The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles.

by Ella Sophia Armitage

It has been thought best to tabulate the chief defensible area of each castle. The total area, including ditches and scarps, is liable to great variation owing to the nature of the ground.

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[INDEX]

• Aber, [261]
• Aberavon, [296]
• Abercorn, [308]
• Aberdovey, [300]
• Abereinon, [301]
• Abergavenny, [97]
• Aberlleinog, [261]
• Aberystwyth, [281], [393]
• Aggeres, [77], [111]
• Aldreth, [150]
• Alfred, King, [13], [14], [15]
• Amwell, [52]
• Annan, [309]
• Anstruther family, [308]
• Antrim, [331]
• Appledore, [50]
• Aq’i, [331]
• Aquila, castle of, [77]
• Ardfinnan, [331]
• Ardmayle, [331]
• Ardnurcher, [331]
• Ardree, [331]
• Ardres, [75], [89]
• Area of Norman castles, [97]
• Arques, [361]
• Arundel, [98]
• Arx, [211], [384]
• Ashlar masonry, [356]
• Askeaton, [332]
• Askelon, [332]
• Athelney, [14]
• Athlone, [333]
• Auchterless, [309]
• Avenel family, [308]
• Baginbun, [333]
• Bailey, ballium, [4], [5], [92], [207]
• Bakewell, [47]
• Balimore Eustace, [333]
• Balliol family, [308]
• Ballyknockan, [341]
• Ballynaclogh, [346]
• Bamborough, [11], [100], [355], [357]
• Banff, [319]
• Barclay, [309]
• Barnstaple, [102]
• Barnwell, [376]
• Baronies, [307]
• Basements of keeps, [359], [362]
• Basingwerk, [267]
• Bastille, the, [376]
• Bayeux Tapestry, [87], [158], [393]
• Bayford Court, [49]
• Bedford, [40]
• Beith, [317]
• Belesme, Roger, [100], [191];
• castle, [77]
• Belvoir, [102]
• Benfleet, [50]
• Bensington, [28]
• Berkeley, [103], [367]
• Berkhampstead, [105]
• Bernard de Neufmarché, [273], [276]
• Bervie River, [316]
• Biggar, [313]
• Bishop’s Stortford, [107]
• Blaenporth, [282]
• Bleddfa, [293]
• Blois, [75]
• Blythe, [219]
• Boley Hill, [49], [196], [199], [200]
• Bordlands, [307]
• Borgue, [317]
• Boroughs, [21], [258], [382]
• Boulogne, [376] n. 1
• Bourn, [107]
• Bowes, [366]
• Bramber, [109]
• Braose, De, [109], [276], [292]
• Brecknock, [276], [290]
• Bremesbyrig, [32]
• Bretasche, [91], [386]
• Bridgenorth, [33], [52]
• Bristol, [23], [110]
• Bromborough, [32]
• Bruce family, [309]
• Brut y Tywysogion, [254]
• Buckingham, [25], [40]
• Burghal Hidage, [28], [98], [160], [385]
• Burgh Castle, [44] n. [1].
• Burgus, [85]
• Burh, [17-19], [123];
• Clark’s theory of, [20-29]
• Buttington, [51]
• Cadwalader, [266]
• Cadzow, [314]
• Caen keep, [361]
• Caereinion, [300]
• Caerleon, [113]
• Caerphilly, [376] n. [1]
• Caerwedros, [283]
• Caherconlish, [333]
• Cambridge, [55], [57], [115]
• Camps, of refuge, [29];
• prehistoric, [6];
• of Danes, [61]
• Canterbury, [116]
• Carbury, [333]
• Cardiff, [294]
• Cardigan, [274], [275];
• Castle, [280]
• Carisbrook, [121]
• Carlingford, [334]
• Carlisle, [25], [128], [365]
• Carlovingian Empire, [66]
• Carmarthen, [275], [394]
• Carnarvon, [261], [375]
• Carnwath, [318]
• Carreghova, [271], [394]
• Carrick, [334]
• Carrickfergus, [334]
• Carrickittle, [339]
• Carrigogunell, [332]
• Castel, the word, [24], [98]
• Castellum, castrum, [25], [67], [169], [383]
• Castles, private, [Ch. V].;
• product of feudalism, [66];
• in Normandy, [76], [77];
• wooden, [78];
• stone, [Ch. XII].;
• sites given to church, [259] n. [2].
