, 152; value of tanks in, ii: 276, viii: 140-143, 150, 161; use of machine guns in, ii: 288, viii: 134-136; life in, iii: 286, x: 65-71, xi: 171-173; French defensive system, v: 12-17; night fighting, viii: 74; reasons for adoption in place of open warfare, viii: 123; kinds of trenches, viii: 123; description of Russian trenches, viii: 123; disadvantages of trenches as defensive system, viii: 129; "pill-boxes," viii: 130-132; use of artillery in, viii: 132-133, 136-141; see also Barbed wire; Machine gun; Tanks. Trentino, see Italian Front. Trepov, Russian Premier, forced to resign, '17, vi: 143. Treves,bombed by French airmen, Sept. 13, '15, i: 382; Oct. 1, '17, i: 392. Trevier , Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.Trieste,unsuccessful Italian offensives against,' 16—'17, ii: 52, 246, iii: 246, xi: 26; promised by Allies to Italy as war prize, vi: 122, 361; American troops landed at, to preserve peace between Italians and Jugoslavs, vi: 366; sinking of Austrian battleships Wien and Monarch in harbor of, by Italians, x: 290. Trinitrotoluol (T. N. T.),composition and explosive properties, viii: 6; American output of, [xii: 285] . Triple Alliance, of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,formation, 1882, i: 95; terms, i: 95; military strength, i: 95; solidity of union between Germany and Austria, i: 208; Italian position in, i: 255; French estimate of, ii: 4; repudiated by Italy, ii: 48, vi: 115; see also Foreign policy, under name of country. Triple Entente, of France, Russia, and Great Britain, formation, i: 98, 106;not a treaty-bound alliance, i: 103, 218; Franco-Russian treaty of July,'12, i: 107; Anglo-French agreement for united action against "third power," Nov., '12, i: 107, 220; attitude to outbreak of War, i: 129; agreement not to make separate peace, Aug. 4,'14, i: 146; German estimate of military effectiveness, ii: 2; see also Foreign policy, under name of country. Tripoli,Turkish territory in north Africa, seized by Italy, i: 109; town in Syria, captured by Allies, Oct.,'18, iii: 199. Tritton, Sir William, share in developing tank as fighting machine, viii: 155, xi: 257. Triumph , British battleship.at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by U-boat, May 26, '15, iv: 50. Trois Fontaines, conference between Marshal Foch and Secretary Baker at, Oct. 4, '18, [xii: 285] . Tronsol Farm, captured by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229. Trophies of War, Peace Treaty provisions for return of, by Germany, to France, [xii: 225] . Trotzky, Leon,becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia, Nov., '17, vi: 181; publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183; as Minister of War raises Red Army, vi: 185; biography, ix: 116-119; bibliography, ix: 119. Troubridge, Adm.,takes charge of Serb refugees at Medua, iii: 284; in command of British naval forces in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13. Trugny Wood, evacuated by Germans, July 24, '18, v: 186. Tsing Tau, see Kiau-Chau. Tuilerie Farm, captured by 42nd Div., Oct., 15, '18, v: 252. Turkestan, Republic of, Turkey:Army,Germanization under von der Goltz, i: 207; organization, iii: 164; Liman von Sanders appointed to reorganize, vi: 330; for military operations, see Caucasus; Gallipoli Campaign; Mesopotamian Campaign; Palestine; Suez Canal. Casualties, Declarations of war,renewal of age-old struggle between Europe and Asia, i: 11; by Russia against, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376; by France and Great Britain against, Nov. 5, '14, i: 378; Holy War declared against Allies, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, ii: 31, vi: 330, xi: 14; by Italy against, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381; on Rumania, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;
diplomatic relations with U. S. severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390; strategic victory for Germany, ii: Intro. viii , 27-28; welcomed by Russia, vi: 134; welcomed by Turkish press, vi: 330. Foreign relations,extraterritorial rights for foreigners withdrawn, i: 18; continuance as European Power assured by Paris Conference, 1856, i: 39; international position, '14, i: 63; subjugation and misrule of Christian races, i: 89-93, iv: 17-18; settlement of Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 93; pre-War relations with Germany, i: 98, 207, vi: 328-330; strategic importance as Germanic ally, ii: Intro. viii , 27-28, 87-90; Dardanelles closed, Sept.,'14, ii: 28; escape of German cruisers Goeben and Breslau into Turkish waters and their purchase by Turkey, iv: 14-17, vi: 330; Allied agreements for partition, vi: 334; Demotika ceded to Bulgaria, vi: 344; dispute with Bulgaria, '18, vi: 345. Internal affairs,form of government, i: 90; constitution proclaimed, 1839, i: 92; Young Turk revolution, '08, i: 109; Armenian massacres, iii: 405, vi: 331-333; war sentiment, vi: 330; Arab revolt, '16, vi: 333. Navy,purchase of German cruisers Goeben and Breslau , iv: 16-17, vi: 330; strength, iv: 50. Peace negotiations, capitulation, and armistice with Allies, Oct. 31, '18, ii: 94, vi: 334. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. War cost, Turner, Corp. Harold L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397. Turner, 1st Lieut. William S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393. Turner, William Thomas, captain of torpedoed Lusitania , i: 362. Turtle , submarine used in American Revolution, iv: 201.Tuscania , U. S. transport torpedoed, Feb. 5, '18, i: 393, iv: 336.Tutrakan, captured by Bulgarians, Sept. 6, '16, iii: 218. Typhoid,U. S. Army statistics, vii: 195; immunization against, vii: 246, 253, viii: 393; manufacture of anti-typhoid vaccine, viii: 393. Typhus, epidemic of, in Serbia, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148. Tyulen , Russian submarine, captures Turkish transport in Black Sea, iv: 366.[U] U-9 , German submarine, sinks British cruisers Aboukir , Cressy , Hogue , Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205.U-15 , first German submarine sunk in War, iv: 305.U-29 , German submarine, rammed by British battleship Dreadnought , Mar., '15, iv: 305.U-53 , German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334, iv: 216.U-58 , German submarine, captured by U. S. destroyers Fanning and Nicholson , iv: 349.U-117 , German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, '18, iv: 216.U-boats,see Submarines; Submarine warfare. Udine,bombed by Austrian airmen, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382; captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247. Uhlans, German cavalry, description, xi: 196. Ukraine,early history, vi: 239-241; pre-War movement for independence, vi: 241-243; Russian attempts at suppression of nationalist feeling, vi: 243; autonomy proclaimed, June 24, '17, vi: 243; movement for establishment of federal Russia, vi: 244; struggle with Bolsheviki, vi: 244-246, 248; conclusion of separate peace with Germans at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 246-247; revolt against German domination, '18, vi: 247-248; war with Poland for possession of Cholm, vi: 248; population and area, [xii: 279] . Ulianov, Vladimir, see Lenin, Nicolai. Ulster, see Ireland. Uniforms, military,invisibility of French, ii: 286; invisibility of German, ii: 286;description by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 272. United Kingdom, see Great Britain. United States:Army,morale, i: 369, v: Intro. xii , 9, 71-72; National Army ordered mobilized, Aug. 13, '17, i: 390; strength in France, Mar., '18, ii: 66, v: 380; nearing end of offensive force at Armistice, ii: 98; A. E. F. put at disposal of Foch by Pershing, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 152, v: 120, 380; transportation overseas, Ludendorff's opinion of fighting qualities, ii: 326; first contingent arrives in France, June 26, '17, iii: 83, iv: 162, v: 106; first shot fired against Germans, Oct. 23, '17, iii: 84, v: 112; first American prisoners captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112; on Italian Front, iii: 249, v: 394; total strength, iii: 403, [xii: 280-282] ; strength overseas, iii: 403, 405, v: 128, [xii: 280-282] , [xii: 287] ; combat value, v: 4; training in France, v: 6-12, 100, 102-106, 107-108, 111-113, 114-119, 233, 312, 314, 325, 327, xi: 171-173,Pershing's report on arrangements with French and British, v: 373-378; see also under each Division;living conditions in France, v: 8; first divisions enter front lines, Jan., '18, v: 10; supplies for,with statistics on quantity consumed and methods of procurement, v: 11, 110, 115, 285, 328-332, 396-398, 400, [xii: 283-284] , see also under U. S. Army, Services of Supply; size and organization of division, v: 19-21, 108, [xii: 282] , [xii: 287] ; size and organization of regiment, v: 20, 108, 281, xi: 163; adaptation of American divisional organization to French system of trench warfare, v: 21; offensive spirit, v: 22, 26, 29; patrolling activities at the front, v: 27, 117; distribution of A. E. F. divisions in battle area, June, '18, v: 41, 141-147; combat units in France organized into First Army under tactical command of Pershing, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192, 384; Pershing arrives overseas, June, '17, v: 97; General Staff, A. E. F., organization and personnel, v: 98-102; training of officers, with statistics, v: 100, 102-104, 108, 312, 325, [xii: 280] , [xii: 282] ; general educational program for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290; organization of corps, v: 109; number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Sept., '18, v: 197; number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253; divisions serving in Allied armies, v: 254, 279, 373-379, 393; American soldier's attitude towards British soldier, v: 288; air service training schools, in U. S. and overseas, v: 312, [xii: 285] ; tank schools, v: 314; gas warfare training, v: 325, 327; statistics on health and disease in v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-195, see also under U. S. Army, Medical Service;rifle equipment, description and reasons for adoption of type, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105; Pershing's message to each member of A. E. F., v: 353; list of A. E. F. divisions, with histories, v: 354-372; replacement (depot) divisions, v: 368-372, 399; Pershing's official report on A. E. F. operations, v: 373-404;
on Russian Front against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193; return of A. E. F. to U. S., v: 395; procuring of remounts, v: 399; A. E. F. mail service, v: 402; system of keeping records of A. E. F., v: 402; military justice in, v: 403; punishments in, v: 403; intelligence tests for recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351; training camps in U. S., number and system of instruction, xi: 155-165, [xii: 282] ; soldier's equipment, xi: 167-168; pay, xi: 168; cantonment construction, [xii: 125] , [xii: 282] ; statistics on participation in War, [xii: 280-289] ; total battles fought by A. E. F., [xii: 280] , [xii: 287] ; total days in battle, [xii: 280] , [xii: 287] ; number of troops in battle, [xii: 280] , [xii: 287] ; total of ordnance and prisoners captured, [xii: 288] ; for branches and units, see below; for detail of military operations, see name of battle or campaign. Adjutant General's Department, functions, v: 402. Air Service,record in France, v: 309-313, [xii: 285-286] ; losses, v: 309; number of enemy planes and balloons shot down by, v: 309; strength at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 309, [xii: 285-286] ; strength and activities of balloon companies, v: 311-312; growth, v: 312, [xii: 285] ; total personnel, v: 312, [xii: 285] ; training schools, v: 312, [xii: 285] ; dependence on Allies, Pershing's report, v: 401; types of aerial navigating instruments, viii: 217-221; work of aerial photographers, viii: 228-235; airplane production, [xii: 285] ; types of aero squadrons, [xii: 286] ; for N-C flying boats and dirigibles, see U. S., Navy. Artillery,first shot of War fired by A. E. F., Oct.27, '17, i: 392, iii: 84, v: 112; dependence of A. E. F. on French and British for, v: 111, 348, 401, [xii: 284] ; heavy artillery (Coast Artillery Corps), battle activities in France, v: 303-308; organization and units of Railway Artillery Reserve, v: 305; Naval Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45; anti-aircraft batteries, v: 308; trench mortar battalions, v: 308; number of cannon and trench mortars at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; description of types of field guns, viii: 22-28; description of types of heavy guns, viii: 36-42; description of prospective 121-mile range gun, viii: 48-51; production figures, [xii: 284] ; captured by A. E. F., [xii: 288] . Chemical Warfare Service,organization and activities, v: 321-327, viii: 179-187; poison gases used, v: 321-322; experimentation and development, v: 323-324; gas masks and other defense equipment issued to A. E. F., v: 324; gas shell production, v: 325, viii: 186; gas defense training, v: 325; duties of gas officer, v: 325; deloading and examination of unexploded German shells, v: 325-326; use of poison gas by artillery and infantry, v: 326; activities of A. E. F. gas troops, v: 327; invention of Lewisite, deadliest poison gas, viii: 172; poison gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187; daily output compared with German, French, British, viii: 179. Dental Corps, organization and activities, vii: 209-210. Engineer Corps,heroic stand by A. E. F. engineer troops against German break through British lines, Mar., '18, iii: 89, v: 123; organization and activities overseas, v: 332-336, 399-400, [xii: 283] , [xii: 287] ; construction of barracks, v: 332, 400; construction of hospitals, v: 332, 400; construction of docks, v: 332, 400, [xii: 283] ; railroad construction, v: 333, 334, 400, [xii: 283] ; insuring clean water supply for A. E. F., v: 333; construction of refrigerating plants, v: 333, 400; construction of bakeries, v: 333, 400; activities of Forestry Division, v: 334, 400, [xii: 287] ; work with combat troops, v: 335; Pershing's tribute to, v: 336; road construction in France, v: 400. Graves Registration Service, see U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps. Inspector General's Department, functions of, v: 402-403. Judge Advocate General's Department, functions of, v: 403. Medical Service,war-time organization and activities, v: 336-347, 402, vii: 175-239, 245-254; field hospitals and medical work at the front, v: 337-338, vii: 178, 230-233, 249-254; evacuation hospitals, v: 338, vii: 178, 251; hospital trains, v: 339, vii: 199, 251, viii: 380; hospital construction in France, 340-342; A. E. F. base hospitals, v: 340, 400; "Hospital Centers," v: 341, 400; capacity of A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342; statistics on patients treated in A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342, 352, 402; statistics on personnel, v: 343-344, vii: 177, 201-203; statistics on disease and wounded, v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209; procurement of supplies for use overseas, v: 344, vii: 222-224; volunteer organizations co-operating with, v: 344, vii: 187-189, 219, see also Red Cross; organization in France, v: 345-346; letter of commendation from Pershing, v: 346; total number of hospital patients treated during War, v: 352; number of hospitals and patients treated in U. S., v: 352, vii: 201; venereal disease, statistics on, and methods of combating, v: 402, vii: 208-209; physical reconstruction of disabled and mutilated, vii: 175-176, 180-186, 210-216, 233-239, see also Reconstruction of disabled;war-time mobilization of medical profession of U. S., vii: 187-189, 203, 219-222; Medical Reserve Corps and Volunteer Medical Service Corps, vii: 187, 203; work of women physicians, vii: 188; system of war-time organization, vii: 191, 203; activities of Division of Sanitation, vii: 191-196; construction of hospitals in U. S., vii: 196-198; number of patients returned from overseas for treatment in U. S., vii: 200; army nurses, number and organization, vii: 203; work of Division of Laboratories and Infectious Diseases in control of communicable diseases, vii: 203-209; functions of Division of Medicine, vii: 216-219; testing mentality of recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351; classification of soldiers by vocations, vii: 216-217; physical examination of drafted men, vii: 217, [xii: 281] ; treatment of special diseases and injuries, vii: 218, 222; training of personnel, vii: 222, 225. Military Police, see U. S. Army, Provost Marshal General's Department. Motor Transport Corps, organization and functions, v: 328, 351, 401. Nurse Corps, organization and personnel, vii: 203.
