If the final u is removed from the negative present it becomes an affirmative verb; e.g., oracio vo tçutomen toqi va 'when I say my prayers,'
xosa no tçutomen tame ni va 'in order to execute the work,' michibiqi tamavan to voboximexi 'thinking of leading forth.'[[202]]
For the affirmative future beqi is added to the affirmative form with the ru removed; for the future negative becarazu is added to the affirmative form; e.g., mǒsu beqi 'you will speak,' mósu becarazu 'you will not speak.' When the sentence ends in the future, beqi is changed to bexi.
The infinitive for the future is formed by adding coto to the future tense; e.g., iomu beqi coto. The subjunctive is formed by adding qereba to the root of the verb; e.g., sugure qereba.
The gerund in Do is formed by adding te to the root of the verb; e.g., qiqi tamaite.
The substantive verb in the written language is nari,u or qeri,u. If it comes at the end of the sentence it takes the root form;[[203]] e.g., sadame naqi io no ixei nari 'it is the dignity of a world without stability.'
The preterit is formed by adding ari,u [tari,u] to the root; e.g., suguretaru. If the form comes at the end of a sentence ari,u (75 [tari,u] is retained in the root form; e.g., suguretari.
The pluperfect is formed by placing nari after the present tense; e.g., ague tamǒ nari 'they had shown respect.'
Even though there are other rules for the written language, if the reader knows Japanese well enough to read books, he will be able to progress in the language without difficulty.