• Castle Acre, [124]
• Castledermot, [347]
• Castle guard, [175]
• Castleknock, [341]
• Castlemore, [338]
• Castle Rough, [49]
• Castle Rushen, [377] n. [1]
• Castletown Delvin, [334]
• Cathcart family, [310]
• Catter, [315]
• Ceredigion, [274], [275]
• Chapels in castles, [355]
• Chartres keep, [74]
• Chastell Gwalter, [282]
• Chateaudun keep, [75]
• Chateau Gaillard, [372], [376], [391]
• Chepstow, [125]
• Chester, [31], [126], [367]
• Chevron moulding, [100]
• Cheyne family, [310]
• Chilham, [368]
• Chimneys, [357]
• Chinon, [75]
• Chippenham, [55]
• Chirk, [269]
• Christison, Dr, [8], [31], [304], [306]
• Cilgerran, [281], [394]
• Citadels, [6], [54], [56]
• Clare, house of, [275], [281]
• Clark, G. T., [2], [8], [19], [26], [48]
• Clears, St, [288], [394]
• Cledemuthan, [43]
• Clifford, [128]
• Clitheroe, [129]
• Clonard, [334]
• Clonmacnoise, [335]
• Colchester, [41], [132], [223], [354], [355]
• Collacht, [335]
• Colville family, [310]
• Comyn family, [310]
• Concentric castles, [375]
• Cooking in castles, [359]
• Corfe, [135], [363]
• Coucy, [65], [372]
• Courcy, John de, [336]
• Court hills, [310], [391]
• Covington, [313]
• Crail, [319]
• Crimond, [311]
• Crogen, battle of, [266]
• Cromarty, [316]
• Crometh, [335]
• Cromwell, [220], [336]
• Croom, [335]
• Crossbow, the [370]
• Cunningham family, [311]
• Cupar, [320]
• Cymmer, [299]
• Cynewulf, murder of, [13]
• Cynfael, [300]
• Cyricbyrig, [37]
• Dalswinton, [311]
• Dane John, [116], [118], [121]
• Danes in Ireland, [60]
• Dangio, [75]
• Danish raths, [48];
• camps, [61];
• colonies, [59], [60]
• Darnhall, [317]
• David I. of Scotland, [123], [163], [303]
• Deganwy, [259], [270]
• Dernio, [267]
• Derver, [341]
• Dinan, [87]
• Dinerth, [282]
• Dinevor, [287], [394]
• Dinweiler, [394]
• Dirleton, [319]
• Domfront keep, [361]
• Donjons, [358], [390]
• Douglas family, [312]
• Dover, [138];
• church, [144];
• Pharos, [143]
• Downpatrick, [335]
• Drogheda, [336]
• Drumore, [315]
• Drumsagard, [317]
• Duchal, [315]
• Dudley, [144]
• Dudo of St Quentin, [76]
• Duffus, [317]
• Duleek, [337]
• Dumfries, [320]
• Dun, the word, [326]
• Dunamase, [337]
• Dungarvan, [337]
• Dunio, [75]
• Dunmullie, [311]
• Dunoon, [313]
• Dunskeath, [320]
• Dunster, [145]
• Durand, [312]
• Durham, [146]
• Durward, [312]
• Dyfed, [274]
• Earthworks, Committee, [2]
• Eddisbury, [35]
• Edward, [14-16], [45], [65], [127]
• Edward the Martyr, [135]
• Edwardian castles, [328], [345]
• Egloe, Eulo, [271]
• Elgin, [320]
• Ellon, [311]
• Ely, [149]
• Entrances to keeps, [355], [361], [373]
• Errol, [314]
• Escluen, [332]
• Étampes Castle, [373]
• Ethelfleda, [14], [15], [16], [20], [21], [45], [232], [342]
• Eu, [56]
• Eustace of Boulogne, [139]
• Ewias, [150]
• Exeter, [151];
• siege of, [154]
• Eye, [155]
• Falaise, [361-363]
• Favorie, [338]
• Ferns, [338]
• Feudalism, [63], [66], [378], [379];
• in Normandy, [76];
• in Wales, [299], [378];
• in Scotland, [303]
• Fireplaces, [357]
