FOOTNOTES:

[1] The anaglyph was peculiar to the Egyptian priests—the hieroglyph generally known to the well educated.

[2] Lucian, The Dream of Micyllus.

[3] Remains of the Rev. Richard Cecil, p. 349.

[4] Principles of Political Economy, with some of their applications to Social Philosophy. By John Stuart Mill. 2 vols.

[5] "Mais d'abord va-t-on désigner cet ordre particulier d'investigations par le nom d'économie politique? Quoi donc! Économie politique, économie de la société,—c'est à dire—production, distribution, consommation des richesses? Mais c'est se moquer; on ne traduit pas avec une liberté pareille. Il ne faut qu'ouvrir le premier dictionnaire venu pour voir," &c.—Dunoyer, De la Liberté du Travail.

[6] The discussions upon the income tax reveal a lamentable state of public feeling on this subject. That this tax might have been more equitably adjusted, every one but a Chancellor of the Exchequer will admit. Those who have to insure their lives, or otherwise save a fund out of their income for survivors, ought not to pay the same tax as those who can enjoy the whole of their income. But no such modification as this would have pacified discontent. One often heard it said that the tax should fall exclusively on realised property. The prosperous tradesman, with his income of some thousands a-year, was to pay nothing; the poor widow, who draws her sixty pounds per annum from her property in the funds, she was to pay the tax. Mr Mill, in noticing this very equitable proposition, says—"Except the proposal of applying a sponge to the national debt, no such palpable violation of common honesty has found sufficient support in this country during the present generation to be regarded within the domain of discussion. It has not the palliation of a graduated property-tax, that of laying the burthen on those best able to bear it; for 'realised property' includes almost every provision made for those who are unable to work, and consists, in great part, of extremely small fractions. I can hardly conceive a more shameless pretension than that the major part of the property of the country, that of merchants, manufacturers, farmers, and shopkeepers, should be exempted from its share of taxation; that these classes should only begin to pay their proportion after retiring from business, and if they never retire, should be excused from it altogether."—(Vol. ii. p. 355.)

[7] In a work entitled, Over-Population and its Remedy.

[8] From the report to the Governor of California by the Head of the Mission, in reference to the attacks by the American mountaineers.

[9] Indian expression for a free gift.

[10] Since the time of which we speak, Kit Carson has distinguished himself in guiding the several U. S. exploring expeditions, under Frémont, across the Rocky Mountains, and to all parts of Oregon and California; and for his services, the President of the United States presented the gallant mountaineer with the commission of lieutenant in a newly raised regiment of mounted riflemen, of which his old leader Frémont is appointed colonel.

[11] Lamartine, Histoire des Girondins, i. 83.

[12] The Prefect of Police had published an account of the situation of Paris during the last ten days, in which he states that the most perfect tranquillity prevailed in the capital; that confidence was beginning to revive on every point; that a slow but incontestible progress manifested itself in every branch of industry; and that at no former period, and under no previous regimen, did Paris offer more respect for persons or more security for property. Orders were arriving from the departments. The manufacture of articles of luxury and jewellery partook of that resuscitation, as appears from the returns of the inspector-general of the hall-mark at the mint of Paris. The articles of jewellery completed and ordered during the last five months produced the following receipts:—in April, 9,000f.; May, 11,000f.; June, 17,000f.; July, 19,000f.; August, 36,000f. The number of workmen reduced by distress to reside in lodging-houses had considerably diminished. In the preceding bulletin their number was 31,480; it is now 27,308—17,977 of whom were employed, and 9,331 unoccupied. The houses of confinement contained nearly the same number of ordinary prisoners, and only 4,058 insurgents of June; 2,909 of the latter had been liberated since the 26th of July, and 1,005 conveyed to Havre between the 28th of August and the 4th of September. From the 26th of August to the 5th of September, nine persons committed suicide.—Times, Sept. 11, 1848.

[13] We mean those in the south and west. The other, of Ulster, are of British descent, and undistinguished from the rest of the Anglo-Saxon race.

[14]

CRIME IN IRELAND.

Serious Crimes.
Last Quarterof 1829.Catholic Emancipation passed in March,300
Do.of 1830.Do.499
Do.of 1831.Reform Agitation,814
Do.of 1832.Reform and Repeal Agitation,1513

By the Coercion Act the Serious crimes were reduced at once to a fourth of their number. See Hansard, Parl. Debates, Feb. 9, 1834.

[15] "It was not so much through the hostility of the English members, as through the desertion and hostility of the Irish members, (many of them Repealers,) that in February 1847, Ireland lost the opportunity of obtaining a loan of sixteen millions of English gold at £3, 7s. 6d. per cent, to stimulate the construction, by private enterprise, of railways in your country.

"Unanimous in Palace Yard, on one Tuesday in favour of the proposition I then brought forward, on the Thursday se'ennight the same sixty gentlemen, having seen the prime minister at the Foreign Office in the interval, voted two to one in the House of Commons against giving railways to Ireland.