Ordnance Department,functions and war-time activities, v.: 347-351, 401 [xii: 284-285] ; size of personnel at start of War, v: 347; reasons for adoption of type of rifle used by A. E. F., v: 347, viii: 96, 102; rifle production figures, v: 347, [xii: 284] ; statistics of ammunition and explosive production, v: 350, [xii: 284-285] ; artillery production figures, v: 350, [xii: 284] ; see also under U. S. Army, Artillery;machine-gun production, v: 350, [xii: 284] ; number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350; mobile repair shops, v: 350, viii: 294-298; supply bases and workshops, v: 350; strength of A. E. F. personnel, v: 350; letter of praise from Pershing, v: 351. Provost Marshal General's Department, functions, v: 403. Quartermaster Corps,organization and functions, v: 328-332, 400, [xii: 283] ; growth of personnel in France, June, '17—Dec., '18, v: 328; scope of duties, v: 328, 400; methods of procuring supplies, v: 328; supply depots in France, v: 329-330; amount of bread consumed by A. E. F., v: 330; statistics on oil and fuel for A. E. F., v: 331; Salvage Service, activities of, v: 331, 400, viii: 345-348; delousing facilities for A. E. F., v: 331; acquisition of burial grounds for A. E. F. dead and care of graves (Graves Registration Service), v: 331, 400; A. E. F. expenditures, v: 332; statistics on issue of blankets and clothing, [xii: 283] . Salvage Service, see U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps. Services of Supply (S. O. S.),establishment and functions, iii: 83, v: 328-352; coördination of procurement and distribution of supplies for A. E. F., v: 396-397; purchasing activities overseas, v: 397; reclassification system for A. E. F., v: 399; personnel, Nov. 11, '18 v: 401; see also under U. S. Army, Signal Corps,activities in France, v: 317-320, 401, viii: 322-331, xi: 303-308, [xii: 283] , [xii: 286-287] ; A. E. F. telephone and telegraph system at the front and behind the lines, statistics on personnel, v: 317; American women operators with A. E. F., v: 317; organization of field signal battalions, v: 317; devices for communication used at the front, v: 318, viii: 322; "listening-in" and detection of enemy codes, v: 319; work of Photographic Division in making moving-pictures of War, v: 319-320, viii: 329-331; laying of cable across English Channel, v: 320, 401; supplying A. E. F. with field glasses, viii: 326; supplying A. E. F. with wrist-watches, viii: 327; use of pigeons as messengers, viii: 328-329. Tank Corps,man British tanks in action for first time, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281; organization, v: 314; tank schools overseas, v: 314; American tanks in action, v: 315-316, 401; number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350; dependence on French and British, v: 401. Transportation Corps, functions, v: 400. Veterinary Corps, activities, vii: 225-227. First Army, formation, Aug. 10, '18, v: 64, 192-195, 384;reorganized and divided into First and Second Armies, Oct. 9, '18, v: 83, 246, 274; drive against and reduction of St. Mihiel salient, Sept. 12—15, see St. Mihiel; Meuse-Argonne drive, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Second Army, formation, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 274;operations in direction of Briey Iron Basin and Metz, v: 274-279, 390, 393; casualties, v: 279. Third Army (Army of Occupation),formation, Nov. 14, '18, v: 280, 395; occupation of Coblenz bridgehead, v: 394-395. First Corps,operations in Allied counter-offensive in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56, 383; shifted to Toul sector, Aug. 13, '18, v: 62; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 65, 202, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 91, 92, 220, 388, 390, 391; reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92; formation, Jan., '18, v: 109. Second Corps,breaks through Hindenburg Line in co-operation with British, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 87, 393; prisoners captured, v: 87, 393; formation, v: 382. Third Corps,operations in valley of the Vesle in Allied counter-offensive, Aug., '18, v: 62, 383; transferred to Verdun region, Sept., '18, v: 62, 384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 219, 260, 388, 390, 391; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. Fourth Corps,in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 206, 386; co-operation in Meuse-Argonne attack, Sept., '18, v: 220; forms part of Second Army, v: 275; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. Fifth Corps,in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 69, 202, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 90, 92, 219, 388, 390, 391. Sixth Corps, part of Second Army, v: 275. Seventh Corps, in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 1st Division,training in France, v: 6-12, 106-108, 111-117; transferred from Lorraine to relieve French on Montdidier front, Apr., '18, v: 29, 121, 380; captures Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 31-34, 124-128, 380; in drive on Soissons flank in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18—22, '18, v: 53-56, 130, 158-182, 382; casualties during operations in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 55, 181; captures Berzy-le-Sec, July 21, '18, v: 55, 180, 383; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 211, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 80-81, 83, 88, 91-92, 231, 234, 237, 240-246, 248-250, 268-270; relieved in Meuse-Argonne by 42nd Div., Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 248; record march for relief of 80th Div. and advance on Sedan, Nov. 5—7, '18, v: 91, 92, 269; arrival and organization in France, v: 106-108, 109; enters front-line trenches for first time, Oct., '17, v: 111; artillery unit fires first shot of War for A. E. F., Oct. 23, '17, v: 112; casualties in Cantigny sector, Apr. 25—July 7, '18, v: 128, 141; in support of French in Montdidier-Noyon defensive, June, '18, v: 129, 139;
makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., July 18, '18, v: 174; casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 211; tribute to bravery from a German colonel, v: 246; captures Sommerance, Oct. 11, '18, v:248; casualties in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 248; citation for record in Meuse-Argonne by Pershing, v: 248; summary of history, v: 355; units composing, v: 355; total casualties, v: 355; prisoners and war material captured, v: 355; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 2nd Division,training in France, v: 6-12, 119; goes into front line position on Marne salient, June 4, '18, v: 37, 132, 136; in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6—26, '18, v: 39, 129, 135-139, 192, 382; captures Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9; in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18—22, '18, v: 55, 130, 158-182, 382; captures Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 210, 386; operations in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct. 1—6, '18, v: 79, 241, 254-258, 393; captures Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79, 241, 257, 393; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 88, 90, 92, 95, 262-270, 274, 391; capture of and drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 262-263; arrival and organization in France, v: 108; captures Vaux, July 1, '18, v: 138, 382; casualties in Marne offensive, July, '18, v: 179; prisoners and guns captured in Marne offensive, v: 179; captures Beaumont, v: 266; summary of history, v: 355; units composing, v: 355; total casualties, v: 355; prisoners and guns captured, v: 355; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 3rd Division,repulses German attempts to cross Marne at Château-Thierry, May 31—June 3, '18, v: 35, 132-135, 381, xi: 43; in second battle of the Marne, July 15—29, '18, v: 52-53, 56, 143, 148-153, 183-186, 187-188, 382, 383, x: 381-387; stand of 38th Inf. Regt. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 2, 150-153, x: 381-387; captures Jaulognne
Jaulgonne and Chartèves during second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 56, 383; in reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 211; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 80-81, 83, 85, 231, 233-234, 237, 239, 241, 245, 247-248, 250-252, 389; arrival in France, v: 128; occupies Château-Thierry, July 21, '18, v, 184; casualties during battles in Marne salient, June—July, '18, v: 188; summary of history, v: 356; units composing, v: 356; total casualties, v: 356; prisoners and guns captured, v: 356; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 4th Division,in Aisne-Marne Allied counter-offensive, July 18—Aug. 12, '18, v: 60, 61-62, 130, 168, 183, 184, 191, 383; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 69, 202, 212, 386; reaches Vesle River in pursuit of Germans, Aug., '18, v: 62, 191; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 219, 220, 224, 226, 228, 236, 239, 245, 246, 248, 250, 252, 388; arrival in France, v: 128; training in France, v: 143; casualties during Aisne-Marne offensive, July—Aug., '18, v: 191; summary of history, v: 356; units composing, v: 356; total casualties, v: 356; prisoners and guns captured, v: 356; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 5th Division,in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 210, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 85, 90, 92-95, 248, 250, 262, 264, 270-272, 391; captures Cléry-le-Grand, Nov. i, '18, v: 90, 262; captures Cléry-le-Petit and Doulcon, Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264; forces crossing of Meuse in Meuse-Argonne battle, Nov. 3—5, '18, v: 92-94, 264, 270; captures Mouzay, Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272; captures Dun-sur-Meuse, Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391; arrival and training in France, v: 128; enters trenches in the Vosges, June, '18, v: 128, 381; casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 210; captures Cunel and clears Bois de la Pultière, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250; position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 272; summary of history, v: 357; units composing, v: 357; total casualties, v: 357; prisoners and guns captured, v: 357; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 6th Division,arrival and training overseas, v: 197; summary of history, v: 357; units composing, v: 357; casualties, v: 357. 7th Division,arrival and training in France, v: 198; starts first offensive as part of Second Army, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277, 279; summary of history, v: 357; casualties, v: 357; units composing, v: 358. 8th Division,summary of history, v: 368; in Siberia, v: 368; in Germany, v: 368; units composing, v: 368. 26th Division,arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 108, 117-118; raided by Germans at Seicheprey, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122; goes into position on Marne sector, July 9, '18, v: 46, 138; in second battle of the Marne, July 15—24, '18, v: 56, 58, 130, 155, 168, 183, 184-186, x: 76-78; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 86-87, 220, 252, 270-272, x: 78-79; goes into Toul sector, Apr., '18, v: 120; casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 186; summary of history, v: 358; units composing, v: 358; total casualties, v: 358; prisoners and guns captured, v: 358. 27th Division,organization and training in U. S., v: 196, 281-284, 358; arrival and training in France, v: 196, 284-286; war record, v: 358, 393; with Gen. Byng's Third British Army, July, '18, v: 286; operations with British in Flanders, July—Aug., '18, v: 286-290; breaks through Hindenburg Line with British Fourth Army, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 290-297, 393; casualties in assault of Hindenburg Line, v: 295; return to U. S., v: 299; commendation from Field-Marshal Haig, v: 299; total casualties, v: 358; prisoners and guns captured, v: 358.