• Fitz Alans, [179], [313]
• Fitzhardinge, Robert, [104]
• FitzOsbern, William, [103], [126], [128], [150], [273]
• Five Boroughs, the [44], [59]
• Flambard, Ranulf, [172]
• Fleming family, [313]
• Flint, [375]
• Folk-moots, [381]
• Fore, [338]
• Forebuildings, [355], [361]
• Forfar, [320]
• Forres, [321]
• Fortifications, Anglo-Saxon, [29], [64];
• Danish, [55], [61];
• wooden, [78]
• Fotheret Onolan, [338]
• French earthworks, [7]
• Fulham, [55]
• Fulk Nerra, [73], [74], [352]
• Gaimar, Geoffrey, [171]
• Gallo-Roman villas, [67]
• Galtrim, [338]
• Gatehouse keeps, [359]
• Gatehouse palace, [375]
• Geashill, [338]
• Gemaron, [292]
• Gephthine, [332]
• Gilling, [193], [194]
• Gisors, [364]
• Glamorgan, [276]
• Gloucester, [156]
• Godwin, Earl, [22], [24], [103]
• Gomme, G. L., [8]
• Gould, I. C, [2]
• Gower, [277], [297]
• Graham family, [314]
• Granard, [338]
• Greenwell, Canon, [2]
• Guildford, [393]
• Guisnes, [75], [76]
• Gundulf, Bishop, [197], [198], [222]
• Guy of Amiens, [139]
• Gwyddgrug, [260]
• Gwynedd, [256-262]
• Hæsten the Dane, [49], [50]
• Hall, the Anglo-Saxon, [17], [24], [168]
• Hallaton Castle Hill, [88]
• Hamilton family, [314]
• Harold, Earl and King, [138], [161], [257]
• Hastings, [87], [158]
• Haughead Kipp, [317]
• Haverfordwest, [280]
• Hawarden, [377]
• Hawick, [315]
• Hay, [291]
• Hay family, [314]
• Hên Domen, [395]
• Henry I., castles of, [360-364], [392]
• Henry II., castles of, [365-369]
• Henry the Fowler, [64]
• Hericio, [388]
• Hermitage Castle, [318]
• Herring-bone work, [136], [168], [218]
• Hincheleder, [339]
• Hithes, [57]
• Hodesley, Hoseley, [268]
• Holywell, [267], [270]
• Hubert de Burgh, [140]
• Hugh of Avranches, [256], [257]
• Humphrey’s Castle, [283]
• Huntingdon, [42], [162]
• Hurdicia, [91], [372], [387]
• Ida, King, [11]
• Inchelefyre, [339]
• Innermessan, [321]
• Inverness, [321]
• Inverugie, [310]
• Inverwick, [313]
• Irish chiefs, [325], [342]
• Jedburgh, [321]
• John, Bishop of Terouenne, [88]
• John, King, [137], [270], [370] n. [1]
• Jomsborg, [59]
• Karakitel, [339]
• Keepless castles, [328], [374]
• Keep and bailey, [357]
• Keeps, arrangements in, [359], [391];
• polygonal, [368];
• prows to, [373];
• residences, [392];
• round, [368], [373]
• Keeps of Henry I., [360], [363], [392]
• Keeps of Henry II., [366]
• Keeps of William I., [351], [354]
• Kelts of Scotland, [304]
• Kenardington, [50]
• Kenfig, [295]
• Kenmure, [308]
• Kidwelly, [288]
• Kilbixie, [339]
• Kilbride, [318]
• Kilfeakle, [340]
• Kilfinnane, [329]
• Kilkea, [347]
• Killamlun, [339]
• Killare, [339]
• Kilmaurs, [311]
• Kilmehal, [340]
• Kilmore, [340]
• Kilsantan, [340]
• Kiltinan, [340]
• Kincleven, [321]
• Kirkcudbright, [321]
• Kirkintilloch, [311]
• Kirkpatrick Durham, [312]
• Kitchens in castles, [90]
• Knighton, [293]
• Knock, [341]
• Knockgraffan, [341]
• Lacy, Ilbert de, [187], [188];
• Hugh de, [337]
• Lag Castle, [312]
• Lagelachon, [341]
• Lagmen, [62]
• Lambert of Ardres, [75], [89]