"Out of a hundred and five representatives which Ireland possesses, twenty-eight only, if my memory serves me correctly, would vote for that loan to Ireland. Two-thirds of the Irish representatives present declined the measure—the rest took care to be non est inventus at the division, which was the hour of Ireland's need.

"Read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest the division list, and you will find many more true friends of Ireland, on that occasion, among the supporters of the Union than among the Repealers.

"Is it surprising that, where Irish representatives voted two to one against the acceptance of that measure, and when but twenty-eight, out of Ireland's hundred and five, could alone be found to say 'ay,' that a majority of Englishmen could not be found willing to make a sacrifice of English interests, to force upon Ireland a boon which the majority of Irish members rejected?

"It is not Repeal of the Union that Ireland wants; she wants men to represent her, who, understanding her material and substantial interests, are able and willing to promote and maintain them; and will not, on the other hand, to gain the shouts of the mob, divert public and parliamentary attention to phantom reforms, that have no substantial virtue in them—or, on the other hand, sell their votes to win the smiles, or may be something more valuable in the gift of the minister of the day.—I am, Sir your humble servant,

"G. Bentinck."

[16] Alison's Europe, xx., Appendix.

[17] Small as these numbers are, the amount of notes in circulation is daily still further decreasing. For the week ending 9th September 1848, the amount of notes in circulation of the Bank of England was only £17,844,665. It is no wonder the same journal adds—"The Railway Market was more depressed than ever this afternoon; and prices of all descriptions experienced a considerable fall. London and North Western were done at 105; Great Western stand at 18 to 20 discount."—Times, 10th Sept. 1848.

[18]

Exports, Declared Value.Imports, Official Value.
1844,£58,584,292£75,441,565
1845,60,111,68185,284,965
1846,57,786,57675,958,875
1847,58,971,10690,921,866
—Parl. Returns.

[19]

Exports.

First half of 1847.First half of 1848.Increase.Decrease.
Butter£62,879£71,576£8,697—
Candles22,15526,4754,329—
Cheese15,14911,089—£4,060
Coals and culm432,497517,92585,420—
Cotton manufactures9,248,8358,023,825—1,225,010
Cotton yarn2,628,6162,214,031—414,185
Earthenware429,387365,382—64,005
Fish, herrings37,88331,220—6,663
Glass153,746124,121—29,625
Hardwares and cutlery1,096,956939,523—157,433
Leather, wrought & unwrought163,515119,921—43,594
Linen manufactures1,502,7701,413,819—88,951
Linen yarn315,196236,076—79,120
Machinery541,403398,770—142,633
Metals—Iron and steel2,462,9542,545,65082,696—
Copper and brass849,751546,648—303,103
Lead100,62057,331—43,289
Tin, unwrought72,88273,477595—
Tin, plates235,771259,95024,179—
Salt141,195115,757—25,438
Silk manufactures494,806263,798—231,008
Soap76,68674,166—2,520
Sugar, refined203,628212,2988,670—
Wool, sheep or lambs'95,41258,256—37,156
Woollen yarn444,797291,985—152,812
Woollen manufactures3,564,7542,578,470—986,284
£25,394,243£21,571,939£214,585£4,036,889

The entire decrease of exports during the half-year is thus shown to be £3,822,304.

Imports.

Imported.Taken for Home Consumption.
1847.1848.1847.1848.
Grain of all descriptions, qrs.2,195,5791,548,4642,547,9381,436,463
Indian corn, qrs.2,082,038652,7882,082,369647,470
Flour and meal, cwts.3,382,959459,7973,860,187433,759
Provisions—Bacon, pork, &c., cwts.176,319234,398Free.Free.
Butter and cheese, cwts.298,568291,713342,170312,394
Animals, No.61,98952,345Free.Free.
Eggs, No.41,299,51448,791,79341,276,99048,786,604
Cocoa, lbs.2,540,2982,407,0341,764,5901,542,119
Coffee, British, lbs.6,394,50810,227,07213,545,14715,158,187
Ditto, Foreign, lbs.5,395,6697,704,2826,092,2523,900,457
Total coffee11,790,17717,931,35419,637,39919,058,644
Sugar—West India, cwts.1,288,1381,091,375994,1631,212,726
Mauritius, cwts.884,699568,475617,681470,410
East India, cwts.683,901679,279710,514669,196
Foreign, cwts.1,110,948621,301622,284427,542
Total sugar3,967,6862,960,4302,944,6422,779,874
Tea, lbs.30,999,70332,788,91423,101,97524,365,380
Rice, cwts.676,130497,038Free.—
Ditto, qrs.32,34331,410Free.—
Spirits, galls4,328,4264,525,7292,282,0722,069,720
Wines, galls3,332,8663,380,8263,264,5213,114,158
Opium, lbs.103,70883,69327,20836,985
Tobacco, lbs.11,100,32810,822,18413,419,83013,416,118
Fruits—Currants, figs, and raisins, cwts.189,844107,644194,951236,918
Lemons and oranges, chests209,647281,362206,058261,302
Ditto, at value, £7732,96112,4498,463
Spices, lbs.2,250,6643,460,4971,564,6121,632,833