The particle, or better root of the verb, macari,u, when placed before verbs of motion, makes the verbs modest and a bit more cultivated; e.g., macari noboru 'I ascend,' macari cudari,u 'I descend,' and macari i,iru 'I am present.'
The particle va placed after a sentence confirms what has been said before, as one might boast of making a prediction; e.g., fune va cuchinotçu ie iru va 'the ship calls at Kuchinotsu; and, if he says so or not, I say so,' aru va 'see if it is not as I have said.'
The particle aidani means 'between' in the sense of the time consumed in performing an action; e.g., agura aidani [aguru aidani] 'while offering,' iôda aidani 'while he read,' naravózuru aidani 'while he will learn.'
The particle ga means 'but;' só iú ga; nanto aró ca? 'they say so, but will it be so?' or 'it may be so, but I don't know for certain,' furi va furu mai ga, fune no dasu coto naró ca xiranu 'it's not raining any more, but I still don't know if it will be possible to launch the boat or not,' sono qinpen ni va gozaru mai ga; doco cara toraxeraruru zo? (20)[[124]] 'there are probably none in the neighborhood, or in the surroundings, so from where can they be gotten?'
The particle gotoqu is added to the present, preterit, and future tenses meaning 'in the same way'; e.g., coxiraiuru gotoqu 'in the same way as you furnish or carry out,' qiita gotoqu 'as I heard.' The form is sometimes ga gotoqu; e.g., móxita ga gotoqu 'as he said,' caracavózu ga gotoqu 'as in jest I will tease or laugh at.' This same meaning is obtained with iǒni; Nifon no catagui vo xirareta iǒni, vôxeraruru (122v) 'he speaks as one who knows the customs of Japan,'[[125]] mósu ióni 'as I say.' The particle furi is also used for the same purpose; e.g., toza no chijocu vo nogareôzuru tameni catana vo saita furi vo mixerareta (123) 'he showed himself wearing his sword in order to avoid the danger of infamy.' minu furi vo saxerareta (123) 'he made it known that he did not see.'
The particle saie is used [with the negative] to mean 'not at all'; e.g., mma saie nacatta (118)[[126]] 'there are not any horses at all,' cotoba saie xiranu mono (118) 'he does not know how to speak at all,' ji saie mixiranu mono 'he does not know any letters at all.' This same particle is used for emphasis; e.g., qiden to saie mǒxeba (119) 'it would (44 suffice if you were to say that you are,' Padre no tçucavaruru to saie móxeba 'if only he had said that this was useful to the priest,' or one might say 'it would suffice if, etc.'
The particle qere is a confirmative particle which comes at the end of a sentence with the meaning 'therefore'; e.g., maitta qere 'therefore he came,' sate só aru qere 'finally this is the situation.'[[127]]
The particle coso is of great importance among the Japanese for they use it first in an adversative sense (in sensu adversativo); core coso ió gozare [... iô ...] 'he is truly good.'[[128]] If the sentence in which this particle is found ends in a verb, that verb ends in e, as in the example above. If the verb is in the preterit it ends in re; e.g., yô coso gazattare! (117) 'you are welcome! (bene veneris!).' The exceptions to this rule are when the sentence does not end in a verb or an adjective; e.g., core coso xixó yô [... io] (116) 'he is a true teacher,' when after the particle coso there is in the sentence a gerund in e, a permissive in tomo, or a
potential preterit in tçuró or zzuró;[[129]] e.g., vare coso iro iro xinro tçucamatçutte cutatireba toxiiórini nari maraxita [... cutabireba toxiiorini ...] (117) 'suffering many and various hardships, I became an old man,' vare coso corosaruru tomo 'if I be killed,' fara coso tattçurǒ (117) 'he was perchance quite angry,' sato chicaqereba coso fi ga miiure (116) 'the fire is already seen because the village is so near.' This [last] sentence ends in e because it does not contain an exception to the rule. Vóxerareta coto domo vo go côquai de coso gozarózure (97) 'without doubt you will do penance for what you have said,' catajiqe nǒ coso gozare (97) 'I congratulate you very much and thank you.' If someone says, 'Who did that?' the answer is Patre coso [Padre coso] 'the Priest did.' If someone asks, 'is there anyone who did that?' and if he does not hear, or does not understand the answer, and asks again, the person who answered will say Juan coso 'I have already said it was John.'