• Lanark, [321]
• Langeais keep, [72], [353]
• Laon, [72]
• Largs, [317]
• Laugharne, [288]
• Launceston, [164]
• Laurence of Durham, [147]
• Law about castles, [377]
• Lawhaden, [279]
• Lea Castle, [341]
• Lea River, [15], [52]
• Lead roofs, [369]
• Leighlin, [341]
• Lennox, [315]
• Leuchars, [318]
• Lewes, [165]
• Lincoln, [167]
• Linton Roderick, [310]
• Lismore, [342]
• Llanarmon, [272]
• Llandeilo Talybont, [298]
• Llandovery, [286]
• Llanegwad, [289]
• Llangadog, [289], [394]
• Llanrhystyd, [300]
• Llanstephan, [286]
• Lloyd, Professor, [253], [393]
• Lochmaben, [309]
• Lochorworth, [314]
• Lockhart family, [315]
• Logan family, [315]
• London fortified, [14]
• Loopholes, [362], [370], [371];
• cross loopholes, [371]
• Lords-marchers, [255]
• Loske, [343]
• Loughor, [298]
• Louth, [342]
• Louvre, the, [373]
• Lovel family, [315]
• Loxhindy, [343]
• Ludgarsburh, [170]
• Lumphanan, [312]
• Lyle or Lisle family, [315]
• Lympne, [15]
• Mabudryd, [394]
• Machicolations, [372]
• Magh Adair, [327]
• Maitland, Professor, [27]
• Maldon, [41]
• Manchester, [46]
• Manors, Saxon, and mottes, [96]
• Mans, Le, keep of, [361]
• Masonry, [356], [362], [367]
• Mathraval, [271]
• Maud’s Castle, [293], [394]
• Maxton, [316]
• Maxwell family, [316]
• Melton, Archbishop, [248]
• Melville family, [315]
• Mercenaries, [7], [74] n. [1]
• Merchem Castle, [88]
• Mersey Island, [54]
• Military service, [64]
• Milton, [49]
• Missile engines, [369]
• Mitford, [373]
• Moffat, [309]
• Mold, [260]
• Monmouth, [168]
• Montacute, [169]
• Montalt, [316]
• Montgomeri, Roger de, [53], [98], [130], [191], [263];
• Hugh de, [274];
• Arnolf, [274], [278];
• castle, [264], [395]
• Montgomerie family, Scotland, [316]
• Moot-hills, [8], [9], [381]
• Moray, colonisation of, [304]
• Morpeth, [171]
• Mortain, Count of, [106], [138], [164], [169], [186]
• Mortimers, [276]
• Morville family, [316]
• Mottes, described, [4], [5];
• the word, [9] n. [1];
• distribution, [80-82];
• situation, [83-96];
• in France, [85];
• in Wales, [301];
• in Scotland, [322];
• in Ireland, [348];
• history, [72], [74]
• Mowbray, Earl Robert, [101]
• Mowbray family, [317]
• Müller, Dr Sophus, [6]
• Mural towers, [358]
• Murray family, [317]
• Naas, [343]
• Nantes Castle, [71]
• Nant yr Arian, [284]
• Narberth, [280]
• Navan, [344]
• Neath, [296]
• Neckham, “De Utensilibus,” [86]
• Neilson, Mr George, [8], [306]
• Neu Leiningen, [376] n. [1]
• Newcastle, [171]
• Newcastle Bridgend, [295]
• Newcastle Emlyn, [289]
• New Grange, [10]
• Newport, [279]
• Nicetus, his castrum, [67]
• Nicholas, St, [110], [213]
• Nobber, [344]
• Normandy, [22], [76], [77]
• Norman favourites, [23]
• Norman walls, [356]
• Normans, [7]
• Norrei Castle, [77]
• Northmen, camps of, [61], [383]
• Norton, [293]
• Norwich, [173], [363]
• Nottingham, [44], [49], [57], [176]
• O’Donovan, [329]
• Offa’s Dyke, [52]
• Okehampton, [178]
• Oldcastle, [347]
• Old Sarum, [202]
• Oliphant family, [317]
• Orford, [246] n.
