The Rise of the Mediaeval Church / And Its Influence on the Civilization of Western Europe from the First to the Thirteenth Century

by Alexander Clarence Flick

dangers, and long continued association of all classes. Chivalry, too, was developed in its best form and through it originated many of our noblest social virtues and sentiments. The wealth, the luxuries, and the ornamental and useful arts brought from the East added greatly to the comfort and happiness of the West. Through this movement many valuable charitable institutions were likewise created. It must not be forgotten, however, that the death of hundreds of thousands in these holy wars left sorrow and poverty in many homes and filled western Europe with widows and orphans. The debtor and criminal classes were given a chance to gain wealth and salvation in a popular cause and eagerly embraced the opportunity. The Crusades also gave rise to such great socialistic movements as the begging orders, the Pastoraux led by the Hungarians in 1251, the Flagellants (1259), and the Albigenses.[506:1]

Industrially the material welfare of stagnant western Europe was increased by the great impulse given to trade and by the widening of commercial relations. Through trading with the East, acting as the mediums of distribution for northern and western Europe, and supplying the needs of the Crusaders, cities like Venice, Pisa, and Genoa became immensely rich. The cities of Germany, France, and England in turn became secondary centres of trade. The Hanseatic League was formed in the thirteenth century. Manufacturing received a strong impetus; shipbuilding flourished, and factories for armour and arms and leather and cloth goods sprang up. These new branches of industry were found chiefly in the free cities where they were controlled by the guilds. Agriculture and

horticulture were much improved by new plants, grains, and fruits from the East and by the importation of such useful aids as the windmill and the mule. Fortunes were lost by the nobles and amassed by the Church, the Jews, the free cities, and the kings. The coinage system was improved and banking appears to have been for the first time introduced. The militant spirit of the nation was aroused and for two centuries war was made the chief occupation of Europe.[507:1]

