3. Iassey (= iasse, the latter part of which may be from exín = exĭnde), tey (= te ＜ tĕnet), used by Marcabru, are doubtless due either to a mistaken imitation of conventional borderland forms (see § [25], 3) or to the analogy of crei = cre ＜ crēdo (crei itself being due to the analogy of dei ＜ dēbeo, vei ＜ vĭdeo).
N´ will be considered, as ny, under Groups, § [73], Ny.
P, from the 4th to the 6th century, was voiced to b: capĭllum ＞ cabẹl, rīpa ＞ riba, ✱sapēre (= sapĕre) ＞ sabẹr, trepalium ＞ trebalh; capit ＞ cap (§ [63]), sapis ＞ saps.
1. In some borderland dialects p ＞ v, as in French: saver. Evescat, evesque, beside bisbat, bisbe, are French.
2. Apud, used as a proclitic, became for some reason in Vulgar Latin ✱apu, which developed regularly into ✱abu and, after the fall of intertonic vowels, ab. This ab assimilated its b more or less to a following consonant, becoming ap before voiceless consonants, am before nasals; am, used before dentals, became an: hence we have four forms, ab, ap, am, an. Amb perhaps developed first from am before l, as in am l’autre; when used before a consonant with which mb did not readily combine, it expanded into ambe. See Elise Richter, Zs., XXVI, 532; J. Huber, Zs., XXX, 583.
3. In some dialects, apparently, p was not voiced after au: sapuĕrunt ✱sapwĕrunt ✱saupĕrunt ＞ saubron saupron. Cf. § [65], C, 1.
4. In purely learned words, p remains: epifania.
R remained: amāra ＞ amara, durāre ＞ dürar, ĕrat ＞ ęra. Final rs was reduced to s, in most dialects, during and after the literary period: priōres ＞ priọrs priọs (Girart); the reduction apparently began in Limousin as early as the 12th century (Bertran de Born rhymes iọs and flọrs).
1. Final r began to fall in many dialects in the 14th century. At present it has disappeared all through the south and west: amōrem ＞ amou, flōrem ＞ flou.
2. In some dialects (especially those of Gard and Hérault) intervocalic r and z were confused, probably during the literary period: gyrāre ＞ girar gisar; conversely audīre ＞ auzir aurir. Cf. Revue des langues romanes, XL, 49, 121.