• Oswestry, [179]
• Overton (Denbigh), [267];
• (Hereford), [192]
• Owen Gwynedd, [260], [270]
• Oxford, [180]
• Oxnam, [310]
• Oystermouth, [298]
• Pantolf, William, [213]
• Parliamentary fortifications, [202]
• Payn’s Castle, [293], [395]
• Peak, [182]
• Pembroke, [278]
• Pentecost’s Castle, [24], [150]
• Penwortham, [183]
• Peterborough, [185]
• Pevensey, [99], [186]
• Pistes, Capitulary of, [68], [72]
• Pitt-Rivers, General, [2]
• Plinths, [355]
• Polnoon, [316]
• Pontefract, [187];
• siege of, [189]
• Pont y Stuffan, [283]
• Powys, [263-266]
• Prestatyn, [270]
• Preston Capes, [190]
• Pretorium, [72]
• Prisons in castles, [359]
• Private castles, [21], [68]
• Pudsey, Bishop, [173]
• Quatbridge, [58]
• Quatford, [191]
• Quincy, De, family, [318]
• Radnor, [292]
• Rainald the Sheriff, [263]
• Rapes of Sussex, [299]
• Rathceltchair, [336]
• Raths in Ireland, [325], [327]
• Rathwire, [344]
• Ratouth, [344]
• Rayleigh, [191]
• Reading, [54]
• Redcastle, Lunan Bay, [309]
• Reginald’s Tower, [347], [348]
• Remni, [297]
• Renfrew, [313]
• Retford, [55]
• Rhaidr Gwy, [301]
• Rhé Island, motte on, [350]
• Rhuddlan, [257], [259]
• Rhyd y Gors, [275], [284]
• Rhys ap Griffith, [275], [287]
• Riccarton, [319]
• Richard Sans Peur, [76]
• Richard I., [370-372]
• Richard’s Castle, [192]
• Richmond, [193]
• Robert Curthose, [110]
• Robert de Monte, [360]
• Robert, Earl of Gloucester, [110], [295]
• Robert Fitz Hamon, [277]
• Robert of Rhuddlan, [257]
• Roberton, [314]
• Rochester, [25], [49], [195]
• Rockingham, [201]
• Roger the Poitevin, [129], [183], [184]
• Rokerel, [345]
• Rollo, [76]
• Roscrea, [345]
• Rosemarkie, [322]
• Ross, [318]
• Rouen, [77]
• Runcorn, [38]
• Ruthin, [269]
• Ruthven, [311]
• Sanquhar, [318]
• Sarn Helen, [283]
• Saumur Castle, [75]
• Saxon fortifications, Chapters [II]., [III]., [29]
• Saxon royal seats, [151] n. [2], [235]
• Scergeat, [33]
• Sepulchral hillocks, [9];
• in Ireland, [327]
• Shaftesbury, [15]
• Shell keep, [99]
• Sheppey Isle, [54]
• Shoebury, [51]
• Shrewsbury, [207]
• Siege castles, [85]
• Siegfried the Dane, [75]
• Siward, Earl, [22]
• Skipsea, [209]
• Skreen, [345]
• Slane, [345]
• Somerville family, [318]
• Somner, antiquary, [117]
• Soulis family, [318]
• Stafford, [34], [211]
• Stamford, [44], [216]
• Stanton, [217]
• Stevenston, [315]
• Stewarton, [318]
• Swansea, [297]
• Symington, [315]
• Table of Boroughs, [26]
• Talgarth, [292]
• Tamworth, [34], [218]
• Tarbolton, [314]
• Tateshall, [187]
• Tempsford, [53]
• Tenby, [280]
• Terraces to mottes, [102]
