it is difficult to do.' Dai quan ni itatte va ichinin bacari sadame io (120)[[166]] 'decide that which concerns the steward only.' Itatte and totte[[167]] are the gerunds of verbs just as the preceding. They also say Padre coto va 'the things belonging to the priest,' varera coto va 'about my things, or those things which belong to me.' Xitagatte or xitagǒte means 'near' and is the gerund of the verb xitagari,u or xitagai,ó. As with the other verbs it governs the dative case; e.g., guioi ni xitagatte or xitagǒte 'according to Your Lordship's understanding.' Xidai has the same meaning; e.g., conata xidai 'according to your wishes.' Sometimes it is added to the roots of verbs; e.g., mairi xidai 'according to when he comes, or according to his coming.'

Ni indicates the place in which. Ni voite has the same meaning but indicates permanence; e.g., fatto va fuximi ni voite vôxeidasareta 'he established the law while he was in Fushimi,' Bungo funai ni itatte 'in the city of Funai in the kingdom of Bungo,' iglesia ni uoru 'he is in church.'

De indicates the place of an action; e.g., michi de Pedro ni vǒta 'I met Peter in the street.' The same particle de, together with vo motte, indicate the instrument with which an action is done; e.g., bo vo motte Pedro vo uchi coroita 'he killed Peter with a stick,' Padre sama catarareta de navo qicoieta 'from what the Reverend Father told me, it became easier to understand,' necqi de xinda 'he died of a fever.'

Cara or iori indicate the place from which; e.g., iglesia cara 'from church.' They also say fune cara maitta 'he came by ship' and cachi cara maitta 'he came on foot.' Fune de maitta is the same as fune cara maitta and fune ni notte maitta. Fana cara me cara miguruxij mono gia 'it is unpleasant to the nose and the eyes.' Iori indicates the place through which; e.g., sama iori faitta 'he entered through the window.'

Tomo ni means 'at the same time'; e.g., sonata to tomo ni mairǒzu I shall go at the same time as you,' mǒsu to tomo ni 'at the same time as he spoke.'

Ie indicates the place to which; e.g., achi ie mairǒ 'I shall go directly to court (curia),' miiaco no cata ie noboru 'he went up to court' and also miiaco no fǒ ie noboru. They also say miiaco no iori,

miiaco sama, or miiaco no gotoqu noboru, but this is not a good way of speaking and is more characteristic of a rustic (rusticus).

De indicates the material from which; e.g., tçuchi de cavara (59 vo tçuquru 'to make bricks out of earth or mud,' nande core vo tçuquru ca? 'from what is this made?'

Uie means 'concerning'; e.g., zuibun codomo no uie vo fito ni mo naxi marasuru iǒni to cocoro gaqe marasuru 'with great diligence I took care of my sons so as to make them men.' Sonata no fiquan no vo saiban mesare io [... no uie vo ...] (141) 'take care of your servants.'

Made means 'until'; asu made 'until morning,' inochi vo uxinǒ made aru mai 'he will not lose his life, or he will not arrive at the loss of his life,' sore made vomoi mo ioranu gui gia 'it will not come to my mind,' cocoro zaxi areba canavanu made mo xei vo iruru 'when something is wished for, one uses his strength up to the point of impossibility,' mǒsu made mo nai 'it is not necessary to say,' cono tocoro made maitta 'I came to this place.'