(b) “The effeminate walk shows a lack of force; because no forceful man walks that way.”
(c) Says Hamilton, “Plato, in his Phoedo, demonstrates the immortality of the soul from its simplicity; and in the Republic, he demonstrates its simplicity from its immortality.”
(3) Question Begging Epithets and Appellations.
This is the fallacy of assuming the point at issue by means of a carefully selected epithet.
Scientists sometimes assume to clarify an inexplicable phenomenon by giving it a technical name. Politicians are exceedingly free with their epithets and appellations, and the records of religious disputes prove that the theologian often resorted to this device.
Examples of begging the question by using epithets and appellations:
(a) We must attribute the disease to heredity.
(b) The candidate for governor is an animated feather duster.
(c) They call him Blue Charlie.
(d) It is the policy of the big stick.