28th Division,in second battle of the Marne and pursuit of Germans across Vesle River, July—Aug., '18, v: 53, 56, 60, 62, 130, 153-154, 183-184, 188, 190, 383; praise by Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192; drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne, Aug.—Sept., '18, v: 62, 260, 383-384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 218, 220-221, 225, 227, 229, 231, 237-239, 241, 243, 388; arrival in France, v: 128; training in France, v: 143; sent to Marne sector as reserve to French army defending road to Paris, June, '18, v: 143, 153; casualties in second Marne battle, July 15—21, '18, v: 184; captures Aprémont, Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; captures Le Chêne Tondu, Oct. 4, '18, v: 239; captures Châtel Chehery, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243; operations as part of Second Army in direction of Metz and Briey, Nov., '18, v: 274-279; summary of history, v: 358; units composing, v: 359; total casualties, v: 359; prisoners and guns captured, v: 359. 29th Division,in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct. '18, v: 74, 86, 244, 246, 252; captures Etraye ridge, Oct. 23, '18, v: 86, 252; organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 359; casualties in Meuse-Argonne battles, v: 253; summary of history, v: 359; units composing, v: 359; total casualties, v: 359; prisoners and guns captured, v: 359. 30th Division,arrival and training in France, v: 146, 300; with British in Belgium, July—Aug., '18, v: 286, 300; summary of organization, v: 300, 359; breaks through St. Quentin Tunnel sector of Hindenburg Line, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 301-303, 393; casualties, v: 359; units composing, v: 360; prisoners and guns captured, v: 360. 31st Division,history, v: 368; units composing, v: 368. 32nd Division,drives Germans to Vesle in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July—Aug., '18, v: 60-61, 62, 130, 188-190, 383; captures Cierges, July 31, '18, v: 60, 188; captures Fismes, Aug. 6, '18, v: 61, 189; captures Juvigny, Aug. 30, '18, v: 62, 258-259, 384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 80, 83-85, 231, 237, 240-241, 245, 247-248, 250, 252, 389; captures Gesnes, Oct. 5, '18, v: 81, 240; captures Bantheville, Oct. 18, '18, v: 84-85, 252; arrival in France, v: 119, 360; casualties in Marne offensive, July—Aug., '18, v: 190; captures Romagne, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250; summary of history, v: 360; units composing, casualties, v: 360; in Army of Occupation, 360, 395. 33rd Division,in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 219, 224-225, 228, 230, 234, 236, 244, 246, 388; arrival and training in France under British, v: 144, 260; attack on Hamel with Australians, July 4, '18, v: 144, 260; with British in attack near Amiens, Aug., '18, v: 260; summary of history, v: 360; units composing, v: 360; casualties, v: 360; prisoners and guns captured, v: 360. 34th Division,summary of history, v: 368; units composing, v: 369. 35th Division,in First Army reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 388; arrival and training in France, v: 128, 197; captures Charpentry and Baulny, Sept. 27, '18, v: 227; unsuccessful attack on Exermont, Sept. 29, '18, v: 231; summary of history, v: 361; units composing, v: 361; casualties, v: 361; prisoners and guns captured, v: 361. 36th Division,arrival in France, v: 196; operations with French Fourth Army in Champagne, Oct., '18, v: 254, 257-258, 393; casualties in Champagne, v: 258; summary of history, v: 361; units composing, v: 361; total casualties, v: 361; prisoners and guns captured, v: 361. 37th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 78-79, 219, 224, 227, 229-231, 388;operations in Belgium, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 83, 279-280, 393; arrival in France, v: 145; casualties in Belgian campaign, v: 280; summary of history, v: 361; units composing, v: 362; total casualties, v: 362; prisoners and guns captured, v: 362. 38th Division,organization and summary of history, v: 369; units composing, v: 369. 39th Division (5th Depot),organization and summary of history, v: 198, 369; units composing, v: 369. 40th Division (6th Depot),organization and summary of history, v: 197, 369; units composing, v: 370. 41st Division (1st Depot),organization and summary of history, v: 109, 370; units composing, v: 370. 42nd Division,arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 21, 109, 118, 142; in the Vosges (Baccarat) sector, v: 21, 28, 118, 142; joins French Fourth Army in Champagne defensive, July, '18, v: 44-51, 129-130, 142-143, 155-158; in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 25—Aug. 2, '18, v: 56, 58-61, 130, 186-189, 383; takes Forêt de Fère and crosses Ourcq in pursuit of Germans, July 26—28, '18, v: 58-59, 187, 383; captures Sergy, Seringes-et-Nesles, and Hill 212, July 28, '18, v: 59, 188; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 83-84, 88, 91-92, 220, 248, 250-252, 262, 269, 390; capture of Côte de Châtillon, Oct. 14—16, '18, v: 84, 250-252; reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92, 269; casualties in Marne offensive, July—Aug., '18, v: 189; summary of history, v: 362; units composing, v: 362; total casualties, v: 362; prisoners and guns captured, v: 362; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 76th Division,summary of history, v: 196, 370; units composing, v: 370. 77th Division,drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne after second Marne battle, Aug.—Sept., '18, v: 62, 190, 260, 383-384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26—Nov. 11, '18, v: 74, 78-79, 81, 85, 88, 90-92, 95, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231-234, 239, 241-243, 246-247, 250, 252, 262-266, 268-270, 388, 391, [xii: 288] ; outflanks German positions at Champigneulle in Meuse-Argonne drive, Nov. 1—2, '18, v: 88, 263; arrival and training in France, v: 141; isolation and rescue of "Lost Battalion," Oct. 2—7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241-243; capture of St. Juvin, Oct. 12, '18, v: 250; attack on Grand Pré, Oct. 16, '18, v: 252; summary of history, v: 362; units composing, v: 363; prisoners and guns captured, v: 363; casualties, v: 363.
78th Division,as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 210; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 85, 91, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 391; captures Briquenay, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264; arrival and training in France, v: 144; casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268; summary of history, v: 363; units composing, v: 363; total casualties, v: 363; prisoners and guns captured, v: 363. 79th Division,in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78-80, 219, 224-226, 228, 230-231, 262, 265, 270-272, 388; captures stronghold of Montfaucon, Sept. 27, '18, v: 78-79, 225; organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 363; captures Nantillois, Sept. 28, '18, v: 228; summary of history, v: 363, casualties, v: 363; units composing, v: 364; prisoners and guns captured, v: 364. 80th Division,in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 88, 91, 219, 224, 226-227, 230, 234, 237, 239, 241, 245-246, 248, 262-268, 388, 391; captures Buzancy, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264; arrival and training in France, v: 144; battle for Brieulles-sur-Meuse, Sept. 27—28, '18, v: 226-227; capture of Bois des Ogons, Oct. 4—5, '18, v: 237, 239; repulsed in attacks on Madeleine Farm, Oct. 6, '18, v: 241; Madeleine Farm captured, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245; unsuccessful attacks on Cunel, Oct. 10—11, '18, v: 246, 248; captures Beaumont with 2nd Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266; casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268; summary of history, v: 364; units composing, v: 364; total casualties, v: 364; prisoners and guns captured, v: 364. 81st Division,arrival and training in France, v: 197; operations in direction of Briey and Metz as part of Second Army, v: 274-278; captures Grimancourt, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277; position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 278; summary of history, v: 364; units composing, v: 364; casualties, v: 364; prisoners captured, v: 364. 82nd Division,in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 65, 68, 71, 202, 208, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 83, 241-242, 246-248, 251-252, 390; arrival and training in France, v: 143; composite character, v: 143; summary of history, v: 143, 365; units composing, v: 365; casualties, v: 365; prisoners and guns captured, v: 365. 83rd Division,summary of history, v: 146, 371, 399; units composing, v: 371. 84th Division,summary of history, v: 198, 371, 399; units composing, v: 371. 85th Division,summary of history, v: 197, 371; units composing, v: 371. 86th Division,summary of history, v: 372; units composing, v: 372. 87th Division,summary of history, v: 198, 372; units composing, v: 372. 88th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 365;units composing, v: 365; casualties, v: 365. 89th Division,in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 70, 202, 210, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 274, 391; organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 365; in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395; summary of history, v: 365; units composing, v: 366; casualties, v: 366; prisoners and guns captured, v: 366. 90th Division,in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 208-210, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 272, 274, 391; arrival and training in France, v: 196; casualties in St. Mihiel drive, v: 210; captures Stenay, Nov. 10, '18, v: 272; in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395; summary of history, v: 366; units composing, v: 366; total casualties, v: 366; prisoners and guns captured, v: 366. 91st Division,as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 232, 246, 388; transferred to Belgium under French Sixth Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 279, 393; operations in Belgium, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 83, 279, 393; organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 366; captures Spitaals-Bosschen, Oct. 31, '18, v: 279; captures Audenarde, Nov. 2, '18, v: 279; summary of history, v: 366; units composing, 367; casualties, v: 367; prisoners and guns captured, v: 367. 92nd Division (colored),in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 233; organization and arrival in France, v: 145, 367; summary of history, v: 367; units composing, v: 367; casualties, v: 367. 93rd Division (colored), summary of history, v: 367;units composing, v: 367; casualties, v: 368. Casualties, in submarine warfare during neutrality, i: 357;first time in War, Nov., '17, i: 392, v: 113; total in War, iii: 404; total dead, iii: 404, [xii: 280] ; number wounded, iii: 404, v: 344, [xii: 280] ; prisoners or missing, iii: 404; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 71, 212, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26—Nov. 11, '18, v: 393, [xii: 280] ; on Russian Front, v: 394; total deaths overseas, classified according to cause, v: 402; battle deaths, v: 402, [xii: 280] , [xii: 289] ; deaths from disease, v: 402, vii: 179, 195, [xii: 280] ; money equivalent of manpower lost, [xii: 25] ; see also U. S. Army, Medical Service. Coal, production, '13—'17, [xii: 47] ; Conscription, Franklin Lane on lessons taught by, i: 370; Cost of living,high prices most striking economic effect of War, [xii: Intro. vii ] ; "index numbers" as measure of price changes, [xii: Intro. vii ] ; comparison of index numbers, '13—'19, [xii: Intro. vii-viii ] ; chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780, [xii: Intro. viii-x ] ; rise in, '14—'18, [xii: Intro. x ] , [xii: 56-59] ; existing high prices not due to scarcity, [xii: Intro. x-xi ] ; currency inflation, [xii: Intro. xiii ] , [xii: 143] ;
chart showing relation of, to money in circulation, '14—'18, [xii: Intro. xiii ] ; high prices as breeder of Bolshevism, [xii: Intro. xiii-xiv ] ; purchasing power of wages, '13—'18, [xii: Intro. xiv ] ; remedies proposed for reducing high cost of living, [xii: Intro. xiv-xv ] , [xii: 147] ; standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuations in, [xii: Intro. xv ] ; scarcity as cause of high prices, [xii: 39] , [xii: 142] ; "fair price" lists, [xii: 54] ; profiteering, [xii: 55] , [xii: 143] ; meat-packers' profits before and during War, [xii: 56] ; present, compared with Civil War prices, [xii: 57] , [xii: 75] ; rise in clothing prices, [xii: 58] , [xii: 142] , [xii: 145] ; government price-fixing, [xii: 59] ; monthly price changes, '12—'18, [xii: 60] ; analysis of, by Council of National Defense, [xii: 142-148] ; relation between wages and prices in estimating, [xii: 142] ; housing problem, [xii: 142] ; curtailed production since Armistice, [xii: 142] ; food consumption statistics, [xii: 142] ; influence of War on prices, [xii: 143] ; food supply statistics, '18—'19, [xii: 143-144] ; reasons for high food prices, [xii: 144] ; reduction in shoe output for '19, [xii: 146] ; coal production, '18—'19, [xii: 146] ; reduction in iron and steel production, '19, [xii: 147] ; reasons for high cost of living, summarized by Council of National Defense, [xii: 147] ; see also Council of National Defense,activities of General Medical Board of, vii: 187-189; creation by Congress, '16, [xii: 115] ; duties, [xii: 116] ; members, [xii: 116] ; Advisory Commission of, pre-War activities, [xii: 117] ; committees, [xii: 122] ; distinguished membership of committees, [xii: 122] ; non-partisanship of, [xii: 124] ; expenses, [xii: 124] ; work of Field Division, [xii: 124] ; results of activities, [xii: 124] ; War Industries Board established, [xii: 125] ; cantonment construction, [xii: 125] ; share in victory, [xii: 126] ; analysis of causes of and remedies for high cost of living,[xii: 142-148] . Declarations of war,transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308; impelling causes for, i: 301, 341, 348, 368, ii: 53; effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305; diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389; text of President Wilson's speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355; text of declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 6, '17, i: 355; Franklin Lane on effects of entry into War on American life, i: 366-373; diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary severed, Apr. 8, '17, i: 389; diplomatic relations with Turkey severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390; declaration of war on Austria-Hungary, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393; effect on final result of War, ii: 220, iii: 83;a German military critic's view, ii: 273; Ludendorff's comments on, ii: 341; effect on French, ii: 387; effect on British, vi: 11; see also under Submarine warfare. Employment Service, war-time activities, [xii: 67] . Food,Herbert Hoover appointed Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390; position of U. S. as producer, '17, [xii: 35] ; wheat production vs. consumption, 1890—1914, [xii: 35] ; corn production vs. consumption, 1890—1914, [xii: 35] ; voluntary rationing, [xii: 35] ; exports to Europe before and during War, [xii: 36] , [xii: 135] ; conservation, [xii: 37] , [xii: 40] , [xii: 141] ; war-time increase in production, statistics, [xii: 37] ; increased production more important than conservation, [xii: 38] ; crop acreage, '10—'18, [xii: 38] ; crop yields, '10—'18, [xii: 39] ; Hoover's report on European relief, [xii: 42] ; war-time government control, [xii: 46] , [xii: 59] , [xii: 140] ; Sugar Equalization Board, functions, [xii: 46] ; war-time sugar distribution, [xii: 46] ; potato crop, [xii: 47] ; "fair price" lists, [xii: 54] ; functions of Food Administration, [xii: 59] , [xii: 140] ; statistics on quantity and prices, June, '18—June, '19, [xii: 61-65] ; price comparisons, '13—'19, [xii: 64] ; wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17—July 1, '18, [xii: 141] ; consumption statistics, [xii: 142] ; production statistics, '18—'19, [xii: 143] ; wheat production, '18—'19, [xii: 