S was voiced to z, probably from the 4th to the 6th century: pausa ＞ pausa, presĕntem ＞ presen; rīsum ＞ ris (§ [63]).
1. An s that became contiguous to n was changed, in a few dialects, to r: almosna almorna, disnar dirnar. In modern Limousin and some of the dialects of Dauphiné, Languedoc, and Gascony, s has disappeared before nasals: asne ane, caresma carema, disnar dinar (so blasmar blamar, desma dema); the fall began during the literary period. S before a consonant in many of the modern dialects, and final s in some, has become i: asne aine, caresma careima (so perhaps desma deima, pruesme prueime); some traces of this change occur in texts of the literary period. Cf. Zs., XXIII, 413. Isla, in Limousin, became ilha (perhaps through iyla): cf. Zs., XXIII, 414. Cf. § [78].
2. In some southeastern dialects intervocalic z after au has changed to v: causa cauva (so auzir auvir); possibly the auvent of the Boeci, v. 23, is to be connected with this.
T, from the 4th to the 6th century, was voiced to d: amāta ＞ amada, natālis ＞ nadals, servitōrem ＞ servidọr; habētis ＞ avętz avęs avęt (§§ [63], [64]), latus ＞ latz las, natum ＞ nat. For a t which became contiguous to r (amātor ＞ amaire), see § [52], (1), and § [70], Tr.
1. In some dialects of the south and southeast, final t fell shortly after the literary period: amātum ＞ amat ama.—Appoestat is French.
2. Tōtus, in Gaul, became tōttus as early as the 4th century: hence Pr. tota totas. For meteis ＜ met-ĭpse see § [131], (2).
3. Espaza (beside espada) ＜ spatha, was perhaps influenced in its pronunciation by the spelling of the Latin word.[53] Ez, coming from et before a vowel, shows the influence of az (＜ ad + vowel) and quez (＜ quĭd + vowel). Grazal, ‘grail’, is perhaps a cross between ✱cratella ＜ crater and gradale, ‘service-book’; so grazalet. Grazir grazire (cf. agradar) is perhaps altered from an earlier ✱grazar ＜ ✱gratiare. Mezeis ＜ met-ĭpse, mezesmes, meesmes (beside medesmes) ＜ ✱met-ĭpsĭmus have been subjected to the analogy of ez ＜ et and quez ＜ quĭd or of ĭd ĭpsum: § [131], (2).
4. In some dialects tī became a sound written h: peccatī ＞ peccah. See § [51], 1.
5. In purely learned words, t remains: eternal.
W will be considered, as gw, under Groups, § [72], βw.