Third Person Pronouns—Ille, illa, illud[[66]]
The two particles care care and are are mean 'this (ille, illa, illud)' when speaking of inferior things.[[67]] There are four particles; aitçu, aitçume, areme, and caitçume which mean 'this' when one wants to show disrespect for the things being spoken about. This idea is emphasized if one adds ga to those forms that end in me; e.g., aitçuga and aitçumega 'this humble man.' Cono means 'this (hic, haec, hoc),' sono means 'that (iste, ista, istud),' and ano means 'that (ille, illa, illud).' These words require a noun after them; e.g., cono fito 'this man' with cono mono having the same meaning but not being an honorific expression. Sono coto means 'that thing,' ano fito 'that person,' conata or conofó 'here,' sonata or sonofó 'there,' and anofó 'there, yonder.' Core means 'this (hic),' sore 'that (istud),' and are 'that (illud).' These forms are in the neuter gender and are not followed by nouns. Their plurals are corera, sorera, and arera, while the others follow the common rules. Cano means 'that which we have mentioned'; e.g., cano fito 'that person.' The pronoun 'a certain (quidam)' is made with the particle aru; e.g., aru fito 'a certain person,' aru tocoro ni 'in a certain place.'
The pronoun 'each (unusquisque)' is formed with the particles men men and sore sore.
The pronoun 'each and every (universi & singuli)' is formed with tare mo mina.
The pronoun 'anyone (quicumque)' is formed with tare nite mo, tare nite mo are, and tare nari tomo.
The particle tare mo, when placed before a negative, forms the pronoun 'no one, or nobody'; e.g., tare mo mairananda 'nobody went.' The particle nani taru coto nari tomo means 'whatever happens, or whichever thing happens.' The particle mei mei means 'to each, or everyone in particular.'
The particle goto makes the distributive pronoun meaning 'every.' This form is used after vocables which are proper to the Japanese language; i.e., iomi. The same results are achieved by placing the (16 particle mai before vocables which come from the Chinese language; i.e.,
coie. For example, fi means 'day,' and figoto ni means 'daily.' Nen is a Japanese borrowing from a Chinese word meaning 'year,' and mainen means 'every year, or all year.' The same result is obtained by the repetition of the noun; e.g., fito means 'person,' and fitibito means 'all the people, or many people,' fi means 'day,' and fibi ni means 'all of the days, or every day.'
The indefinite pronoun 'some (aliqui)' is formed with niiotte; e.g., toqi niiotte 'some times,' fito niiotte 'some men.'
The pronoun 'the same (idem)' is formed with vonaji; e.g., vonaji tocoro cara 'from the same place.' The particle dôjen means the same thing but in the neuter ; e.g., dôjen degozaru 'it is the same.' This word is used in reply to some one who has congratulated you, etc.