143] ; meat production, '18—'19, [xii: 144] ; corn crop, '18, [xii: 144] ; reasons for high prices, [xii: 144] ; see also under U. S., Cost of living. Food Administration, see under U. S., Food. Foreign relations,policy of isolation, i: 50; abandonment of policy of isolation, i: 52-58; early relations with China and Japan, i: 53; African interests, i: 54; Congo policy, i: 54; armed expeditions sent beyond borders, 1836—1861, i: 54; intervention in Cuba, i: 56; "open door" policy in China, i: 57; Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57; Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58; policy in Venezuelan controversy with Germany, '02, i: 86; participation in European conferences, i: 86; participation in Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86; German plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88; arbitration treaties, i: 103; emergence from War as World Power, i: 371; after-War mission, i: 372. Fuel Administration, see under U. S., Coal. German-owned property, extent, [xii: 33-34] . Industries during War,regulations for conservation of leather by War Industries Board, [xii: 53] ; duties and powers of War Industries Board, [xii: 72] ; priority system, [xii: 73-75] ; distribution of war contracts, [xii: 74] ; response to war needs, [xii: 115] ; creation of Council of National Defense, [xii: 115] ; duties of Council of National Defense, [xii: 116] ; pre-War movement for industrial preparedness, [xii: 117] ; pre-War activities of Advisory Commission, Council of National Defense, [xii: 118] ; committees of Council of National Defense, [xii: 122] ; organization and personnel of War Industries Board, [xii: 125] ; share in final victory, [xii: 126] ; see also under U. S., Council of National Defense, Labor. Labor,women in war industries, [xii: 25] ; war-time safeguards for workers, [xii: 66] ; organizing for war production, [xii: 67] ; Employment Service of Department of Labor, war-time activities, [xii: 67] ; war-time strikes, [xii: 68] ; importance in winning War, [xii: 68-69] ; size of working population, [xii: 71] ; immigration as source of labor supply, [xii: 71] ; war-time dislocation, [xii: 71] ; Mediation Commission for settling labor unrest, [xii: 71] ; activities of Advisory Labor Council, [xii: 71] ; Gen. Crowder's "Work or fight" order, [xii: 72] ; women as railway workers during War, [xii: 84] ; settlement of war-time disputes in shipyards, [xii: 94] ; attitude to War, [xii: 121] . Marine Corps, strength, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 403;in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6—26, '18, v: 39, 130, 135-139, 382, x: 1-10; capture of Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9; in second battle of the Marne, July 18—19, '18, v: 55, 130, 159, 167-170, 174-175, 178-179; capture of Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174-175; in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct., '18, v: 79, 241, 255-257;
capture of Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79-80, 241, 257; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 95, 262-263, 266, 270, 274; arrival in France, v: 106, 108; incorporated in 2nd Div., v: 108; not in Château-Thierry battle of May 31—June 3, '18, as popularly supposed, v: 130, 135; casualties at Belleau Wood, June, '18, v: 139; name of Belleau Wood changed by French to Bois de la Brigade de Marine, v: 139; casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 179; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 210; in drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 262-263; force crossing of Meuse, Nov. 10, '18, v: 270, 274; see also under U. S. Army, 2nd Division. Navy,Rear-Adm. Mayo on war-time accomplishments of, iv: Intro. vii-xiii ; supplying guns and gun crews for merchant ships, iv: Intro. viii , 314; laying of North Sea mine barrage, iv: Intro. xi , 324-330; anti-submarine coast patrol, iv: Intro. xii ; Naval gunners on Western Front, iv: Intro. xii , 323, v: 306, viii: 42-45; transportation of A. E. F. to France, iv: Intro. xii , [xii: 94-95] , [xii: 283] ;account of first expedition across Atlantic, June, '17, by Adm. Gleaves, iv: 157-165; lessons of the War, iv: Intro. xiii ; destroyer flotilla on anti-submarine patrol duty in war zone, iv: 157, 315-317, 343; development of depth bomb by, iv: 307, 330; strength of personnel before War and at armistice, iv: 317; training of new personnel, iv: 317; war-time expansion in ships and equipment, iv: 318-319; repair of damaged interned German liners, iv: 319-321; laying of oil pipe line across Scotland, iv: 322; invention of "Y" gun for discharge of depth bombs, iv: 331; development of aerial bombs for use by seaplanes against U-boats, iv: 332; development of star shells for illuminating enemy positions in dark, iv: 334; invention of torpedo plane, iv: 335; adventures of transports in war zone, iv: 335-343; capture of German submarine U-58 , Nov. 18, '17, iv: 349; Secretary Daniels' report on activities in European waters, iv: 356-359; co-operation with British,Secretary Daniels on, iv: 356; tributes by Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Beatty, iv: 359-361; development and description of N-C flying boats, viii: 236-240; N-C-4 first airplane to cross Atlantic, viii: 240;types of dirigibles used by, viii: 245, 255-257. Neutrality,Dr. Eliot's summary of reasons for pro- and anti-German feeling, i: 270-273; von Jagow's defense against anti-German criticisms, i: 273; Maximilian Harden's views on, i: 274; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; French opinion of, i: 287; unpopular with all belligerents, i: 288; British opinion of, i: 289; Gabriel Hanotaux's views on, i: 290; conflict of sympathies, i: 297; psychology of, i: 297; increasing pro-Ally sentiment, i: 299; attitudes of Wilson and Roosevelt compared, i: 299, 302; German violations against, i: 300; transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308; effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305; attitude of press, i: 309; Austro-Hungarian protest of unfairness of, i: 309; Maximilian Harden's views on American war prosperity, i: 310; Bryan's statement on, Jan. 20, '15, i: 311; controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; controversy with Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339;chronological summary with list of ships sunk, i: 357-361; President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note to Germany, i: 317; President Wilson's "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372; controversy with Germany on Lusitania sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361; statements of Taft and Roosevelt on Lusitania sinking, i: 320; note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 322; attitude of press on torpedoing of Arabic , i: 323; controversy with Austria-Hungary on torpedoing of Ancona , i: 326, 361; McLemore Resolution warning Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327; McLemore Resolution defeated, i: 328; note threatening severance of diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of Sussex , Apr. 18, '16, i: 329-331; issues of '16 Presidential campaign, i: 334; controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 336; Lansing's statement of problems of, i: 339; diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389; President Wilson orders U. S. merchantmen armed, i: 347; American casualties from submarine warfare during, i: 357; President Wilson issues proclamation of, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375; see also Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare. Peace Conference,delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400; list of delegates, [xii: 179] ; for work of delegates at, see Peace Conference; also under name of delegate. Peace Treaty,fight against, in Senate, [xii: 264-278] ; Fall amendments to, defeated, Oct. 2, '19, [xii: 264] ; ratification with original Lodge reservations defeated, Nov. 19, '19, [xii: 265-266] ; text of original Lodge reservations, [xii: 265] ; defeated in Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, [xii: 266-269] ; President Wilson's opinion of Lodge reservations, [xii: 267] ; text of revised Lodge reservations, [xii: 269] ; efforts to declare peace by Congressional resolution, [xii: 271-278] ; text of peace resolution introduced in House of Representatives, Apr. 1, '20, [xii: 271] ; Knox resolution declaring peace with Germany passed by Congress, May 15—21, '20, [xii: 273-277] ; text of original Knox resolution proposing separate peace with Germany and successors of Austria-Hungary, [xii: 273] ; text of amended Knox resolution, [xii: 277] ; President Wilson vetoes Knox resolution, [xii: 277] ; text of President Wilson's veto message, [xii: 278] . Population,European immigration, i: 37; German immigration in 1882 and 1910, i: 75; size, characteristics, and distribution of German element in, i: 79, 277-279; ratio of increase in urban and rural, 1890—1910, [xii: 35] . Press,attitude on neutrality, i: 309; attitude on Lusitania sinking, i: 320; attitude on torpedoing of Arabic , i: 323; views on German indemnity, [xii: 24] . Prisoners of war, first captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;total lost in War, iii: 404. Railroads, war-time operation under government control, [xii: 87-90] ; Shipping, war-time building program, with statistics, [xii: 92-94] ; Trade, with Germany through neutrals, ii: 21; War cost, currency inflation, [xii: Intro. xiii ] , [xii: 28-31] , [xii: 143] ;loans floated in U. S. by foreign countries, Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2] ; sources and amounts of war-time taxation, [xii: 2-9] , [xii: 109-111] ; income taxes, with comparison of rates in England and France, [xii: 2-6] ; criticisms of war tax law, [xii: 5-6] ; President Wilson's tax program, [xii: 6-7] ; luxury taxes, [xii: 7-9] ; war-time prosperity, [xii: 9-10] ; loans in early U. S. history, [xii: 10] ; Liberty Loans, floating of, with statistics on amounts raised and number of subscribers, [xii: 10-16] , [xii: 113] , [xii: 126-135] ; repayment of loans made to Allies, [xii: 11] ; Liberty Loan subscriptions by Federal Reserve Districts, [xii: 12] ; Liberty Loan subscriptions in New York City, [xii: 12] ; comparison of war debt with pre-War national debt, [xii: 16] , [xii: 113] , [xii: 114] ; hourly war expenditures, [xii: 16] ; comparison of war cost with previous expenditures, [xii: 16] ; distribution of war expenditures, [xii: 16] ; amount of loans to Allies, [xii: 16] , [xii: 18] , [xii: 31] ; short-term certificates of indebtedness, [xii: 16] ; War Savings Stamps, amount raised by, [xii: 18] , [xii: 134] ; problem of liquidating national debt, [xii: 18] ; accumulation of Europe's gold supply in U. S., [xii: 29] ; credit expansion, [xii: 30] ; pre-War cash reserves, [xii: 30] ; transition from debtor to creditor nation, with statistics, [xii: 31] ; daily, monthly, and total war cost, Apr., 17—June, '19, [xii: 106-108] . War Industries Board, see under U. S., Industries during War. Uruguay,failure of soviet plot in, vi: 392; delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180] . Uskub,captured by Bulgarians, Oct., '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204; recaptured by Allies, Sept., '18, iii: 213. [V] V-187 , German destroyer sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.Vaccine,manufacture of anti-typhoid, viii: 393; see also Disease. Vacuum tubes, in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320. Valenciennes, Germans use as gateway into France, v: 215. Valley, Count Arco, assassin of Kurt Eisner, vi: 298. Van, occupied by Russians, May 23, '15, iii: 262. Van Iersal, Sgt. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389. Vanquois, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225. Varennes, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225. Vaux,town in Marne salient, location, v: 133; captured by 2nd Div., July 1, '18, v: 138, 382. Vaux,Fort, at Verdun, captured by Germans, June 7, '16, i: 385, iii: 54, 313; evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, i: 388, iii: 62; German efforts at capture repulsed, Mar., '16, ii: 189, iii: 52, 306;description by French officer participating in defense, iii: 327-329; Major Raynal, defender of, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313; see also Verdun. Veles,captured by Bulgarians, Oct. 28—29, '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204; recaptured by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397. Velocity of projectiles, viii: 111. Vencheres Wood, captured by 179th Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209. Vendieres, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210. Venereal diseases, statistics on, and methods of combating in U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 208-209. Venezuela, pro-German attitude during War, vi: 392. Vengeance , British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.Venizelos, Eleutherios,pro-Ally policy during Greek neutrality, iii: 202; establishes revolutionary government in Crete, Sept., '16, iii: 210; biography, ix: 76-82; bibliography, ix: 81. Verdun,strategic value and reasons for German campaigns against, i: 268, ii: 6, 13, 36-39, 188, 189, iii: 46, 302, v: 199, 215, xi: 21; effect of battle of the Somme on German offensive against, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314; eliminated by Germans as scene of '18 offensive, ii: 67; battles of, Feb., '16—Sept., '17, ii: 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61-62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 21-22; comparison of German attack, Feb., '16, with tactics at first battle of the Marne, ii: 186; "They shall not pass," French watchword of defense at, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21; Pétain commands defenders, Feb.—May, '16, ii: 189, iii: 50, 304; Germans capture Fort Douaumont, Feb. 25, '16, ii: 189, iii: 48, 304-305; German attacks on Fort Vaux repulsed, Mar., '16, ii: 189, iii: 52, 306,;described by French officer taking part in defense, iii: 327-329; German Crown Prince in command of attacking forces, iii: 47, 48, 303; use of motor transports in defense of, iii: 50, viii: 289-291; battles for Dead Man's Hill (Le Mort Homme), Mar.—May, '16, iii: 51, 53-54, 306-307, 308, 310-313; Cumières captured and lost by Germans, May, '16, iii: 54, 312; Gen. Nivelle appointed to command of French defenders, May, '16, iii: 54, 310; Fort Vaux captured by Germans, June 7, '16, iii: 54, 313; German efforts to capture Fort Souville defeated, iii: 55; Thiaumont captured by Germans, June 23—24, '16, and recaptured by French, iii: 55, 313; Nivelle's surprise attack, Oct., '16, iii: 61; Fort Douaumont recaptured by French, Oct., '16, iii: 61; Fort Vaux evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, iii: 62; Gen. Mangin succeeds Nivelle as French commander at, Dec., '16, iii: 62; Mangin launches successful offensive, Dec., '16, iii: 62; final French victories regain all important positions, Aug.—Sept., '17, iii: 79; Ludendorff's comment on German blunder at, iii: 302; description of intensity of fighting at, by French participant, iii: 308; Major Raynal, defender of Fort Vaux, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313; freed from threat of further German attacks by suppression of St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 208. Verrieres, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266. Versailles Treaty, see Peace Treaty with Germany. Very, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225. Very pistol, use in signalling, v: 319. Vesle River,Germans driven across, in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July—Aug., '18, v: 60-62, 188-191, 383; Germans driven from, to the Aisne, Aug.—Sept., '18, v: 62, 260, 383-384. Vesnitch, Dr. M. R., Serbian diplomat, statement of Jugoslav attitude toward Italian aggrandizement, vi: 366. Veterinary, treatment of sick and injured animals in War, vii: 225-227, viii: 397-399. Vickers machine-gun,use on airplanes, viii: 87; U. S. production figures, [xii: 284] . Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, biography, ix: 395-398. Victory Way, in New York City, [xii: 133] . Vienna,war-time privation in, vi: 312; riots, '18, vi: 316; after-War distress, vi: 318; Bolshevik uprising suppressed, Apr., '19, vi: 320-321.