• Thanet, [54]
• Thelwall, [46], [385]
• Thetford, [55], [56]
• Thibault-le-Tricheur, [74]
• Thingwall, [381]
• Thorne, [368] n. [3]
• Thurles, [346]
• Tibraghny, [346]
• Tickhill, [219]
• Tiles, use of, [255]
• Timahoe, [346]
• Tom-a-mhoid, [313]
• Tomen y Mur, [262]
• Tomen y Rhoddwy, [271], [272], [388]
• Tonbridge, [220]
• Toot Hill, [259]
• Topcliffe, [5] n.
• Torkesey, [55], [56]
• Totnes, [221]
• Towcester, [41]
• Tower of London, [221], [354], [355]
• Towers to castles, [71]
• Towns, fortification of, [65]
• Trade, [30]
• Trébuchet, [369]
• Trematon, [226]
• Tribalism, [64]
• Trim, [346], [377]
• Tristerdermot, [347]
• Tullow, [335], [389]
• Tutbury, [227]
• Tynboeth, [293]
• Tynemouth, [228]
• Tynwald Hill, [381]
• Typermesan, [347]
• Valoignes family, [318]
• Value of manors and towns, [96]
• Vaulting, [362], [365], [367], [374]
• Vaux family, [319]
• Viking crews, [90]
• Viollet le Duc, [368] n. [1]
• Vire, keep, [361]
• Voussoirs, [362]
• Wales, Chapters [VIII]., [IX].;
• Wales and Saxons, [253];
• Wales and Normans, [254]
• Wallace family, [319]
• Wallingford, [28], [228]
• Walwern, [301]
• Wareham, [25], [28]
• Warenne, Wm., [124], [165]
• Wark, [366], [367], [368] n. [2], [388]
• Warkworth, [377]
• Warwick, [36], [230]
• Wasta, [114]
• Waterford, [347]
• Water-supply, [362-363]
• Watling Street, [16], [32], [382]
• Waytemore Castle, [107]
• Weardbyrig, [36]
• Welsh halls, [251]
• Welshpool, [265]
• Wessex, [13]
• Wexford, [348]
• Wicklow, [348]
• Wigingamere, [41]
• Wigmore, [232]
• William I., [22], [77]
• William the Lion, [163], [305]
• Willington, [57]
• Winchester, [233]
• Winding walks on mottes, [102], [121]
• Windsor, [236];
• borough, [238]
• Wisbeach, [239]
• Wiston, [279]
• Witham, [39]
• Wolvesey Castle, [235] n. [4]
• Wooden fortifications, [78], [208], [228], [250], [306], [358], [359]
• Worcester, [115], [23], [31], [240];
• charter, [21]
• Wrexham Castle, [268]
• Yale Castle, [271], [300]
• Year 1000, [78]
• York, [13], [242]
• York, Baile Hill, [248]
• Ystrad Cyngen, [288]
• Ystrad Meurig, [283]
• Ystrad Peithyll, [282]

PRINTED BY OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Mr W. H. St John Hope arrived independently at similar conclusions.

[2] In the paper on Earthworks in the second volume of the Victoria County History of Yorkshire, this subdivision of the promiscuous class X., is used.

[3] Since the above was written, Mr Hadrian Allcroft’s work on Earthwork of England has furnished an admirable text-book of this subject.