8. Means:
advectīs ballistīs et catapultīs (by bringing up, etc.) . . dēiciendus hostis fuit, [XVII, 23].
9. Attendant circumstance:
crīnibus passīs, [II, 36]; māgnā glōriā bellī rēgnāvit, [IV, 75]; scrībā cum rēge parī ferē ōrnātū sedēbat, [X, 6].
10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English perfect active participle with an object: armātīs pāstōribus, [I, 25], having armed the shepherds. A combination of an abl. abs. and a finite verb is often best rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense: interēmptō Amūliō, Numitōrem in rēgnum restituit, [I, 37], he killed Amulius and restored Numitor to the throne.
L. PARTICIPLES
In Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle, are used far more frequently than in English, and with a much larger variety of meanings. The use of the participle tends to produce brevity of expression. Thus the Latin participle may be equivalent to
1. A relative clause:
raptae mulierēs, [II, 35]; Rōmānus . . male sustinentem (= quī male sustinēbat) arma Cūriātium cōnficit, [IV, 29]; ab laniō cultrō adreptō (with a knife which he caught up from a butcher’s stall), [XII, 24]; volentibus (= eīs quī volēbant) cōnsulere sē dē iūre praebuit, [XIII, 97].