Vierstaat Ridge,captured by British and 27th Div., A. E. F., Sept. 1—2, '18, v: 290. Vierzy, captured by 2nd Div., July 18, '18, v: 55, 174. Vigneulles,junction of 1st and 26th Divs. at, closes St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 69, 211, 212. Ville-devant-Chaumont, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272. Villepigue, Corp. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396. Villers Wood, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 15, '18, v: 210. Villers-Cotterets, concentration of Allied forces near, for Marne counter-offensive, July, '18, ii: 154, v: 161. Villers-devant-Dun, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264. Villers-sous-Preney, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210. Vilna, captured by Germans, Sept., '15, iii: 141. Vilosnes-sur-Meuse captured by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271. Vimy Ridge,captured by Canadians, Apr. 9, '17, iii: 70, 343-349; strategic importance, iii: 343; London Times' account of battle, iii: 346-348; decorations for gallantry at, iii: 349. Vindictive , British cruiser,at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262; sunk in Ostend Channel, iv: 279; see also Zeebrugge Raid.Viribus Unitis , Austrian battleship sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, May 15, '18, i: 395, x: 297-303.Vive La France! poem by Charlotte H. Crawford, vi: 94.Viviani, René, French statesman, biography, ix: 19-21. Vladivostok,seized by Czechoslovak troops, June, '18, vi: 192; Allies send troops to, vi: 193; see also Siberia. Vocational training,for war cripples, American help for French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95; for American disabled, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239; modern attitude on, viii: 387; see also Reconstruction of disabled. Vodka,war-time prohibition of, in Russia, iii: 265, vi: 135; use of harmful substitutes for, vi: 138. Voisin bombing planes, viii: 223. Voldemaras, Prof., forms first independent Lithuanian cabinet, vi: 236. Vologodsky, Peter, head of liberal Siberian government at Omsk, vi: 191. Voormezeele, captured by 30th Div., Aug. 31—Sept. 1, '18, v: 300. Vosges Mountains,military importance, ii: 6; place in scheme of general French strategy, ii: 9; French occupy passes of, Aug., '14, iii: 16; French offensive in, Dec., '15, iii: 46; as training area for A. E. F., v: 118, 197, see also under each Division. [W] Waalker, Sgt. Reider, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393. Wacht am Rhine, Die , German national song, xi: 332.Wales, Prince of, personal sketch, ix: 395, xi: 150-152. Walker, Col. William H., head of U. S. poison-gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 181. Wallace, Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191. Wallachia, German offensive in, iii: 221. Walsh, Frank P.,member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66; biography, ix: 337-339. War,as a simple art, iii: 137; definition of, iv: 1; desirability, v: Intro. x ; extent of modern, v: Intro. x ; German policy of, see Germany, Kultur, Militarism. War Babies' Cradle, organization and relief activities of, vii: 107, xi: 56. War Committee (or Council) of British Cabinet,members, Nov., '14, ii: 198; responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 200; responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364. War Industries Board, U. S., see U. S., Industries during War. War relief:American,plan of Stars and Stripes for adoption of French orphans, vii: 72, xi: 80; Children's Bureau of American Red Cross, relief activities for Allied children, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90; vocational training for French war cripples, vii: 79, 92-95; beginnings of American relief work, vii: 85; Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 85, 119, [xii: 136] , [xii: 141] ; Lafayette Fund, vii: 85; Committee of Mercy, vii: 87; American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 87, 91; National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87-90; John Moffat's activities in early development of, vii: 87; American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88, 96; Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 88, 108; French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116; benefit bazaars, vii: 90; "Hero Land" bazaar, vii: 90; American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 91, xi: 85; American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92; American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92; War Relief Clearing House for France and Her Allies, vii: 95; Le Bien-Être du Blessé, vii: 96; French Tuberculosis War Victims' Fund, vii: 97; American Committee of the Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98; for war blind, Permanent Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 99, 255-260; Franco-American Committee for the Protection of Children of the Frontier, vii: 101, xi: 85; American Committee of the Secours National, vii: 105; Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84; aid for French victims of shell-shock and nervous derangements, vii: 106; War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56; relief work of American alumni of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108; relief for Serbia, vii: 109, 144-168; relief for Rumania, vii: 109; Commission for Relief in Belgium, organization and activities, vii: 116-144; Millard Shaler, early organizer of Belgian relief, vii: 119; Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343-349; for Jewish war sufferers, vii: 349-376; Free Milk for France fund, vii: 376-379; American Relief Administration for feeding newly liberated peoples, [xii: 141] . Belgian, Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98. British,in Serbia, iii: 398; Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, vii: 95; British and Canadian Patriotic Fund, vii: 99; British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99; Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101; Chelsea War Refugees Fund for Belgian refugees in England, vii: 106; London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107; St. Dunstan's Home for blind, vii: 259. Dutch, for Belgian refugees and interned soldiers, vii: 168-175. French,vocational training for disabled, vii: 92-95; Le Bien-être du Blessé, vii: 96; Secours National, vii: 105; Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84; relief for victims of shell-shock and nervous derangement, vii: 106; War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56. See also Knights of Columbus; Red Cross; Salvation Army; Young Men's Christian Association. War Risk Insurance, Bureau of, for U. S. fighting men, vii: 176. War Savings Stamps, U. S., amount sold, [xii: 18] , [xii: 134] . War terms and soldier slang, definitions of, xi: 359-362.
War Trade Board, U. S., see U. S., Trade. War Zone, see Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare. Warburg, Felix M., treasurer American Jewish Relief Committee, vii: 354. Ward, Pvt. Calvin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396. Warehouses,location of great A. E. F. supply depots in France, v: 330; construction of, by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400. Warfare,see Strategy; Tactics; Trench warfare. Warneford, Flight Sub-Lieut. R. A. J., brings down first Zeppelin, ii: 269, x: 223. Warrior , British cruiser sunk at Jutland, iv: 260.Warsaw, German attacks on and capture of, Aug. 5, '15, i: 381, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138. Warspite , British warship at battle of Jutland, iv: 260.Washington Inn, for American officers in London, vii: 288. Wasted , poem, xi: 100.Watches, for A. E. F., viii: 327. Water supply,for A. E. F., construction of facilities for, v: 333; modern methods for making safe for use of armies, viii: 394-396. We Are Fred Karno's Army , British soldiers' song, xi: 338.Wearing of the Green , Irish patriotic air, xi: 334.Weather forecasting, importance of, in war, xi: 296-303. Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, commander of U-9 , sinks British cruisers Aboukir, Cressy , and Hogue , iv: 205, x: 274-280. Wedell, Hans von, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333. Weimar, meeting place of German National Assembly, Feb., '19, vi: 291. Wekerle, Dr.,succeeds Count Tisza as Premier of Hungary, vi: 314; suppresses Jugoslav congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363. Welland Canal, German plot for destruction of, i: 318. Wellborn, Col., director of U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314. Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, succeeds Jellicoe as British First Sea Lord, Dec. 26, '17, i: 393. West, Sgt. Chester H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402. West Prussia, award to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226. Western Front,establishment by Germans of trench lines from North Sea to Swiss border following first Marne battle, Sept., '14, ii: Intro. vii , 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253; relative importance compared with Eastern theatre of war, ii: 11-14, 87-89;opinion of Field-Marshal French, ii: 171; Gen. Maurice on, ii: Intro. x-xxiv ; the vital front, ii: Intro. xxiii ; Allied retreat to the Marne, Aug.—Sept., '18, ii: 9, 166, 183, iii: 20-30; German "strategic" retreat to Hindenburg Line, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70; reasons for German offensive of Mar.—July, '18, ii: 65-67; German strength, Mar., '18, ii: 65, 75, iii: 383, v: 120; Allied strength Mar., '18, ii: 66; choice of sector by Germans for great offensive of Mar., '18, ii: 67-69, 311, iii: 86; great German offensive begun, Mar. 21, '18, ii: 70, 150, iii: 86, 359, v: 23, 120, 130, 380, vi: 270;Ludendorff's account, iii: 308-316; break through Allied line and rout of British Fifth Army near St. Quentin in great German drive, Mar., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-152, 190-197, iii: 86-91, v: 373;account by Philip Gibbs, iii: 381-390; German drive against Channel ports, Apr., '18, ii: 75, 153, iii: 91, 359-363; German casualties in offensive of Mar.—Apr., '18, ii, 75; German drive to the Marne, May—July, '18, ii: 76-79, 154, 320, iii: 92-96, v: 35, 41-53, 129, 130; Allied counter-offensive and retreat of Germans out of France and Belgium, July 18—Nov. 11, '18, ii: 80-87, 154, 156-159, iii: 96-104, v: 72, 192, 213;résume by Gen. Malleterre, ii: 209-216; Ludendorff's account, ii: 324-326; Ludendorff's account, ii: 331-340; battle line, July 18, '18, ii: 82; German bases in France captured in Allied counter-offensive, July—Nov., '18, ii: 86; campaigns on, first phase, maneuvering for position, ii: 112; second phase, war of attrition, ii: 112; third phase, final stroke, ii: 113; necessity for frontal attack on, ii: 116; Foch's analysis of weakness of German position, July, '18, ii: 154; Allied and German man-power, Oct., '18, ii: 159; British man-power, Aug., '18, ii: 214; British shell supply, Aug., '18, ii: 214; military situation, Nov., '18, ii: 215; general topography, iii: 2; battle line, Jan., '15, iii: 41; German prisoners and guns captured by Allies, July—Nov., '18, iii: 104; A. E. F. deciding factor in last campaigns on, v: 23-25; first American sector established, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192-193, 384; American front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 95; five major German offensives on, v: 96; effect of Russian withdrawal from War on, v: 113; German lines of defense and communications, v: 214-216; for details of engagements or sectors, see name of battle, campaign, or sector. Wet, Gen. Christian de, leader of Boer rebellion against British, '14, vi: 50. Wettig, Carl, discloses German plot to blow up ships, x: 374. Wexford, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357. Wheat,production and imports by Germany, ii: 17; government price-fixing in U. S., [xii: 59] ; U. S. exports to Allies, July, '17—July,'18, [xii: 141] ; statistics on production in U. S., '18—'19, [xii: 143] ; see also Food. Where Do We Go From Here, Boys? , American soldiers' song, xi: 337.Whiddy Island, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357. Whippets,British baby tanks, ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262; see also Tanks. Whitby, bombarded by German fleet, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245. White Russia, Whittlesey, Major Charles W., commander of "Lost Battalion," isolation and rescue in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 2—7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241, 242, 243;gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400. Why Did We Join the Army? , British soldiers' song, xi: 337.Wickersham, Geo. W., analysis of Peace Treaty with Germany, [xii: 170-178] . Wickersham, 2nd Lieut. J. Hunter, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401. Wien , Austrian battleship torpedoed by Italians in Trieste harbor, i: 393, x: 290.Wieringen, German Crown Prince's home at, after flight from Germany, vi: 278. Wilhelm, Kaiser, see William II. Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, biography, ix: 401-405. Wilhelmshaven, revolt of German navy at, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381. Willard, Daniel, chairman of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116] . William I, becomes first German Emperor, Jan. 18, 1871, i: 44. William II, of Germany,abdicates throne, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399, ii: 340, vi: 273; conception of powers as Emperor, i: 73; becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97, 185, ix: 358; arrogance, i: 97; visits Turkey, i: 98, 207; famous speech at Tangier, Mar., '05, i: 99; complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, July, '14, i: 133-136, 252; interview in London Daily Telegraph declaring friendship for England, Oct. 28, '18, i: 186; advice to troops to be "terrible as Huns," i: 186; reprimanded by Reichstag and Bundesrat for Daily Telegraph interview, i: 189; Lloyd George's opinion of, i: 189; Kruger telegram supporting cause of Boers against Great Britain, Jan. 3, 1898, i: 192;