Sources

• A.—PRIMARY:
  • 1.—Chronicles of the Crusades. Bohn, Antiq. Lib., Lond., 1848.
  • 2.—Early Travels in Palestine. Ib.
  • 3.—Marco Polo's Travels. Ib.
  • 4.—Roger of Hovenden, Annals of English History (to 1201). Ib.
  • 5.—Roger of Wendover, Flowers of History (to 1235). Ib.
  • 6.—Matthew Paris, English History (1235-1273). Ib.
  • 7.—Matthew of Westminster, Flowers of History (to 1307). Ib.
  • 8.—William of Malmesbury, Chronicles of the Kings of England (to Stephen). Ib.
  • 9.—Henderson, E. F., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. N. Y., 1892.
  • 10.—Univ. of Penn., Translations and Reprints, i., No. 2 and 4; iii., No. 1.
  • 11.—Palestine Pilgrim Text Society. Lond., 1897 ff. 14 vols.
  • 12.—Pinkerton, J., A General Collection . . . of Travels. Lond., 1808-14, 17 vols.
  • 13.—William of Tyre, Godeffray of Boloyne or the Siege and Conquest of Jerusalem. Tr. by W. Caxton, 1481. Ed. by M. N. Colvin. Lond., 1893.
  • 14.—Purchas, S., A Supplement of the Holy Land Story (from Wm. of Tyre). Lond., 1625.
  • 15.—Archer, T. A., The Crusade of Richard I. (1189-92). N. Y., 1888.
  • 16.—Robinson, Readings in European History, i., ch. 15.
  • 17.—Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book of Mediæval History, 510.
  • 18.—Ogg, Source Book of Mediæval History, N. Y., 1908.
• B.—SECONDARY:
  • I.—SPECIAL:
    • 1.—Archer, T. A., and Kingsford, C. L., The Crusades. N. Y., 1894.
    • 2.—Balzani, U., The Popes and the Hohenstauffen. Lond., 1889.
    • 3.—Conder, C. R., The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291). Lond., 1897.
    • 4.—Cox, G. W., The Crusades. N. Y., 1879.
    • 5.—Douglas, A. M., The Heroes of the Crusades. Bost., 1889.
    • 6.—Dutton, W. E., History of the Crusades. Lond., 1877.
    • 7.—Frith, H., Story of the Crusades. N. Y., 1885.
    • 8.—Gibbon, E., History of the Crusades (1095-1216). Lond., 1880.
    • 9.—Gray, G. E., The Crusade of the Children in the Thirteenth Century. N. Y., 1870.
    • 10.—Heeren, A. H. L., Essay on the Influence of the Crusades.
    • 11.—Keeling, A. E., The Nine Famous Crusades of the Middle Ages. Lond., 1889.
    • 12.—Keightley, T., The Crusades. 2 vols. Lond., 1847.
    • 13.—Lane-Poole, Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. N. Y., 1898.
    • 14.—Ludlow, J. M., The Age of the Crusades. N. Y., 1897.
    • 15.—Merrill, G. E., Crusades and Captives. Bost., 1890.
    • 16.—Michaud, J. P., History of the Crusades. 3 vols. N. Y., 1881.
    • 17.—Mills, C., History of the Crusades. Lond., 1828.
    • 18.—Mombert, J. I., A Short History of the Crusades. N. Y., 1894.
    • 19.—Neal, J. M., Stories of the Crusades. Lond., 1848.
    • 20.—Oman, C. W. C., The Art of War in the Middle Ages. Lond., 1885.
    • 21.—Pears, E., The Fall of Constantinople. N. Y., 1886.
    • 22.—Perry, G. G., History of the Crusades. Lond., 1872.
    • 23.—Porter, W., A History of the Knights of Malta. Lond., 1883.
    • 24.—Proctor, G., History of the Crusades. Phil., 1854.
    • 25.—Storrs, R. S., Bernard of Clairvaux. N. Y., 1892.
    • 26.—Sybel, H. von, History and Literature of the Crusades. Lond., 1861.
    • 27.—Winslow, M. E., The Fate of the Innocents: a Romance of the Crusades. Phil., 1889.
  • II.—GENERAL:
    • Adams, Civ. dur. M. A., ch. 11. Med. Civ., ch. 9. Allen, ii., ch. 4. Alzog, ii., 371-376. Ameer Ali, Short Hist. of Saracens, 320, 359. Bryce, 164, 191, 205, 301, 326, 341. Chantrel, per. 4, ch. 1, 2. Coxe, lect. 5, sec. 12-14. Creighton, ch. 1. Darras, iii., 137, 162, 243, 299, 330, 346, 357, 370, 394, 397. Döllinger, iii., per. 4, ch. 2; iv., per. 4, ch. 3. Emerton, ch. 11. Fisher, 186, 188, 191, 193, 194, 196, 201, 225, 230, 231. Foulkes, ch. 11. Gibbon, v., ch. 58; vi., ch. 59-61. Gieseler, iii. Gilmartin, ii., ch. 8, 9. Greenwood, bk. xi., ch. 4, 5; bk. xiii., ch. 5. Gregorovius. Guizot, Hist. of Fr., ch. 16, 17. Hist. of Civ. Hase, sec. 183, 187, 190. Hore, ch. 14. Hurst, i., ch. 43. Knight, ch. 13-16. Kurtz, ii., 14-20. Milman, bk. vii., ch. 6; bk. ix., ch. 7; bk. x., ch. 3. Moeller, ii., 245, 248. Mosheim, bk. iii., pt. 1, ch. 2. (11th cent.); bk. iii., pt. 1, ch. 1 (12th cent.); bk. iii., pt. 1, ch. 1 (13th cent.). Neander, iv., 51, 59, 103, 123-128, 152. Robertson, iv., 47, 194, 380, 385, 412; v., 132, 211, 241; vi., 59, 81. Robinson, ch. 15. Tout, Emp. and Papacy, ch. 7, 8, 13, 15, 19.

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FOOTNOTES:

[476:1] Gilman, The Saracens; Ameer Ali, Life and Teachings of Mohammed and A Short History of the Saracens; Muir, Life of Mohammed and Annals of the Early Caliphate; Lane-Poole, Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet Mohammed; Gibbon, v., ch. 50, 51; various eds. of the Koran.

[477:1] Among these sects were Arians, Sabellians, Ebionites, Nestorians, Eutychians, Monophysites, Marianites, and Collyridians.

[477:2] The Bible had probably been translated into Arabic before the Koran appeared. Gibbon, ch. 50.