Itçumade? means 'until when?' Itçumademo means 'always.' Itçu cara means 'after what time.' Itçu iori means 'from what time.'

Adverbs of Negation[[151]]

Iia or iia [iia iia][[152]] means 'not.' Só devanai means 'it is not so.' Iccana or iccanagueni means 'by no means,' iume iume means 'not even in a dream,' sarani, ichiien, catçute, or catçute motte means 'in no way,' and io, iomo, or iomo iomo means 'without thinking'; e.g., catçute mairu mai 'in no way shall I come,' iomo só va gozaru mai (117v) 'it will in no way come to mind why it will be so.' When affirmative verbs are added to these adverbs they become negative; e.g., iomo iomo to mǒxitareba vo mairi atta (117v) 'although you said you would not go, you went,' io mairó 'in no way shall I go.'

Adverbs of Affirmation[[153]]

Nacanaca means 'it is so,' vó means 'so,' when one agrees. Gueni or gueni gueni means 'it is thus'; e.g., gueni gueni só mo aró 'without doubt the situation is thus.' Chódo means 'at all.' Saiǒni, sono bun, sono gotoqu, sǒ de gozaru, sore sore, massǒ gia, or xicato means 'it is so.' Mottomo means that something is reasonably said. Guioi no gotoqu means 'as your Lordship believes, or says.' Mochiron indicates that a thing does not come in to doubt or discussion. Nacanaca naru

coto de gozaranu means 'truly it is not possible.' Nacanaca no coto indicates a thing with which it is possible to agree. Macotoni means 'truly,' as does xinjit or xinjitni. Xeimon means 'I affirm by oath.' Isasaca or isasaca motte means 'not even a little,' and issai or ixxet means 'in no way, or by no means,' and when these particles are added to the affirmative they mean 'truly.'

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Comparative Adverbs[[154]]

Iori, iori mo, and iori mo navo mean 'more' in a comparison. The person compared is in the nominative case and the person to whom he is compared is in the ablative with one of the particles which we have listed above; e.g., Pedro va juan iori mo gacuxó de gozaru 'Peter is wiser than John,' soco ie noboru iori va; mairanu ga maxi gia 'it is better not to go than to climb up there.' Gotoqu, mama, and iǒni are adverbs of similitude (adverbia similitudinis) and require the genitive for the thing with which the comparison is made. If the particle is preceded by a verb, no genitive is required; e.g., no iama ie nari tomo qitai mama ni qite, nurureba, nugui suteraruru (124v) 'if they were to go to the mountains or the plains wearing such clothes as they want to wear, they will have to take them off when they become wet on account of the water.' Vomô mama ni, vomô gotoqu, and vomô iǒni, mean 'as I think,' cono mi no mama ni 'according to his desires, or his pleasure.' Fodo means 'to such a degree as (tantum),' or 'just as (quasi)'; e.g., qifen ano fito fodo no gacuxó de gozaru[[155]] 'you are as wise as he,' fara ga cudaru fodo ioi 'he will recover as soon as he has a bowel movement,' michi vo aruqu fodo cutabiruru (123v) 'as I walk so I get tired,' acai fodo ioi 'the redder the better,' xinuru fodo no vazzurai de va nai 'this disease is not strong enough to cause death,' fune ni mesaruru fodo naraba vare mo norózu (124) 'if Your Lordship would take up the task of boarding the ship, so shall I,' tamexi mo nai fodo ni atta to mǒsu (124v) 'they say it was as if it had never been,' voquru fodo araba sore ie mairǒzu (124) 'if I am able to arrive at the state where I can get up from bed, I shall come to you,' chicara no fodo vo mite 'seeing the degree of his strength,' fodo nó tçuita 'he arrived in

an instant,' core fodo 'as this,' sore fodo 'as that,' are fodo 'as that,' vovoi fodo 'while more,' sucunai fodo 'while less.'