∴ France abounds in beggars.
“The countries of Europe” in the major premise is used in a collective sense, while the same expression in the minor premise is used in a distributive sense. The argument is, therefore, invalid in meaning; fallacy of division.
(3b) State and explain the material fallacy in the following:
The states believe in the income tax principle; hence Vermont’s vote will be favorable to this.
(4a) “On general principles I believe that one is better off when he abstains from both tea and coffee; and this is the reason why I offer you a cup of hot water.”
The individual to whom the hot water was offered might have been in great need of a mild stimulant. Here, then, is an exception to the general principle and the fallacy committed is clearly that of accident.
(4b) “Books are a source both of instruction and amusement; a table of logarithms is a book; therefore it is a source both of instruction and amusement.” Jevons.
Designate with explanations the fallacy in the above argument.
(5) “Twice have I started out on Friday and both times I had tire trouble.” Fallacy of false cause.
(6) “Where do you spend your vacation, in Palestine or Rome?” Fallacy of complex question.