[266] Congrès Archéologique, 1897, p. 280; and 1909, p. 144, Villeneuve-lès-Avignon; Jules Formigé, Rapport sur la Chartreuse de Villeneuve-lès-Avignon (Gard), (Paris, 1909); Robert André-Michel, “Le tombeau du Pope Innocent VI à Villeneuve-lès-Avignon,” in Revue de l’art chrétien, 1911, p. 204.

[267] Congrès Archéologique, 1907 and 1913; A. Kleinclausz, La Bourgogne (Collection, Régions de la France), (Paris, L. Cerf, 1905); ibid., Histoire de Bourgogne (Paris, 1909); Dom. Urbain Plancher, Histoire générale de Bourgogne (1739-81), 4 vols.; Claude Courtépée, Description du duché de Bourgogne (1775-85); De Barente, Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois (Paris, 1825), 12 vols.; Ernest Petit, Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la race capétienne (Dijon, 1905), 9 vols.; A. de Caumont, “Rapport sur une excursion archéol. en Bourgogne,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1852, vol. 18, p. 225; J. Calmette et H. Drouot, La Bourgogne (Collection, Provinces Françaises), (Paris, H. Laurens); A. Perrault-Dabot, L’art en Bourgogne (1897); J. L. Bazin, “La Bourgogne sous les ducs de la maison de Valois, 1361-1478,” in Mémoires de la Soc. Éduenne, 1901, vol. 29, p. 33; Taylor et Nodier, Voyages pittoresques et romantiques dans l’ancienne France, La Bourgogne (Paris, Didot, 1863), 2 vols., folio; W. S. Purchon, “An architectural Tour in Central France and Burgundy,” in Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 1913-14, 3d series, vol. 21, p. 557.

[268] From Luxeuil derived Jumièges, St. Wandrille, Fécamp, St. Malo, St. Valéry, St. Bertin, Corbie, St. Riquier, Péronne, Lure, Rebais, Jouarre, Faremoutier, Remiremont, Dissentir, St. Gall, and Bobbio. St. Columbanus was born in Leinster in 543, the year that St. Benedict died at Monte Cassino. It is said that there was something supernatural in his appearance. Because of his comeliness he embraced the monastic life to flee temptation, entering the abbey of Bangor, a center of letters in what is now Ulster. All his life Columbanus was a lover of the classics; from his library at Bobbio was recovered Cicero’s De Republica. At thirty came the call to missionize in Gaul. Ireland, on the outer verge of Europe, had escaped the Barbarian’s wrecking so that her culture was intact. With twelve monks, among them his nephew, St. Gall (future founder of the noted Swiss abbey), Columbanus crossed to France. The king of Burgundy, a grandson of Clovis, gave him the region of Luxeuil, which the late invasions had turned into a desert. In twenty years Columbanus made it the center of spiritual life in Gaul. He was exiled in 610 because of his strictures on the evil living of Burgundy’s rulers. After many wanderings he founded Bobbio, between Genoa and Milan, which abbey became another seat of learning. There he died in 615. Martin, St. Columban (Collection, Les Saints), (Paris, Lecoffre, 1909); Healy, Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars (Dublin, 1890); Ch. de Montalembert, Monks of the West (translated, London, 1896); Dalgairns, Apostles of Europe (London, 1876), vol. 1; Besse, Les moines de l’ancienne France (Paris, 1906).

[269] “On peut dire que vers le Xe siècle, le genre humain en Europe, était devenu fou. Du mélange de la corruption romaine avec le férocité des barbares qui avaient inondé l’empire, il était enfin resulté un état de choses que, heureusement peut-être, on ne reverra plus. La férocité et la débauche, l’anarchie et la pauvreté étaient dans tous les états. Jamais l’ignorance ne fut plus universelle. Le chaire pontificale était opprimée, deshonorée, et sanglante.”—Joseph de Maistre.