statement about "sharpness of German sword," ii: 161; Ludendorff's estimate of weakness, ii: 317; Supreme War Lord, ii: 331; author of phrase "Yellow peril," vi: 248; retirement to Amerongen after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 277; biography and sketch of personality, ix: 355-367, xi: 139-141; bibliography, ix: 367; Peace Treaty provisions for trial for war guilt, [xii: 217] . William of Wied, becomes ruler of Albania, i: 206. William P. Frye , American ship sunk by Germans, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319, 378.Wilson, Adm. Henry B., biography, ix: 295-296. Wilson, Gen., British representative on Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84. Wilson, Major, develops idea of tank as fighting machine, viii: 155. Wilson, William B., U. S. Secretary of Labor, on anti-war spirit of laboring classes, [xii: 65] . Wilson, Woodrow,assumes leadership of liberal Democrats, i: 295; temperament contrasted with Roosevelt's, i: 299; "Strict accountability" note to Germany on U-boat warfare, i: 317; "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372, ix: 62; opposition to McLemore Resolution, i: 327; note to belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18,. '16, i: 336; "Peace without victory" speech, Jan., '17, i: 337, ix: 64; speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355; effects of diplomacy, ii: 390; position in Fiume dispute, vi: 369; biography and personal sketch, ix: 55-69, xi: 131-135; "Fourteen Points," ix: 67, [xii: 163-165] ; bibliography, ix: 69; stricken ill during tour for ratification of Peace Treaty, Sept., '19, [xii: 264] ; opinion of Lodge reservations, [xii: 267] ; message vetoing Knox Resolution, [xii: 278] ; for relations with belligerents during neutrality,see Germany, Blockade of;Submarine warfare; for work at Peace Conference, see Peace Conference. Winchester self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89. Windhoek, captured by British, May 12, '15, i: 380, iii: 255. Wire entanglements, see Barbed wire. Wireless,use by A. E. F. Signal Corps, v: 317, 318-319; development under war needs, viii: 315; apparatus for generation and transmission of radio waves, viii: 315-318; Goldschmidt alternator, viii: 316; Alexanderson alternator, viii: 316-318; use of vacuum tubes in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320; types of aerials, viii: 320; U. S. Navy wireless stations, location and method of operation, viii: 320-322. Wisloka River, battle between Germans and Russians on banks of, May, '15, iii: 136. Woevre River, Germans driven into plains of, by A. E. F. advance in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 94. Wold, Pvt. Nels, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397. Wolf , seaplane-carrier German raider, activities, iv: 198.Women in War,French munition workers, ii: 376; Pershing's tribute, v: 404; as Y. M. C. A. workers in Europe, vii: 267-271; Russian Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205-210; British, in war industries, [xii: 25] ; American, in war industries, [xii: 26] , [xii: 84-85] ; British, as farm laborers, [xii: 40] ; effects of entry into industries on social organization, [xii: 83-84] ; see also Nurses; Red Cross; Salvation Army; War relief; Young Men's Christian Association. Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard,on lessons of the War, iii: Intro. vii-x ; in command of 89th Div., during training period, v: 146, 365. Woodfill, 1st Lieut. Samuel, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391. World empires,development toward, before War, i: 23; rivalry of ambitions for, i: 25. World federation,ideal of, i: 25; religious diversity an obstacle to, i: 25. World League of Red Cross Societies, organization and objects, vii: 3. World War,results,summary by Dr. Eliot, i: Intro. ix-xiv ; Dr. Manning on spiritual, vii: Intro. ix ; areas involved, i: 9; effect on population, [xii: 25] ; see also Causes of War; Cost of War; Germany, Responsibility for War. Wounded, see Ambulance; Carrel-Dakin treatment; Hospitals; Infection; Medical Science; Reconstruction of disabled; Surgery; U. S. Army, Medical Service. Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M.,commander of 35th Div., v: 128, 361; commander of 89th Div., v: 146, 365; commander of Seventh Corps, v: 395; biography, ix: 221-223. Württemberg, Duke of, in command of German Northern Armies, iii: 61. Wynne, Mrs. Hilda, experiences as ambulance driver, vii: 105, x: 186-188. [X] Xivray, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199. X-ray, use in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376. Xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in chemical warfare, viii: 170. [Y] "Y" gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 331. Yachts, converted, work in anti-submarine patrol, iv: 292. Yakutsk Republic, Yankee (26th) Division, see U. S., Army. Yarmouth, bombarded by German raiders, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 244. Yemen, Imamate of, established, '18, [xii: 279] . York, Sgt. Alvin C.,account of exploits as fighter, x: 13-18; gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400. Young, Lt.-Com. E. Hilton, account of Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 269-279. Young, Lieut. I. E. R., account of air battle against German raiders over London, x: 215. Young Men's Christian Association:American, organization for war work and program of activities, vii: 261-266;recognition by War Department as welfare agency, vii: 262; personnel, number and character, vii: 266; casualties in overseas service, vii: 267; women's work with, overseas, vii: 267-271; Work in A. E. F. leave areas, vii: 269; at the front with combat troops, vii: 271-277; award of Distinguished Service Crosses to workers, vii: 272; with the "Lost Battalion," vii: 273; huts used as targets by Germans, vii: 274; awards of Croix de Guerre to workers, vii: 275, 313; hotels for service men, vii: 277; entertainment for service men, vii: 277-279; educational work for A. E. F., vii: 280-283, 290; religious activities among troops, vii: 283-285; activities for A. E. F. in United Kingdom, vii: 286-290; Eagle Hut in London, vii: 288, 300; in Italy, vii: 290; with Army of Occupation, vii: 291-293; with A. E. F. in Russia and Siberia, vii: 293-298; Navy service, vii: 298-302; Navy Hut at Brest, vii: 302; work among prisoners of war, Allied and Teuton, vii: 302-310; care of American war prisoners in Germany, vii: 309; Foyers du Soldats for French soldiers, vii: 310-313;
Foyers du Marin for French sailors, vii: 313; athletics for A. E. F., vii: 313-317; work for Russian army and civilians, vii: 318-319. British,in Egypt, vii: 321, 322; at Gallipoli, vii: 321; in Sudan, vii: 322; in Palestine and Jerusalem, vii: 322-323; in Mesopotamia, vii: 324. Indian, welfare work in India, vii: 327. International,in Egypt, vii: 322; in Mesopotamia, vii: 324-327. Young Turks, force constitutional government in Turkey, '08, i: 109. Ypres, battles of:Oct.—Nov., '14, ii: 144, iii: 41;Field-Marshal French's account, ii: 170-171. Apr., '15, first use of gas in warfare by Germans, ii: 222, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316. July—Oct., '17, iii: 78-79;Haig's account of use of artillery in, ii: 128. Apr., '18, ii: 153;description by Philip Gibbs, iii: 360-363. Yser, battles of,Oct., '14, ii: 220, iii: 40; July, '17, iii: 77-78. Yudenitch, Gen., Russian commander, campaign against and capture of Erzerum, iii: 262-263. [Z] Zabern incident, i: 72. Zeebrugge Raid,British exploit in blocking German submarine base on Belgian coast, Apr., '18, iv: 261-279; ships participating, iv: 262; official Admiralty report, iv: 262-265; Capt. Carpenter's account, iv: 266-268; British casualties, iv: 268; account of Lieut.-Com. Young of Vindictive , iv: 269-279. Zemstvos, Russian, congress of,prohibited by Protopopov, vi: 143; succeeded by local "soviets," vi: 164; war-time activities, [xii: 82] . Zemtchug , Russian cruiser sunk by German raider Emden , Oct. 28, '14, iv: 179.Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von, inventor of Zeppelin dirigible airships, biography, ix: 250-252. Zeppelins,description of structural features, with discussion of utility during war and peace, ii: 262-269, viii: 241-254; raids on England, ii: 266, iii: 41, viii: 246, see also Air raids; exploit of Sub-Lieut. Warneford in bringing down first Zeppelin of War, ii: 269, x: 223-225; development in construction, '14—'18, viii: 241; compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245; flight of L-59 to Egypt, viii: 243. Zigzagging, as defense against U-boat attack, iv: 310. Zimmermann, Dr. Alfred F. M., German Foreign Secretary,attempt to force from Ambassador Gerard guarantees for German-owned property in U. S., i: 345; text of note attempting to involve Mexico and Japan in war against U. S., i: 347. Zouaves, description, xi: 189.
ILLUSTRATIONS I.—PORTRAITS [A] Adams, Sgt, Harry J., x: 42. Ador, Gustave, President of Switzerland, with President Poincaré of France, [xii: 154] . Ahmed, Sultan, Shah of Persia, i: 104. Albert, King of the Belgians,at the front, ii: 5; with Queen Elizabeth, ii: 157, vii: 140; inspecting British tank, ii: 278; equestrian statue, iii: 379; portrait studies, vii: 121, ix: 386; symbolic painting of (in color), ix: facing p. 386; entry into Bruges, ix: 390; inspecting U. S. sailors, xi: 129. Albert, Prince, of England, xi: 150; Alexander, King of Greece, iii: 206. Alexander I, Czar of Russia, i: 35. Alexander, Prince Regent of Serbia, vi: 357, vii: 147. Alexander, Maj.-Gen. Robert, v: 221. Alexandra,former Czarina of Russia, ix: 377; with royal family, xi: 146. Alexandra, Dowager Queen of England, ix: 394. Alexandrina Irene, Princess, daughter of German Crown Prince, xi: 149. Alexis, Czarevitch, of Russia, ii: 227, xi: 145, 146;last photograph, 148 xi:. Alfonso, King of Spain, with son, vi: 371. Allen, B. S., vii: 115. Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T., v: 201. Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H., ii: 89, 177, ix: 197;entering Jerusalem, iii: 323. Allied Food Council, members of, ix: 322. Ames, Winthrop, vii: 340. Anastasia, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146. Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., v: 93. Aonzo, Lieut., iv: 365. Aosta, Duke of, iii: 240. Armenian Patriarch, of Jerusalem, vi.: 332. Arnim, Count von, ii: 222. Arnim, Gen. Sixt von, iii: 88. Arthur, Julia, vii: 344. Asquith, Herbert H., ix: 31. Astor, Mrs. Vincent, as Y. M. C. A. canteen worker, vii: 270. Atkinson, Sgt. Ralph M., x: 61. Averescu, Gen., iii: 216. [B] Bailey, Maj.-Gen. C. J., v: 275. Bain, H. F., vii: 115. Baker, Newton D., v: 375, ix: 324;with Gen. Pershing, v: 39; with members of Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] ; drawing first draft number, [xii: 289] . Baldwin, Dr. E. R., vii: 69. Balfour, Arthur James, ix: 41; Barker, Col. William, vii: 391. Barton, Clara, vii: 12. Baruch, Bernard M., [xii: 119] ;with members of U.S. Council of National Defense, cii: 119. Bates, Blanche, vii: 344. Bauer, Gustav, vi: 304. Beatty, Adm. Sir David, iv: 102, ix: 284;coming on board U. S. battleship New York , iv: 11; with King George, ix: 149. Belgian royal children, xi: 130. Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., v: 219. Belrose, L., vii: 115. Benedict XV, Pope, i: 164. Benson, Adm.,with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi ; with Secretary Daniels and Sir Eric Geddes, iv: 357. Benson, 1st Lieut. Philip, x: 210. Berchtold, Count, i: 137, ix: 143. Bergmann, Gen., ix: 267. Bernhardi, Gen, Frederick von, i: 169. Bernstorff, Count Johann von, ix: 134, x: 327. Bertle, Sir Francis L., ii: 131. Bethel, Brig.-Gen. Walter A., v: 38. Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, iii: 2, vi: 265, ix: 123;with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130. Bigelow, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197. Biggs, Dr. H. M., vii: 69. Binkley, Sgt. David U., x: 97. Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, iii: 375. Bishop, Col. William A., x: 216, 219. Bismarck, Prince Otto von, i: 43;with Napoleon III, i: 44; at Congress of Berlin, i: 49; at proclamation of German Empire, i: 55; dictating surrender of French in Franco-Prussian War, i: 163; dictating terms of peace to French after Franco-Prussian War, i: 212. Bissing, Gen. von, ii: 99. Bliss, Gen, Tasker H., v: 110; Bohlen, Krupp von, i: 135. Bonstelle, Jessie, vii: 344. Booth, Miss Evangeline, vii: 392. Boothby, George, vii: 335. Borden, Sir Robert, vi: 25. Botchkareva, Marie, x: 184. Botha, Gen. Louis, vi: 49, ix: 192. Brent, Bishop, xi: 250. Breshkovsky, Catherine, vi: 150, ix: 348. Briand, Aristide, ii: 386;presiding at first Allied Conference, Mar., '16, i: 398. Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count, ix: 137, [xii: 169] . Brown, Brig.-Gen. Preston, v: 86. Brunswick, Duke and Duchess of, i: 168. Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei, iii: 143, ix: 233. Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee, ix: 220;in color, v: facing p. 396; with staff, x: 17. Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, ix: 129. Bunch, Maj. Henry E., x: 83. Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, v: 249, ix: 226. Bunsen, Sir Maurice de, i: 126. Burdick, "Mother," vii: 385. Burr, Sgt. George E. (in color), x: facing p. 102. Butterfield, Sgt. William M., x: 343. Byng, Sir Julian, iii: 338. [C] Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, iii: 229, 231, 233, ix: 228. Caillaux, M., vi: 104. Cambon, Jules, i: 128. Cambon, Paul, ii: 384. Cameron, Pvt. Charles, x: 144. Campbell, Capt. Douglass (in color), x: facing p. 152. Canterbury, Archbishop of, vii: 299. Carden, Vice-Adm., iii: 174. Carney, Pvt. Fred, x: 53. Carpenter, Capt., iv: 266, 267. Carpentier, Georges, as airman, x: 207. Carranza, Gen. Venustiano, i: 320. Carrel, Dr. Alexis, ix: 311, xi: 289. Carson, Sir Edward, vi: 66, ix: 51. Carty, Col., x: 48. Casement, Sir Roger, vi: 56, ix: 54;on trial for treason, vi: 57. Castelnau, Gen. de, with Gen. d'Esperey, ii: 141. Castlereagh, Lord, i: 29. Cavour, Count Camillo, i: 43. Cecil, Lord Robert, [xii: 207] . Chamberlain, Austen, ii: 90. Chapman, Victor, x: 170. Charles I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ii: 65, ix: 373; Charles Theodore, Prince, son of King Albert of Belgium, xi: 130. Churchill, Winston Spencer, vi: 10; Churchill, Mrs. Winston Spencer, ix: 45. Clarkson, Grosvenor B., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Clausewitz, Carl von, i: 166. Clayburgh, Mme., vii: 344. Clemenceau, Georges,near the front, iii: 35; decorating a priest, iii: 85; portrait study, ix: 3; leaving Peace Conference, ix: 6; in his study, ix: 11; in uniform of a poilu, ix: 12; visiting a liberated French village, xi: 126; at Somme battle front, xi: 127; presiding at Peace Conference, [xii: 160] . Clementel, French Minister of Commerce, [xii: 106] . Clifford, Rev. J. H., x: 33. Coffin, Howard E., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Colmar, Mayor of, i: 328. Commission for Relief in Belgium, members of, vii: 115. Connaught, Duke of,with King George, i: 124; inspecting troops, vi: 33; with Archbishop of Canterbury at a Y. M. C. A. hut, vii: 299. Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, v: 104. Constantine, former King of Greece, iii: 203; Council of National Defense, U. S., with Advisory Commission, members of, [xii: 117] . Cozens, W. J., vii: 115. Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, iv: 63. Craig, Capt., vi: 66. Craig, Brig.-Gen. Malin, v: 80. Crile, Dr. George W., vii: 68. Cronkhite, Maj.-Gen. Adelbert (in color), v: facing p. 146. Currie, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Arthur, 377, vi: 28; Czar of Russia, see Nicholas II. [D] D'Amade, Gen., ii: 163. Daniels, Josephus,with Franklin Roosevelt, i: 359; with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi ; with Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Benson, iv: 357; portrait study, x: 327; with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Danilo Alexander, Prince, of Montenegro, iii: 153. D'Annunzio, Gabriele, vi: 121. Dasch, Pvt. Carl W., x: 50. Davis, Brig.-Gen. Robt. C., v: 291. Davison, Henry P., vii: 3, 17. Dawson, Sgt. Clarence W., x: 310. De La Ray, Gen., vi: 49. Derby, Dr. Richard, x: 242. Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, vi: 297. D'Esperey, Gen., with Gen. Castelnau, ii: 141. Devereaux, Pvt. Harold J., x: 134. De Wet, Gen. Christian, vi: 49. Diaz, Gen., ii: 367. Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T., v: 52. Disraeli, Benjamin, i: 50. Djavid Bey, ii: 28. Djevad Bey, Col., iii: 356. Dmitrieff, Gen. Radko, iii: 136. Dougherty, Color Sgt. Hardy C, x: 110. Doumergue, French Minister of Colonies, vi: 104, [xii: 106] . Drummond, Sir Eric, [xii: 202] . Dubail, Gen. and Madame, xi: 47. Duffy, Father, vii: 335. Dugan, Maj.-Gen. Thomas B., v: 226. Dumba, Dr. Constantin, x: 328. Dunant, Henri, vii: 10. Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B., v: 10. [E] Earle, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi. Ebert, Friedrich, ix: 136;delivering speech of acceptance to election as German President, vi: 293. Edward VII, of England,with Kaiser, i: 188; with son (present King George V) and grandson (present Prince of Wales), ii: 3. Edwards, Maj.-Gen. Clarence R., v: 253;with Gen. Liggett, v: 66. Eggeman, Judge, vii: 335. Eggers, Sgt., x: 105. Einem, Gen. von, with Kaiser and other leading German generals, i: 130. Eisner, Kurt, vi: 289. Eitel, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168. Eitel Friedrich, Princess, of Prussia, i: 168. Elena, Queen of Italy, xi: 142. Elizabeth, Queen of Belgium, ii: 157, vii: 140, ix: 389;with her children, xi: 130. Ellis, Pvt. M. B., x: 119. Eltinge, Brig.-Gen. Leroy, x: 283. Ely, Maj.-Gen. Hanson E., v: 123. Enver Pasha, iii: 262, ix: 271. Erzberger, Mathias, meeting with Foch to arrange armistice, v: 392. Eugene, Archduke, of Austria, with staff, i: 139. [F] Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich von, iii: 223, ix: 262;with other leading German generals, i: 130. Fallow, Capt. Thomas H., x: 161. Feng Kuo-Chang, Gen., i: 58. Ferdinand, former Czar of Bulgaria, iii: 156, 211, ix: 379. Ferdinand, King of Rumania, 221, ix: 400;decorating troops, iii: 219. Ferguson, Sgt. Dugald E., x: 77. Ferguson, Elsie, vii: 341. Fernandez, Bijou, vii: 344. Fisher, Adm. Lord John, ix: 289. Fiske, Brig.-Gen. Harold B., v: 103. Fitzgerald, John, vii: 335. Flagler, Maj.-Gen. Clement A. F., v: 209. Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, ii: 139, ix: 148, xi: 47, 136;inspecting Rhine fortifications with Gen. Mangin, ii: 86; reviewing guards at St. Germain-en-Laye, ii: 142; meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392; an early portrait, ix: 151. Forstner, Lieut. von, i: 73. Foulois, Brig.-Gen Benjamin D., v: 310. Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, of Austria, i: 111;with family, i: 3; shortly before assassination, i: 113; with Kaiser, vi: 360. Francis Joseph I, late Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ix: 371. Frederick, Archduke, of Austria, ii: 24. Frederick, King of Denmark, vi: 393. Frederick the Great, i: 22. Frederick III, German Emperor, i: 183. Frederick William, former Crown Prince of Prussia and of Germany,with Crown Princess, i: 117; with leading German generals, i: 130; with members of royal family, i: 168; bestowing decorations, ii: 38; portrait studies, ii: 311, 339, with one of his children ix: 368; on Verdun front, iii: 48, 307; with staff, iii: 304; with father and son, vi: 263. Frederick William III, King of Prussia, i: 34. French, Field-Marshal Viscount John, iii: 24, ix: 178, xi: 360. French cabinet, members of, '13, vi: 304. Freytag-Loringhoven, Baron von, ii: 255. Fritz, Pvt. Albert, x: 80. [G] Galliéni, Gen. Joseph Simon, ix: 162. Galopin, Gen., xi: 47. Garfield, Harry A., [xii: 49] . Garibaldi, Capt., x: 64. Garibaldi, Gen., x: 64. Gasette, Miss Grace, vii: 190. Gaultney, Corp. Walter E. (in color), x: facing p. 200. Gay, G. I., vii: 115. Geddes, Sir Eric, ix: 314;with Josephus Daniels and Adm. Benson, iv: 357. George, Prince, of England, xi: 151. George V, King of England,with Duke of Connaught, i: 124; with father (Edward VII) and Prince of Wales, ii: 3; aboard U. S. battleship New York , iv: 11, 85; with Adm. Beatty, iv: 149; inspecting gun on a U. S. battleship, iv: 346; decorating a U. S. soldier, v: 383; bust presented to American Y. M. C. A. in London, vii: 286; with Lloyd George, ix: 29; portrait study, ix: 393; at baseball game between U. S. service teams in London, xi: 153; on tour of inspection, xi: 314.
Gerard, James W.,i: 322;with embassy staff in Berlin, i: 303. German Crown Princess,with Crown Prince, i: 117; with members of royal family, i: 168; with daughter and German Empress, xi: 149. Gibbons, Cardinal James, vii: Intro. vi. Gibson, Harvey D., vii: 103. Gibson, Hugh, vi: 88, vii: 115. Gifford, Walter S., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Giovanna, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144. Gleaves, Vice-Adm. Albert, iv: 159. Glossop, Capt. John C. T., iv: 186. Godfrey, Dr. Hollis, with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der, ix: 269. Gompers, Samuel P., [xii: 87] . Gordon, Maj.-Gen. Walter H., v: 223. Gorgas, Surgeon-General William C., vii: 192. Gori, Lieut., with Commander Rizzo and Lieut. Aonzo, iv: 365. Gortchakoff, Prince, i: 181. Goschen, Sir Edward, i: 125. Gough, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Hubert de la Poer, iii: 376. Gouraud, Gen. Henri, ii: 122, 210, iii: 229, v: 44. Gourko, Gen. Basil, ii: 226. Graham, Sgt. Clyde, x: 166. Grayson, Rear-Adm., Intro. xvii. Greek delegates to Paris Peace Conference, ix: 80. Greek royal family, ix: 381. Grey, Sir Edward, ix: 36. Griffin, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi. Grismer, Mrs. Joseph, vii: 344. Grouitch, Madame Slavko, vii: 145. Guendele, Gen. von, with German armistice delegates, meeting Foch, v: 392. Gustav, King of Sweden, vi: 395. Guynemer, Capt. Georges, x: 203. [H] Haakon VII, King of Norway, i: 133. Haan, Maj.-Gen. William G., v: 24. Haeseler, Gen. von, with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130. Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, ii: 113, 114, iii: 374, ix: 182. Haldane, Lord, i: 108. Hall, Capt. James Norman, x: 201. Hamill, Dr. Samuel M., vii: 69. Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, ii: 30, iii: 162. Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G. (in color), v: facing p. 36. Harden, Maximilian, vi: 303. Hartman, Sgt. William A., x: 167. Hartz, Gen. William W., v: 255. Hay, Maj.-Gen. William H., v: 279. Helfferich, Dr. Karl, iii: 2, ix: 354. Helmick, Maj.-Gen. Eli, v: 268. Heming, Violet, vii: 344. Henderson, Arthur, ix: 48. Herren, Sgt. William, x: 323. Hertling, Count von, i: 273;addressing Prussian Chamber of Deputies, vi: 259. Hill, R. F., vii: 115. Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von, ii: 207, 361, iii: 113, vi: 291, ix: 243;with Kaiser and other leading German generals, i: 130; with Ludendorff, ii: 299; with Ludendorff, ii: 325; wooden statue of, ix: 248; with Kaiser and Ludendorff, ix: 364. Hinds, Maj.-Gen. Ernest, v: 320. Hines, Maj.-Gen. John L., v: 182. Hines, Walker D., [xii: 90] . Hinkle, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197. Hohenberg, Duchess of, i: 111;with husband, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, and family, i: 3; with husband, shortly before assassination, i: 113. Holt, Dr. L. Emmett, vii: 69. Honnold, W. L., vii: 115. Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace, iv: 120. Hoover, Sgt. Charles S., x: 126. Hoover, Herbert C., vii: 115, 122, ix: 317. Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max K., iv: 207. House, Col. Edward M., ix: 74;with Mrs. House, ix: 71; at Peace Conference, [xii: 160] . Houston, David F., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Howe, Capt. Maurice W., x: 312. Howze, Maj.-Gen. Robert L., v: 185. Hsaün Tung, ex-Emperor of China, i: 17. Hughes, Sir Sam, vi: 35. Hughes, William Morris, vi: 39. Hurley, Edward N., with Charles M. Schwab, ix: 336. [I] Ingenohl, Vice-Adm., iv: 68. Ireland, Maj.-Gen. Merritt A., vii: 194. Ishii, Viscount, ix: 89. Italian royal children, xi: 142. Italian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 118. Ivanoff, Gen., iii: 127. [J] Jagow, Gottliev von, iii: 2, ix: 127. Janeway, Dr. Theodore C., vii: 250. Janis, Elsie, vii: 294. Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John, v: 100, ix: 276. Joan of Arc (in color), i: frontispiece . Joffre, Marshal Joseph Jacques César,with Gen. Nivelle, ii: 12; in trenches with Kitchener, ii: 164; examining German prisoners, ii: 173; at Verdun, iii: 50; with Gen. Pershing, v: 57; painting in color, ix: facing p. 154; decorating French officer, ix: 158; at West Point, ix: 160; at Lafayette statue in Brooklyn, xi: 7; portrait studies, xi: 11, 268; with other leading French generals and Pershing, xi: 47. Jones, R. H., vii: 115. Jutta, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153. [K] Kaiser, see William II. Karolyi, Count, ix: 146. Kei Hara, vi: 387. Kenney, Maj., with Maj. Whittlesey, v: 238. Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch, vi: 145, ix: 105. Key, Francis Scott, xi: 325. Kitchener, Field-Marshal Earl Horatio Herbert, ii: 165, 203, ix: 169, 171;in trenches with Joffre, ii: 164. Klotz, Louis, at Peace Conference, [xii: 160] . Kluck, Gen. Alexander von, i: 377, ii: 9;with Kaiser and group of German generals, i: 130; with staff, ix: 267. Koenig, Capt. Paul, iv: 214. Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich, ix: 240. Korniloff, Gen., ii: 235, vi: 168. Korth, Sgt. Herman (in color), x: facing p. 254. Krauss, Gen. F. M. C., with Archduke Eugene of Austria, i: 139. Kreger, Brig.-Gen. Edward A., v: 230. Krobatin, Austrian Minister of War, with Archduke Eugene, i: 139. Kropotkin, Prince Peter, vi: 136. Kruger, Oom Paul, i: 192. Krupp, Alfred, i: 160. Krupp, Bertha, ix: 353. Krupp von Bohlen, i: 135. Kuhl, Gen. von, ix: 267. Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., v: 224. Kuropatkin, Gen., iii: 269. [L] Lafayette, Marquis de, xi: 6. Lafayette Escadrille, members, x: 197, 200. Lane, Franklin K., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. W. C., v: 343. Langham, Pvt. George W., x: 99. Lansing, Robert, at Peace Conference, [xii: 160] . Lassiter, Maj.-Gen. William, v: 145. Latham, Sgt., x: 105. Lathrop, Mrs. Benjamin G., vii: 94. Laurier, Sir Wilfred, vi: 26. Law, Andrew Bonar, Le Jeune, Maj.-Gen. John A., v: 256. Leman, Gen., i: 144. Lenihan, Brig.-Gen. Michael J., vii: 335. Lenin, Nicolai, ix: 111. Leonard, Benny, viii: 108. Leopold, Crown Prince of Belgium, xi: 130, 145. Leopold, Prince, of Bavaria,with group of German generals, i: 130; in Warsaw, iii: 140. Lepley, Sgt. James B., x: 251. Lewis, Sgt. Stacy A., x: 302. Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, i: 196, ix: 132. Liebknecht, Karl, ix: 139. Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter, ix: 219;in color, v: facing p. 108; with Maj.-Gen. Edwards,v: 66. Lincoln, Tribitsch, x: 345. Lipton, Sir Thomas, with Duchess of Westminster and her Red Cross nurses on board the yacht Erin , vii: 136. Li Yuan-Hung, Gen., i: 57. Lloyd George, David,addressing a crowd, vi: 5; return to London from Peace Conference, vi: 21; portrait studies, ix: 22, [xii: 151] ; with King George, ix: 29; at Peace Conference, [xii: 160] . Lloyd George, Mrs. David, ix: 24. Lloyd George, Miss, xi: 121. Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, [xii: 239] . Lohvitsky, Gen., vi: 144. Londonderry, Lord, vi: 66. Lovett, Judge Robert S., vii: 90. Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von,with Kaiser and group of German generals, i: 130; with Hindenburg, ii: 299, 325; portrait study, ix: 251; with wife, ix: 253; with Kaiser and Hindenburg, ix: 364. Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, x: 192, 197, xi: 228, 229. Luke, Lieut. Frank, x: 212. Luxemburg, Rosa, vi: 281. Lvoff (Lvov), Prince George E., vi: 159, ix: 101. [M] MacArthur, Maj.-Gen. Douglas, v: Intro. viii , ix: 213. MacDonald, Ramsay, vi: 3. Mackensen, Field-Marshal August Anton Ludwig von, iii: 137, 222, ix: 258;with Kaiser and group of leading German generals, i: 130. Mafalda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144. Maja Vajiravudth, King of Siam, vi: 80. Malvy, M., vi: 104. Mangin, Gen., inspecting Rhine fortifications with Foch, ii: 86. Manning, Corp. Sidney E., x: 122. Manning, Rev. Dr. William T., vii: Intro. viii. Mapes, L. D., vii: 115. March, Gen. Peyton C., ix: 211. Maria, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144. Marie, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146. Marie, Queen of Rumania, vii: 111, ix: 402. Marie Adelaide, Grand-Duchess of Luxemburg, i: 78, ix: 383. Marie José, Princess, of Belgium, xi: 130, 144. Marlborough, Duchess of, vii: 131. Marshall, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William R., iii: 333. Martin, Dr. Franklin, ith members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Mary, Princess, of England, xi: 150. Mary, Queen of England, ix: 394. Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley, iii: 184, ix: 195. Maudhuy, Gen. de, ii: 144. Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick B., ii: Intro. ix. Max, Burgomaster, of Brussels, iii: 272. Max, Prince, of Baden, vi: 302. Mayhew, 2nd Lieut. Carl C., x: 136. Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, iv: Intro. ix , ix: 297. McAdoo, Eleanor, xi: 133. McAdoo, William G., ix: 330, Intro. xi. McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. Ulysses G., v: 389, ix: 217. McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W., v: 101, ix: 215. McGlachlin, Maj.-Gen. Edward F., v: 228. McGowan, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi. McIntrye, Miss Gladys and Irene,being decorated for distinguished service at the front, vii: 395; collecting funds for Salvation Army, vii: 398. McKaig, Corp. F. H., x: 300. McKeogh, Lieut. Arthur, x: 140. McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H., v: 251. Meissner, Maj. James A., x: 231. Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., v: 190. Mercier, Cardinal Désiré, i: 235, ix: 342;in color, ix: facing p. 340. Metternich, Count von, i: 34. Michaelis, Georg, ii: 302. Millerand, Alexandre, i: 333, ii: 388. Milyukov, Paul, v: 158. Minkiewicz, Secretary of Provisions for Poland, vii: 355. Mishich, Gen. Voivode, with staff, ii: 35. Mitchel, Col., vii: 335. Moffat, John, vii: 86. Mohammed V, Sultan of Turkey, iii: 357. Moltke, Field-Marshal von, i: 48, 55. Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von, ix: 265;with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130. Montenegro, royal family, iii: 153. Moore, Mast.-Sig.-Elect. E. J. (in color), x: facing p. 304. Morgan, Miss Anne, vii: 93. Morgan, John Pierpont, Intro. xiv. Mosley, Brig.-Gen. George V. H., v: 341. Mueller, Commander Karl von, iv: 168, 173. Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H., v: 205. Münsterberg, Prof. Hugo, vi: 268. [N] Napoleon I, Emperor of France, ii: 88;retreating after Waterloo, i: 7. Napoleon III, Emperor of France, i: 36, 44. Nash, J. A., vii: 115. Nellmond, Earl Edler von, with Archduke Eugene of Austria and staff, i: 139. Netherlands, royal family, vii: 172. Neville, Gen., decorating colors of 6th Marine Regt., x: 199. Nicholas, Grand-Duke, Nicolaevitch,of Russia, with Czar, iii: 112, vi: 154; portrait studies, iii: 115, ix: 230. Nicholas, former King of Montenegro, i: 114 . Nicholas II, former Czar of Russia,with Grand-Duke Nicholas, iii: 112, vi: 154; inspecting Red Cross workers, vii: 359; portrait study, ix: 375; with royal family, xi: 146; last photograph, xi: 148. Nightingale, Florence, vii: 11. Nivelle, Gen., with Marshal Joffre, ii: 12. Nolan, Brig.-Gen. Dennis E., v: 105. Northcliffe, Lord, vi: 12. Nourey Bey, Capt., iii: 356. Nugent, Sgt. John F., x: 23. [O] Oberndorff, Count von, German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392. O'Brien, Corp. John J. (in color), x: facing p. 354. O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, x: 256. Okuma, Count, i: 19, vi: 385; Olga, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146. O'Neil, Peggy, vii: 342. Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, ix: 86. O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F., v: 282. Oscar, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168, vi: 221. Oshima, Gen., vi: 385. Owen, H., vii: 115. [P] Paderewski, Ignace, ix: 97;with Polish Mission in New York, vi: 206. Painlevé, Paul, iii: 83. Palmer, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi.
