(2a) The planets have those attributes needed in the support of life,
Mars is a planet,
Hence Mars has those attributes needed in the support of life.
This is valid in form
A
A
A in the first figure. The major premise posits a fact which has not been proved; the argument is therefore invalid in meaning, the fallacy being that of begging the question.
(2b) “The end of a thing is its perfection; death is the end of life, therefore death is the perfection of life.”
Indicate the fallacy in the foregoing, giving reasons.
(3a) The countries of Europe abound in beggars,
France is a country in Europe,