[270] Congrès Archéologique, 1899, p. 48; 1913, p. 65, Jean Virey; Millénaire de Cluny (Mâcon, 1910), 2 vols.; Jean Virey, L’architecture romane dans l’ancien diocèse de Mâcon (Paris, 1892), 2 vols.; ibid., L’abbaye de Cluny (Collection, Petites Monographies), (Paris, H. Laurens); Chanoine L. Chaumont, Histoire de Cluny (Paris, 1911); Migne, Dictionnaire des abbayes (Paris, 1856); Ch. de Montalembert, Monks of the West (trans. London, 1896); H. Pignot, Histoire de l’ordre de Cluny depuis la fondation de l’abbaye jusqu’à la mort de Pierre le Vénérable (Autun et Paris, 1868), 3 vols.; F. L. Bruel, Cluny, 910-1910. Album historique et archéologique (Mâcon, 1910), 4to; Ponzet, in Revue de l’art chrétien, 1912, on the capitals of Cluny’s abbatial; David, Grands abbayes de l’occident (Paris, 1909); Lecestre, Abbayes en France (Paris, 1902); G. T. Rivoira, Lombardic Architecture, vol. 2, p. 104, Cluny; p. 112, Tournus. Tr. by G. McN. Rushforth (London and New York, 1910); Demimuid, Pierre le Vénérable et la vie monastique au XIIe siècle (Paris, 1895); A. Penjon, Cluny, la ville et l’abbaye (Cluny, 1884); ibid., “Abélard et Pierre le Vénérable d’après Dom Gervaise,” in Annales de l’Acad. de Mâcon, 1910, p. 393; Histoire littéraire de la France, vol. 7, p. 318, “Le bienheureux Guillaume, abbé de St. Bénigne”; p. 399, “Raoul Glaber”; p. 414, “St. Odilon” (Paris, 1746); vol. 9, p. 465, “St. Hugues”; p. 526, “Abbé Jarenton” (Paris, 1750); vol. 14, p. 211, “Pierre le Vénérable”; p. 129, “St. Bernard” (Paris, 1764).

[271] Dr. John Mason Neale, éd., Rhythm of Bernard of Morlaix (London, 1858). Dr. Neale has here rendered his translation like the XII-century original, dactylic hexameters divided into three parts.

[272] “Ah! ce Cluny!... ce fut vraiment l’idéal du labeur divin, l’idéal rêvé! Ce fut, lui, qui réalisa le couvent d’art, la maison du luxe pour Dieu.”—J. K. Huysmans, L’Oblat (Paris, Plon-Nourrit et Cie).

[273] Some of the French houses affiliated with Cluny were Vézelay, the Trinité at Vendôme, the Trinité at Fécamp, St. Martin-des-Champs and St. Germain-des-Prés at Paris, St. Denis, the Caen abbatials, St. Ouen at Rouen, Jumièges, St. Wandrille, St. Remi at Rheims, Notre Dame at Châlons-sur-Marne, St. Bénigne at Dijon, Tournus, St. Maixent, St. Savin, Ste. Foy at Conques, Moissac, St. Sernin at Toulouse, and St. Eutrope at Saintes.

[274] The church of Notre Dame built in Cluny by St. Hugues was burned in 1233, and immediately reconstructed as Burgundian Gothic; the lower walls and some of the capitals are of St. Hugues’ time. Consoles, sculptured with heads, such as those under the lantern, are frequent in the province, but a central tower is exceptional. In the XVIII century the narthex was destroyed. St. Marcel’s church was rebuilt after a fire in 1159 by the abbot of Cluny, who was a great-nephew of William the Conqueror. The octagonal tower, capped by a XIII-century spire, is of exceptionally lovely proportions. Congrès Archéologique, 1913, p. 68. St. Hugues also founded the Charité-sur-Loire, whose church was dedicated by his pupil. Paschal II, in 1107, at which ceremony assisted Suger, then a monk at St. Denis. Only the transept and absidioles are of that time, for the choir, nave, and tower are Burgundian Romanesque of the second half of the XII century; the Lady chapel rose two centuries later. Once the abbatial was four hundred feet long, but a fire, in 1559, damaged it and only four bays of the nave remain. Congrès Archéologique, 1913, p. 374, Louis Serbat; André Philippe, “Charité-sur-Loire,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1905, vol. 69, p. 469.

[275] De Foville, Pise et Lucques (Villes d’art célèbres) (Paris, H. Laurens).