Papen, Capt. Franz von, x: 328. Parrish, Sgt. Grady, x: 25. Pashitch, N., iii: 151. Passard, Jean, xi: 74. Patriquin, Jean, vii: 344. Pelltier, Gen., xi: 47. Pendleton, Lieut. George H., x: 154. Pershing, Gen. John J.,with Gen. Currie, iii: 346; painting in color, v: frontispiece ; with Secretary of War Baker, v: 39; with Joffre, v: 57, ix: 208; with Marshal Pétain, v: 98; at tomb of Lafayette, v: 99; with U. S. nurses in France, vii: 78; portrait study, ix: 200; on Mexican border, ix: 206; with group of French generals, xi: 47; as a boy, xi: 123; in the field, xi: 124. Pétain, Marshal Henri Philipp,ii: 149, iii: 52 ix: 165; on Verdun front, iii: 186; with Pershing, v: 99. Peter, King of Serbia, iii: 149. Pichon, Stephen, [xii: 233] ; Pilsudski, Gen. Joseph, ix: 93, 95. Pius X, Pope, i: 27. Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert. C. O., ii: 162. Poincaré, Raymond,visiting the front, ii: 218; portrait study, ix: 15; with President Ador of Switzerland, [xii: 154] . Poincaré, Mme. Raymond, ix: 16. Poland, W. B., vii: 15. Polish Military Mission to U. S., vi: 206. Politis, Nicholas, ix: 80. Popes, see Porro, Gen., iii: 229. Prince, Norman, x: 170. Princip, slayer of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand, arrest following crime, i: 5. Pringle, Capt., with Vice-Adm. Wemyss, iv: 323. Prussian royal family, i: 168. Puryear, 1st Lieut. George W., x: 179. [R] Rasputin, ix: 346;surrounded by female admirers, vi: 142. Rathenau, Dr. Walter, vi: 275. Rawlinson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 171, iii: 88. Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., ix: 224. Reading, Lord Rufus, [xii: 110] . Rennenkampf, Gen., ii: 25, iii: 110. Rickard, E., vii: 115. Rickenbacker, Capt. " Eddie," with mother and sister, x: 260. Rizzo, Com., with Lieuts. Aonzo and Gori, iv: 365. Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, iv: 35. Roberts, Field-Marshal Earl, i: 315, iii: 371, vi: 2. Robertson, Gen. Sir William R., iii: 373, ix: 185. Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 315. Rodman, Rear-Adm. Hugh,welcoming King George on U. S. battleship New York , iv: 11; with Adm. Sims on New York , iv: 95; portrait study, ix: 294. Romanos, Athos, ix: 80. Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, x: 245. Roosevelt, Franklin D.,with Josephus Daniels, i: 359; with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi. Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, x: 243. Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, x: 244. Roosevelt, Theodore, x: 239;with Kaiser at military maneuvers, i: 161; with family, x: 240; reviewing Boy Scouts at Sagamore Hill, xi: 114; with grandchild, xi: 400. Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore Jr., x: 241, 247. Root, Elihu, in Moscow, vi: 166. Rosenfelt, Henry H., vii: 350. Rosenwald, Julius,with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Rubinstein, Madam Ida, vii: 374. Ruprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, ii: 217, iii: 382;with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130. Russell, Brig.-Gen. Edgar, v: 318. Russell, Col. F. F., vii: 69. Russian Princesses, as war nurses, xi: 147. Russian royal family, xi: 146;last photograph, xi: 148. Russian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 174. Russky, Gen., iii: 105. Ryan, John D., [xii: 125] . [S] Salisbury, Lord, i: 56. Samsonoff, Gen., ii: 223, iii: 111. Sanders, Gen. Liman von, vi: 286. Sarrail, Gen., iii: 207. Sazonov, Serge, i: 119, vi: 141. Scheidemann, Philipp, ix: 136;with members of cabinet, ix: 137. Schurz, Carl, i: 53. Schwab, Charles M., ix: 333;with Edward N. Hurley, ix: 336. Seeger, Alan, x: 142. Sengier, E., vii: 115. Shaler, M. K., vii: 115. Sherman, Corp. Whitney D., x: 66. Shimamura, Adm., vi: 385. Sims, Adm. William S., i: 391;in color, iv: frontispiece ; on board battleship New York with Adm. Rodman, iv: 95; with family, ix: 292. Skinner, Mrs. Otis, vii: 344. Smith, Brig.-Gen. Harry A., v: 45. Smith, Margaret, vii: 344. Smith, Capt. Richard T., x: 69. Smith, Maj.-Gen. William R., v: 207. Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace, ii: 175. Smuts, Gen. Jan Christiaan, iii: 256, ix: 188. Snow, Maj. William A., x: 320. Sonnino, Baron Sidney, ix: 83. Sothern, E. H., vii: 340. Soukhomlinoff, Gen., iii: 122. Sparks, Rear-Adm.,with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi. Sparrows, Com.,with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi. Spee, Adm. Count von, iv: 60, ix: 307. Stage Women's War Relief Committee, members of, vii: 344. Stebbins, Miss Katherine, vii: 276. Steidl, Sgt. August, x: 93. Stein, Corp. Fred C., x: 182. Stewart, Lieut.-Col. John W., x: 163. Stowers, Sgt. Joseph H., x: 90. Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick C. D., iv: 79. Sturgis, Maj.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 194. Sultans, of Turkey, iii: 357, vi: 331. Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P., v: 85. Sutherland, Duchess of, at her hospital in France, vii: 109. Swinton, Maj.-Gen., ii: 274. Symington, 1st Lieut. James M., x: 88. [T] Taft, William Howard, [xii: 175] . Talbot, Dr. F. B., vii: 69. Talleyrand, i: 32. Tardieu, André, i: 286; Tatiana, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146. Taylor, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi. Terauchi, Count, ix: 91. Thaw, Maj. William, x: 197. Thenault, Capt., x: 197. Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von, ii: 261, iv: 2, 221, ix: 299;with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130. Townshend, Gen., iii: 365. Treitschke, Prof. Heinrich von, i: 174. Trotzky, Leon, ii: 232, ix: 111. Turkish Crown Prince, iii: 356. Turkish Sultans, iii: 357, vi: 331. Turner, Lieut. Benjamin E., x: 159. Turner, Pvt. Robert I., x: 159. Tyrwhitt, Commodore, 1v: 259;with officers of Arethusa , iv: 251. [U] Uehara, Gen., vi: 385. Umberto, Crown Prince, of Italy, xi: 143. Usher, Rear-Adm. Nathaniel R., iv: 320. [V] Venizelos, Eleutherios, iii: 202, ix: 77, 80. Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, iii: 229, vi: 122, ix: 396;with Prince of Wales, xi: 152. Victoria, former Empress of Germany, i: 187, ix: 366, xi: 149. Vincent, Mrs. Walter, vii: 344. Viviani, René, ii: 161, vi: 104, ix: 20.
[W] Wadehouse, British Commissioner, at Cyprus, i: 176. Wales, Prince of, xi: 149;with father and grandfather, ii: 3; at age of sixteen, xi: 150; with King of Italy; xi: 152. Walker, Brig.-Gen. Meriweather I., v: 353. Wallace, Maj.-Gen., iii: 372. Walsh, Frank P., ix: 338. Walsh, Sgt. Patrick, x: 101. Watson, Lieut.-Col. George L., x: 151. Watts, Capt., with members of Navy War Council, iv: Intro. xi. Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, iv: 305. Weigel, Maj.-Gen. William (in color), v: facing p. 308. Welch, Dr. W. H., vii: 69. Wemyss, Adm. Sir Rosslyn,on board a U. S. battleship, iv: 323; meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392. Westminster, Duchess of, with her nurses, vii: 136. Weygand, Gen., meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392. Wharton, Mrs. Edith, vii: 100. Wheeler, Margaret, vii: 344. White, Henry, [xii: 167] ; White, J. B., vii: 115. Whitlock, Brand, vi: 83, x: 175; Whittlesey, Maj. Charles, with Maj. Kenney, v: 238. Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, ix: 404;with heir and Prince Consort, vii: 172. Willard, Daniel, [xii: 122] ;with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . William I,Emperor of Germany, portrait study, i: 45; entry into Versailles, 1871, i: 46; being proclaimed German Emperor, 1871, i: 55; triumphal return to Berlin after Franco-Prussian War, i: 150. William II,former Emperor of Germany, at age of nineteen, i: 70; entering Jerusalem, 1898, i: 97; with leading German generals, i: 130; with Theodore Roosevelt, watching military maneuvers, i: 161; in coronation robes, i: 185; with Edward VII of England, i: 188; statue as monk in Metz Cathedral, i: 211; watching troop movements in France, i: 217; parading with sons in Berlin, ii: 258; on way to memorial service with family, ii: 261; portrait studies, ii: 306, ix: 359; on visit to the front, ii: 330; with Gen. von Einem, iii: 117; on Eastern Front, vi: 221, ix: 356; with Crown Prince and grandson, vi: 263; with six sons, vi: 298; with Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, vi: 360; with Hindenburg and Ludendorff, ix: 364; in conversation with a German officer, ix: 365; with the Empress, ix: 366; at age of six, xi: 140; at age of sixteen, xi: 141. Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 71. Wilson, William B.,with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 117] . Wilson, Woodrow,addressing Congress, i: 329; portrait studies (in color), ix: frontispiece , 57, 59, xi: 132, [xii: 181] ; delivering speech of acceptance of renomination for Presidency, '16, ix: 61; delivering second inaugural address, ix: 65; marching with service men, xi: 134; with Adm. Grayson in Brussels, [xii: Intro. xvii ] ; on board George Washington on way to Peace Conference, [xii: 187] . Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow, ix: 63;on board George Washington on way to France, [xii: 187] . Wines, Sgt. Pearl J., x: 236. Winn, Maj.-Gen. Frank L., v: 187. Winterfeld, Gen. von, German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392. Witenmeyer, Maj.-Gen. Edmund, v: 215. Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard, iii: Intro. ix ;at West Point with Joffre, ix: 160. Woyrsch, Gen. von, iii: 140. Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M., v: 127, ix: 222. [X] Xenia, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153. [Y] Yankoff, Gen., vi: 341. Yanushkevitch, Gen., ii: 231. Yolanda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 143. York, Sgt. Alvin C., x: 14, 15. Yuan Shih-k'ai, i: 57. [Z] Zeppelin, Count von, ii: 263.