The particles ca and zo, as has been said above, are used as interrogatives. The particles ia and caia have the same function but they are more humble; e.g., are va tare caia? 'who is he?', core ia[?] 'this?', io fuqete tare ca va tazzuneô zo? (89v) 'when it becomes late at night, who will be able to visit?', sore de arǒ ca to iú coto gia 'I said, "will it be this?"'
No? asks for agreement; e.g., gozarǒ ca no? 'will he come?'[[162]] mairǒ to voxerareta no? [... vôxerareta no?] 'did he say that he will come?' no Pedro dono? 'isn't that so, Peter?' Na[?] means the same thing, but it is used with inferiors; e.g., sǒ qiita na? 'didn't you hear so?' Sometimes, in a sentence containing zo, baxi, which is a dubitive particle (particula dubitandi), is placed; e.g., nanto xita xisai de baxi gozaru zo? (122v)[[163]] 'for what reason did this happen?', sate nanto iú voqiacu de baxi gozaru zo[?] (123) 'what is the name of your guest?', goiô baxi gozaru ca? 'isn't there something of use to you?'
Io and zo strengthen or give cadence to the sentence; e.g., caita zo
'he truly wrote,' maitta io 'he certainly came,' sono toqi vare (57 va ichi dan varui tçucai vo xiraruite gozaru io [... siaruite ...] (95) 'at that time I was following bad advice.' Bacari means 'only, or in only one way,' sore ni caguitte means 'that only,' core ni caguirazu 'not only this.' Bacari also means 'more or less'; e.g., fiacu bacari 'there were a hundred,' fiacunin bacari corosareta 'about one hundred men were killed.' Nó, nóte, naqu xite, and naqute mean 'without'; e.g., raxxi mo nó 'without reason or order,' cacugo nó 'without any preparation.'
The adverbs of sound (adverbia sonus) are many and vary in accordance with the way that the Japanese perceive the sound. The particle to is added to them; e.g., va va to xite 'vociferously saying wa wa,' and if they add meqi,u, it means to make even a louder noise; e.g., va meqi,u 'to shout saying wa.'
The Case Prepositions[[164]]
Tame or ni means 'concerning';[[165]] e.g., sonata no tame 'for you (tibi).' It governs the genitive which precedes it; nan no tame 'for what,' nani ni naru ca? 'for what is it?', nani ni xô ca? 'what do you do that for?', nani no iô ni tatçu ca? (171v) 'for what is it needed, or useful?', maitte no iô va? (130) 'what's the use of going?'
Tai xite means 'on account of' or 'against'; e.g., tengu ni tai xite teqito 'to fight against the devil, or resist him,' Deus ni tai xite cuguio vo coraiuru 'I endure the pain (labor) because of God.' Uie iori also means 'because'; e.g., von jifi no uie iori (167) 'because of his mercy.'
Ni iotte signifies the reason for which; e.g., Deus iori fito no jento acu ni iotte go fempô vo ataiesaxerareozu [... ataiesaxerareôzu] (146v) 'God gives to man according to his virtues and vices.' This form is derived from the verb iori,u.
Ni tçuite means 'around, or about' and is derived from the verb tçuqi,u; e.g., core ni tçuite, core ni tçuqi, or core ni tçuqete means 'about that.' Sono gui ni voite va zonjenu (120) 'I do not know anything about this matter,' Vôxe va mottomo naredomo vagami ni totte va canai gatai (120) 'Your Lordship speaks well but what concerns me is that (58